Developmental Psyc Adolescence Body & Mind (Psyc 110 Ch. 9)

Why is body image often problematic in adolescence?

Few teenagers welcome every change puberty causes in their bodies. Instead, they tend to focus on and exaggerate imperfections. Few adolescents are happy with their bodies, partly because almost none look like the bodies portrayed in the media.

All of the following EXCEPT _____ are helpful ways for students to gain information quickly from the Internet.

in-class discussions

Isaac is a teenager, so he is MOST likely to prefer faster, more _____ thinking.

intuitive

First to receive a signal (from the pituitary) are the ________located above the kidneys at either side of the lower back.

adrenal glands

Mrs. Steinway is a teacher, so she is MOST likely to prefer slower, more _____ thinking.

analytic

Adolescents _____ think like adults, _____ Piaget's notion that cognitive development is complete with the advent of formal operational thought.

do not; contradicting

pitruitary

-A gland in the brain that produces many hormones (signals the hypothalamus), including those that regulate growth and that signal the adrenal and sex glands to produce additional hormones.

The cutoff for iron-deficiency anemia is ______ for boys than girls because boys require more iron to be healthy

higher

The typical age of spermarche is just under______ years.

13

bulimia nervosa (also called the binge-purge syndrome)

An eating disorder characterized by binge eating and subsequent purging, usually by induced vomiting and/or use of laxatives.

Most girls weigh at least ______before menarche.

100 pounds (45 kilograms)

Which of the following is NOT one of the recommendations for a successful treatment program for eating disorders? A) nutrition education B) group therapy C) a strict and intensive exercise routine D) developing a positive body image and a healthy relationship with food and eating

C) a strict and intensive exercise routine

_____ thought tends to be quick and powerful.

Intuitive

What function does the prefrontal cortex serve?

It is responsible for planning ahead and emotional regulation.

What types of disordered eating are common in adolescence?

Overeating, eating erratically, or even ingesting drugs to lose weight is common among adolescents, especially girls. Boys may also overeat or eat erratically but are more likely to take steroids, creatine, etc. to increase their muscle mass.

The process of puberty normally starts sometime between ages ______& ______, and most physical changes are complete within four years—although some height, weight, and reproductive increases may occur for several more years.

8;14

body image

A person's idea of how his or her body looks, especially related to size and shape.

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and obsession with weight. Affected individuals become pathologically thin, depriving their vital organs of nutrition.

Adolescence begins with ______ and ends with ____

biology; society

African Americans reach puberty, on average, about seven months ______ than European or Hispanic Americans; Chinese Americans average several months later.

earlier

As the bones lengthen and harden (visible on X-rays) and the growth spurt begins, children:

eat more and gain weight.

Rates of obesity are _____ in childhood and _____ in adolescence and adulthood.

falling; climbing

The rate of anorexia spikes at ______ and again in emerging adulthood

puberty

Many sleep-deprived teenagers nod off in class and take drugs (from caffeine to speed) to ______

stay awake

Seventeen-year-old Gina typically makes good decisions and stays out of trouble. Her parents were surprised one night to discover that Gina had sneaked out of the house, knowing that if she were caught she would be grounded and lose driving privileges and the use of her cell phone. When questioned about her decision to sneak out, Gina told her parents that her best friend was having a hard time, so Gina "had to" go talk to her at 3:00 A.M. Nothing else mattered, she told her parents. Gina seemed to have made her decision to sneak out based on _____ thinking.

intuitive

What type of thought begins with a belief, assumption, or general rule, rather than a logical premise?

intuitive

Another organ system, the ______, becomes oilier, sweatier, and more prone to ______. Hair also changes, becoming ______and ______, with new hair under arms, on faces, and over sex organs.

skin;acne;coarser;darker

Brian feels that, no matter what he does, he will not be good at math because he was born without strong math skills. Brian is demonstrating _____, which MOST likely will reduce his ability to learn.

the entity theory of intelligence

primary sex characteristics

the parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles and uterus. (conception and pregnancy)

Fourteen-year-old Samantha does not believe that her parents could possibly understand what she is going through. Although she knows that they were once teenagers, she does not believe that their experiences were anything like hers. Samantha seems to be displaying:

the personal fable.

menarche

-the first menstrual period - full pubic-hair pattern, and breast maturation

The average age of menarche among normal-weight girls is about ______. For boys, the usual sequence is growth of the testes, initial pubic-hair growth, growth of the penis

12 years, 4 months

For today's children in the U.S., the events of puberty usually begin sometime between:

8 - 14 years of age

estradiol

A sex hormone, considered to be the chief estrogen (female hormone). Females produce much more estradiol than males do.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Sixty percent of those suffering with eating disorders are between 16 and 25 years old. B) There are about an equal number of men and women who struggle with binge eating disorder. C) Only 1 in 10 people with eating disorders receives treatment. D) The female body type that is promoted in today's advertising as the ideal appears naturally in only 5% of U.S. women.

