Developmental Exam 1 ch 1, 3, 4

Which of the following statements about twins is true?

Dizygotic twins are genetically no more alike than ordinary siblings.

Which of the following statements is true of the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)?

NBAS "recovery curves," which estimate the baby's ability to recover from the stress of birth, can predict intelligence with moderate success into the preschool years.

Nathan was born 7 weeks premature. Because Nathan may be at risk for developmental problems, the __________ was administered to recommend appropriate interventions and to help his parents meet his unique needs.

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale

Which of the following statements about chromosomes is true?

One chromosome is inherited from the mother and one from the father.

Which of the following statements about REM sleep is true?

REM sleep accounts for 50 percent of a newborn's sleep time.

Which of the following statements is true of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep in infancy?

REM sleep declines steadily over the prenatal period and the first few years of life.

Research on sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) shows that

SIDS babies are often wrapped warmly in clothing and blankets.

Mr. and Mrs. Shah are concerned that their son, Graham, just had his first birthday and still does not crawl. Instead, he scoots on his belly. Which of the following statements about Graham's motor development is true?

The Shah's should only be concerned if other motor skills are also severely delayed.

Ming is about to give birth to her first child. The first stage of labor will probably last __________ hours.

12 to 14

By what age can infants distinguish a difference in tempo?

2 to 4 months

The __________ matching pairs of chromosomes, numbered from longest to shortest, are the __________.

22; autosomes

At what age can babies determine the difference between happy and sad speech with the aid of facial expressions

3 to 4 months

Research on smoking during pregnancy indicates that

5-year-olds with both prenatal nicotine exposure and the DD genotype are at risk for impulsivity, overactivity, and oppositional behavior.

Neonatal mortality accounts for __________ percent of the infant death rate in the United States.

67

Gabriel has begun to "screen out" sounds not used in his own language. Gabriel is probably __________ to __________ months old.

6; 8

In a study examining infants' ability to discriminate human and monkey faces,

9-month-olds no longer showed a novelty preference when viewing the monkey faces.

Parent-infant cosleeping is the norm for approximately __________ percent of the world's population.

90

Which of the following statements is true about infants' face perception?

Babies look longer at faces considered by adults to be attractive than they do at less attractive faces.

__________ percent of chimpanzee and human DNA is identical.

Between 98 and 99

Which of the following statements is supported by research on the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)?

Changes in NBAS scores in the first few weeks of life predict, with moderate success, intelligence into the preschool years.

Crawling is an example of

a gross-motor skill.

Studies of children from Eastern European orphanages have shown that the earlier infants are removed from deprived rearing conditions, the greater their catch-up in development. These findings support the concept of

a sensitive period.

Physical abnormalities associated with fetal alcohol syndrome include

a thin upper lip and short eyelid openings.

Newborns are able to perceive __________, such as the common rate and rhythm of a toy's sound and motion.

amodal properties

Infants can perceive __________ in the first week of life.

an object's size as the same and an object's shape as stable

Taking folic acid during pregnancy can help prevent

anencephaly and spina bifida.

Studies of newborn imitation

are controversial, with some finding that imitation is a voluntary capacity and others suggesting that it is an automatic response that declines with age.

Research on crying indicates that

as early as the first few weeks, infants can be identified by the unique vocal "signature" of their cries.

In research observing Iranian orphans, Wayne Dennis found that

babies who spend their days lying on their back did not move on their own until after 2 years of age.

To help them withstand the trauma of birth, infants produce high levels of stress hormones that cause the

bronchial tubes to expand for breathing.

Newborn infants

can discriminate all but a few sounds of any human language.

Mr. and Mrs. Giddion wonder if they should enroll their baby in an early learning center that features a full curriculum of reading, math, science, art, music, and gym. You should tell the Giddions that early learning centers

can overwhelm children, cause them to withdraw, and threaten their interest in learning.

Infant early learning centers that involve number and letter training

can threaten infants' spontaneous interest and pleasure in learning.

Baby Stephanie's mother always strokes her hair when she gives her a bottle. Soon, the mother notices that Stephanie makes sucking movements each time she strokes her hair. This is an example of

classical conditioning.

In classical conditioning, if learning has occurred, the neutral stimulus is the

conditioned stimulus.

Extinction occurs when the __________ is repeatedly presented without the __________.

conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

Ten-month-old Perry remembers how to activate a toy he encountered once before in a different setting. His memory for operant responses is no longer as __________ as it was when he was a younger infant

context dependent

Research using the visual cliff suggests that __________ is linked to infants' avoidance of drop-offs.

crawling

Which of the following is associated with 9-month-olds' formation of an increasingly context-free memory?

crawling

The well-known visual cliff experiment illustrates that

crawling babies distinguish deep from shallow surfaces and avoid drop-offs.

Dynamic systems theory suggests that

cultural variations in infant-rearing practices can affect the rate of infant motor development.

According to __________, infants actively search for invariant features of the environment

differentiation theory

In the first month of life, babies are able to

distinguish between sweet, sour, and bitter tastes.

In dominant-recessive relationships,

dominant alleles seldom cause serious disabilities and diseases.

Research indicates that early motor skills

drop out, much like newborn reflexes.

When are teratogens most likely to cause serious defects?

during the embryonic period

According to __________, mastery of motor skills involves acquiring increasingly complex systems of action.

dynamic systems theory

As a result of mitosis,

each new body cell contains the same number of chromosomes and the identical genetic information.