A) Sixty percent of those suffering with eating disorders are between 16 and 25 years old.

What problems are common among early-maturing boys?

Early-maturing boys in the twenty-first century are more aggressive, more likely to break the law, and more likely to abuse drugs and alcohol.

T or F: The growth of the brain during adolescence is caused by a rapid increase in the total number of neurons.

False

TorF: According to current research, both boys and girls demonstrate significant signs of distress when they experience puberty later than their same sex peers.

False

True or False: Boys mature earlier than girls by as much as two years.

False

True or False: Eating disorders are relatively new phenomena.

False

What visible changes take place in puberty?

For girls, the observable changes of puberty usually begin with nipple growth. Soon a few pubic hairs are visible, then peak growth spurt, widening of the hips, the first menstrual period (menarche), full pubic-hair pattern, and breast maturation. For boys, the usual sequence is growth of the testes, initial pubic-hair growth, growth of the penis, first ejaculation of seminal fluid, appearance of facial hair, peak growth spurt, deepening of the voice, and final pubic-hair growth.

What are the differences among anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder?

People suffering from anorexia nervosa refuse to eat normally because their body image is severely distorted; they may believe they are too fat when actually they are dangerously underweight. Those with bulimia consume thousands of calories but then vomit or use laxatives to control their weight, whereas those with binge eating disorder overeat without purging.

What is the relationship between behavior and the well-documented increase in hormones during adolescence?

There is a modest or weak relationship between teenage hormones and behavior.

A height spurt follows the weight spurt; then ________ a muscle spurt occurs.

a year or two later

The invincibility fable and the imaginary audience are both related to:

adolescent egocentrism.

Bernie is an adult. Unlike teens, Bernie's brain is naturally:

alert in the morning and sleepy at night.

Those suffering from ________ become very underweight, risking death by organ failure. Staying thin becomes an obsession.

anorexia

Early-maturing boys:

are more likely to be aggressive and abuse alcohol.

Because the torso is the last body part to grow, many pubescent children are temporarily __________.

big-footed, long-legged, and short-waisted.

About three times as common as anorexia is ______.

bulimia nervosa

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

causes the gonads to enlarge and dramatically increase their production of sex hormones, chiefly estradiol in girls and testosterone in boys.

Binging and purging are ______ among adolescents

common

Most adolescents consume enough calories, but in 2013 only 16 percent of high school seniors ate the recommended three or more servings of vegetables a day. Deficiencies of iron, calcium, zinc, and other minerals are ________.

common

Many teenagers, mostly girls, eat erratically or ingest ________ (especially diet pills) to lose weight; others, mostly boys, take steroids or creatine to increase muscle mass. Both may switch from obsessive dieting, to overeating, to overexercising, and back again.

drugs

About ______ of adult bone mass is acquired from ages 10 to 20, which means many contemporary teenagers will eventually develop osteoporosis (fragile bones), a major cause of disability, injury, and death in late adulthood.

half

At puberty, hormones cause a phase delay in the circadian sleep-wake cycles. That compels many teens to be wide awake and hungry at ______but half asleep, with neither appetite nor energy, ______.

midnight; all morning

The forces of ____are unleashed by a cascade of hormones that produce external growth and internal changes, including heightened emotions and sexual desires.

puberty

Cortisol (another hormone) levels

rise at puberty, and that makes adolescents quicker to become angry or upset

Adolescent males are almost twice as likely to develop ________ and adolescent females more than twice as likely to develop ______.

schizophrenia; major depression

Some adolescents periodically and compulsively overeat, quickly consuming large amounts of ice cream, cake, or some other kind of food until their stomachs hurt. In binge eating disorder, overeating is done ______, at least weekly for months. The sufferer does not purge (this is not bulimia) but feels out of control, distressed, and depressed.

secretly

In children, height increases more rapidly in ______and weight in ______

summer; winter

By age 17, the average girl has ________ the percentage of body fat as her male classmate, whose increased weight is mostly muscle.

twice

The average girl is ______ years ahead of the average boy: The female height spurt occurs before menarche, whereas for boys the increase in height is relatively late, after spermarche.

two

All adolescents are vulnerable to ________ eating, because autonomy, anxiety, and body image can lead to disorders

unhealthy

________ is an eating disorder at every age

Obesity

Jojo recently had her first menstrual period, called:

menarche.

Parents are ______ to recognize eating disorders, and they often delay in getting help.

slow

The thinking that leads young people to believe that everyone is watching them is known as:

the imaginary audience.

secular trend

-Advances in growth and maturation that result from modern nutrition. -For example, improved nutrition and medical care over the past 200 years has led to earlier puberty and taller average height. -the increases in human growth as nutrition improved

What is the connection between body fat and onset of puberty in girls and in boys?

Heavier girls reach menarche years earlier than malnourished girls do; most girls weigh at least 100 pounds before menarche. In boys, severe malnourishment always delays puberty, but body fat is not as influential.

Think about the early-maturing girl. If she has visible breasts at age 10, the boys her age tease her; they are unnerved by the sexual creature in their midst. She must fit into a school chair designed for smaller children; she might hide her breasts in large T-shirts and bulky sweaters. Early-maturing girls tend to have ____,____, and ____ than do other girls

lower self-esteem, more depression, and poorer body image

spermarche

-(first ejaculation of seminal fluid), -first facial hair, peak growth, deepening of the voice, and final pubic-hair and beard pattern

circadian rhythm

-A day-night cycle of biological activity -occurs approximately every 24 hours -(circadian means "about a day").

Puberty

-The time at the end of childhood between the first onrush of growth hormones and full adult size. -Puberty usually lasts three to five years. -Many more years are required to achieve psychosocial maturity. -the years of rapid physical growth and sexual maturation that end childhood, producing a person of adult size, shape, and sexuality.

gonads

-sex glands (ovaries in females, testicles in males). -produce hormones and gametes.

"I'm fat," says 17-year-old Keli to her boyfriend, who is also 17 years old. There is some truth to Keli's statement because the average 17-year-old girl has _____ times the percentage of body fat as a 17-year-old boy.

2

About _____ percent of U.S. high school students must take exit exams before graduation.

74

Why do emotions rule behavior for many teens?

D) All of these answers are correct. A) The onset of puberty is earlier. B) The amygdala matures before the prefrontal cortex does. C) The complexities of emotional restraint are beyond them. D) All of these answers are correct. All of these answers are correct.

Why might early puberty be difficult for girls?

Early-maturing girls tend to have lower self-esteem, more depression, and poorer body image than do other girls. Because boys mature on average two years later than girls, they may tease an early-developing girl due to being unnerved by a sexual creature in their midst. Early-maturing girls also have more difficulties with self-image, tend to have older boyfriends, and are more susceptible to drug and alcohol abuse and domestic violence.

_____ thought allows the adolescent to be able to multiply unreal numbers.

Formal operational

What are the sex differences in the growth spurt?

Girls experience their height growth spurt an average of two years before boys do. Girls' height growth spurt usually precedes menarche, whereas boys' height growth spurt usually follows spermarche.

Bryn is taking an international exam aimed at assessing the type of thinking needed in adult life. She is MOST likely taking the _____ exam.

PISA

What is the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics?

Primary sex characteristics are directly involved in reproduction, whereas secondary sex characteristics signify that the body is capable of reproduction.

__________ is difficult at every age, particularly when body changes are new. Indeed, adolescents may become depressed because of some characteristic they wish they had or did not have.

Self-acceptance

______ and ______ increase the risk of insomnia, nightmares, mood disorders (depression, conduct disorder, anxiety), and falling asleep while driving.

Sleep deprivation; irregular sleep schedules

Sophia is a 17-year-old girl. Which statement is TRUE about body fat for Sophia?

The average 17-year-old girl has twice the percentage of body fat as a 17-year-old boy.

What aspect of brain development might help to explain why a teenager can usually perform better as a babysitter than someone ten or eleven years old?

The prefrontal cortex helps the teen react in a more mature way than a 10 or 11 year old would.

According to the text, what explains why many teenagers are thrill seekers?

The prefrontal cortex is not yet mature.

growth spurt

The relatively sudden and rapid physical growth that occurs during puberty. Each body part increases in size on a schedule: Weight usually precedes height, and growth of the limbs precedes growth of the torso.

How do the skin and hair change during puberty?

The skin becomes oilier, sweatier, and more acne-prone. Hair becomes coarser and darker, and grows under the arms, on faces, and in the pubic area.

adrenal glands

Two glands, located above the kidneys, that produce hormones in response to signals from the pituitary.

precocious puberty

a condition in which puberty begins before the age of 8 in girls and 9 in boys

What behavioral changes are thought to occur when the brain's activity shifts from the limbic system to the prefrontal cortex in adolescence and early adulthood?

a gradual shift toward deliberate and thoughtful behavioral control

The relatively sudden and rapid physical growth that occurs during puberty is referred to as:

a growth spurt.

In high-stakes testing situations, students are typically given:

a single test to determine success or failure.