Cross-cultural research on motor development indicates that

early movement opportunities and a stimulating environment contribute to motor development.

Six-month-old Leo looks at a picture he has seen before for several minutes but when shown a new, unfamiliar picture, he looks for less than a minute. Leo is displaying a(n)

familiarity preference.

One of the most serious criticisms of heritability estimates is that they

give us no precise information on how intelligence and personality develop.

Professor Wilson is interested in gaining a better understanding of infants' understanding of the world. Which learning capacity will tell her the most about early attention, memory, and knowledge?

habituation and recovery

After looking at a patterned picture for 30 seconds, baby Isaiah looks away and shows a loss of interest. This reduced response caused by repeated exposure to a stimulus is known as

habituation.

Healthy women in their thirties

have about the same rates of prenatal and birth problems as those in their twenties.

Some reflexes, like rooting and swimming,

have survival value.

Research shows that young infants' memory for operant responses is

highly context dependent.

Mounting evidence suggests that __________ is/are a major contributor to SIDS.

impaired brain functioning

Research suggests that ____________ is/are a major contributor to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

impaired brain functioning

Motor skill development occurs

in a different order for each individual.

Infants' ability to perceive an object's size as the same, despite changes in the size of its retinal image, is evident

in the first week of life.

Habituation research demonstrates that

infant learning is less context dependent when assessed through habituation than when assessed through operant conditioning.

According to differentiation theory,

infants actively search for invariant features of the environment.

At birth,

infants prefer complex sounds to pure tones.

With respect to pattern perception, most newborns will look longest at

large black-and-white checkerboard patterns.

Research on independent movement and depth perception shows that babies

learn postural control separately for each different body position.

Research on the development of reaching and grasping has found that

like newborn reflexes, prereaching drops out around 7 weeks of age.

Proponents of parent-infant cosleeping say that it

makes breastfeeding more convenient.

Which of the following research designs is commonly used to study infants' mastery of motor capacities?

microgenetic study

Maggie, newly pregnant, regularly drinks coffee and soda. You should explain to Maggie that

more than one cup of coffee per day is associated with low birth weight and miscarriage.

The NNNS is specially designed for use with

newborns at risk for developmental problems.

Following painful medical procedures, __________ quickly reduces crying and discomfort in both preterm and full-term infants.

offering a nipple that delivers a sugar solution

Which of the following reflexes prepares babies for voluntary grasping?

palmar grasp

A baby who first habituates to a visual pattern and then recovers to a new one is thought to

perceive the second pattern as different from the first.

The most rapid prenatal changes take place during the

period of the embryo.

After initial brain injury from anoxia, __________ shortly after birth for 72 hours substantially reduces secondary brain damage.

placing newborns in a head-cooling device

In a study examining cultural variations in sleeping arrangements, Mayan mothers stressed the importance of

promoting an interdependent self.

Research demonstrates that reaching is largely controlled by

proprioception.

Declan is 9 months old. If he is an average infant, which of the following motor skills has Declan most recently developed?

pulling to stand

Until __________, infants with severe visual impairments are not motivated to move independently.

reaching on sound is achieved

Which of the following skills plays the greatest role in infant cognitive development?

reaching to grasp things

After playing with his blue train and eventually losing interest in it, Jude responds excitedly to his red train. Jude's response to his red train is an example of

recovery.

After repeatedly listening to the same song for several minutes, baby Lola loses interest and no longer responds to the song. When a new song begins to play, Lola regains interest in the music. This increase in responsiveness to the new stimulus is known as

recovery.

Each time that baby Anthony feeds himself a cracker, his mother claps. In this example, clapping is the

reinforcer.

Baby Nate's parents are high in empathy and hold "child-centered" attitudes toward infant care. When Nate cries, his parents most likely

respond quickly and sensitively.

Four-month-old Lena's mother sits in the same rocking chair every time she feeds Lena her bottle. When Lena feels the rocking motion of the chair, she starts sucking in anticipation of the bottle. The __________ is a conditioned stimulus (CS).

rocking motion

The __________ reflex helps newborn babies find the mother's nipple.

rooting

According to dynamic systems theory of motor development,

separate motor abilities blend together to produce more effective ways of exploring and controlling the environment.

In infancy, __________ is one of the earliest available predictors of intelligence

speed of habituation and recovery

In infancy, __________ is one of the earliest available predictors of intelligence.

speed of habituation and recovery

During the second week of pregnancy,

structures that feed and protect the developing organism begin to form.

At 6 months old, Baby Grace discriminates individual faces of both humans and monkeys equally well. By 12 months, she loses her ability to distinguish monkey faces. Baby Grace demonstrates

the perceptual narrowing effect.

One-year-old Oliver has learned to pick up small objects, such as raisins, using his thumb and index finger. This is an example of

the pincer grasp.

A swarm of bees has nested near Kate's sandbox, and she got stung three times in the same week. Kate is now afraid to go near her sandbox and cries when her father tries to get her to play there. In this situation, what is the conditioned stimulus?

the sandbox

What method is commonly used to study depth perception in infants?

the visual cliff

At 4 days of age, breastfed babies prefer the smell of

their own mother's breast.

Habituation and recovery are an effective early index of intelligence because

they assess quickness and flexibility of thinking, which underlie intelligent behavior at all ages.

The __________ reflex may prepare the infant for __________.

tonic neck; voluntary reaching

The sense of __________ is vital for emotional development and is well-developed at birth.

touch

Which of the following is the least mature of the newborn baby's senses?

vision