Eating disorders are rare in __________ but increase dramatically at puberty, accompanied by distorted body image, food obsession, and depression.

childhood

The hormonal signal for the start of puberty begins in the:

hypothalamus.

Jay is a 16-year-old European American gay male living in rural Alaska. The Internet could be a way that Jay could do all of the following EXCEPT:

increase his isolation.

Roy is late for class and realizes that he left his cell phone at home. He needs to make a fast decision. He will MOST likely rely on _____ thought to inform his decision.

intuitive

Because menstruation depletes ______, anemia is more likely among adolescent girls than among people of any other age or sex. Boys may also be iron-deficient if they engage in physical labor or intensive sports: Muscles need iron for growth and strength.

iron

Muscles need ______for growth and strength.

iron

One organ system, the ________system (including tonsils and adenoids), decreases in size, so teenagers are less susceptible to respiratory ailments. As a result, mild asthma often switches off at puberty—half as many teenagers as children are asthmatic, and teenagers have fewer colds and allergies than younger children.

lymphoid

Many overweight boys are horrified to notice a swelling around their ________—a temporary result of the erratic hormones of early puberty.

nipples

All eating disorders—______,______,______, and ______—have many causes, including cultural images, anxiety, depression, puberty, hormones, genes, childhood experiences, and current family pressures. Especially in adolescence, family function (not structure) is crucial in treatment.

obesity, anorexia, bulimia, and bingeing

The activated gonads begin to release ______ (at menarche) or ______ (at spermarche).

ova;sperm

secondary sex characteristics

physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a man's beard and a woman's breasts. (signify gender)

Jasmine, a first-grader, is beginning to show visible signs of breast development. This is called:

precocious puberty.

Margie is planning her daughter's 16th birthday party and trying not to cry, thinking how her daughter seems to be growing up too fast. She is using the part of her brain that is called the:

prefrontal cortex.

Adolescence begins with _____, a period of rapid physical growth usually lasting three to five years.

puberty

Melinda had four years of rapid physical growth and sexual maturation during her high school years, ending her childhood. This is called:

puberty

Malachi is nervous about starting the seventh grade in the fall. He will be entering a new level of schooling called _____ education.

secondary

The period after primary education and before tertiary education is called:

secondary education.

Isaac is struggling academically since he began middle school. He misses being in a single room and doesn't like going to different classrooms for every subject. Isaac is MOST likely suffering due to the lack of connection to his:

teahcers

As Charles was drying himself off after taking a shower, he noticed that his _____ had grown, which is the first visible sign of puberty in boys.

testes

Will is very concerned about what people think of him. If his hair isn't quite right, or he has an acne breakout, he does not want to go out in public. Will's example illustrates:

the imaginary audience.

Why might some high schools adopt later start times?

A phase delay in the sleep-wake cycles occurs in teens due to the hormones of the HPA axis during puberty. Thus, many teens are drowsy and have difficulty focusing in the morning. Adolescent learning is better in schools that start after 8 a.m.

testosterone

A sex hormone, the best known of the androgens (male hormones); secreted in far greater amounts by males than by females.

Which statement about hypothetical thought is NOT true? A) Hypothetical thought allows one to consider propositions that may reflect reality. B) Hypothetical thought allows one to consider propositions that may not reflect reality. C) A hallmark of hypothetical thought is the ability to think of that which is not present. D) Hypothetical thought allows one to consider "what if" propositions.

C) A hallmark of hypothetical thought is the ability to think of that which is not present.

Which of these brain changes is most likely to be observed in adolescence? A) development of the sensory areas of the cortex B) increase in overall brain metabolism C) myelination in the frontal lobe of the cortex D) a steady rise in synaptic connections until early adulthood

C) myelination in the frontal lobe of the cortex

How do hormones affect the physical and psychological aspects of puberty?

In girls, estrogen triggers menarche and may contribute to depression. In boys, androgens produce sperm and trigger spermarche, and, in a small number of boys, may also contribute to the onset of schizophrenia. In both boys and girls, hormones awaken their interest in sex.

What problems might occur if adolescents do not get enough iron or calcium?

Insufficient iron can cause anemia in adolescents, restricting muscle growth and strength. Insufficient calcium can lead to osteoporosis later in life.

Paloma, who is in the twelfth grade, must make a certain score on the SAT in order to get into the college she wishes to attend next fall. The SAT is considered a(n) _____ test.

high-stakes

The pituitary also activates the ________.

gonads

Heavy girls reach menarche years ______ than malnourished ones do.

earlier

If middle school students believe in the _____ approach to intelligence, then they do not believe that they can improve their own intellectual ability.

entity

According to research, avoiding effort is a way adolescents seem to try to avoid _____ during middle school.

feeling like failures