Developmental Psych Final Review y

A dropout prevention program functions by "adopting" entire grades from public elementary schools, or corresponding age cohorts from public housing developments. These children are then provided with a program of academic, social, cultural, and recreational activities throughout their elementary, middle school, and high school years. Identify this program.

"I Have a Dream" (IHAD) program

The concept of _____ emphasizes that changes in cognitive activity patterns might result in disuse and consequent atrophy of cognitive skills.

"Use it or lose it."

In a single act of unprotected sex with an infected partner, a teenage girl has a _____ percent risk of getting HIV.

1

When a mother has active genital herpes, about _____ of children who are delivered through the infected birth canal become brain damaged.

1/4

Estimates indicate that as many as _____ percent of individuals 65 years of age and older have mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

10-20

A genotype is _____ percent of a person's genetic material.

100

According to the Bayley mental scale, by _____ of age, the infant should be able to inhibit behavior when commanded to do so, imitate words the examiner says, and respond to simple requests.

12 months

According to John Bowlby, at what age do infants or children begin to take into consideration the feelings of others before acting?

24 months onward

Researchers like Baillargeon have found that infants' perceptual abilities are highly developed much earlier than Jean Piaget proposed. These researchers conclude that infants see objects as bounded, unitary, solid, and separate from their background definitely by _____ of age.

3-4 months

In the University of Michigan Monitoring the Future Study, _____ percent of high school seniors said they had been in a vehicle with a drugged or drinking driver in the past two weeks.

30

George Vaillant concludes that the _____ are a decade of reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years.

40s

In a single act of unprotected sex with an infected partner, a teenage girl has a _____ percent risk of contracting gonorrhea.

50

Based on the 2009 Kaiser Family Foundation survey, adding up the daily media use figures to obtain weekly media use leads to almost _____ hours a week by 15- to 18-year-olds.

56

Neuronal migration occurs approximately _____ weeks after conception.

6-24

In a U.S. national survey conducted in 2013, _____ percent of twelfth-graders reported that they had experienced sexual intercourse, compared with _____ percent of ninth-graders.

64; 30

The life expectancy in the United States is currently:

79 Years

As many as _____ percent of older adults with depressive symptoms receive no treatment at all.

80

In the United States, _________ percent of pregnancies to mothers 15 to 19 years of age are unintended.

82

The most effective way to treat adolescent depression is:

A combination of drug therapy and cognitive behavior therapy.

According to Erikson, in old age, the positive resolution of the conflict of intimacy vs. isolation culminates in:

A sense of complexity of relationships

The developmental period, when one is an infant, adolescent, or middle-aged person, refers to:

A time frame in a person's life that is characterized by certain features.

According to the 2009 Kaiser Family Foundation survey, which of the following groups uses media for the longest time during a day? A) 11- to 14-year-olds B) 15- to 18-year-olds C) 8- to 11-year-olds D) 4- to 7-year-olds

A) 11- to 14-year-olds

Who amongst the following is most likely to be dissatisfied with body image as pubertal change proceeds? A) A girl in early adolescence B) A girl in late adolescence C) A boy in early adolescence D) A boy in late adolescence

A) A girl in early adolescence

According to Levinson, which of the following should occur at the end of one's teens? A) A transition from dependence to independence B) An increase in generativity C) An increase in feelings of stagnation D) A transition from conventional to postconventional reasoning

A) A transition from dependence to independence

Which of the following statements about the trends in juvenile delinquency in the U.S. is NOT true? A) About half of the delinquency caseloads in 2005 involved females. B) Delinquency rates among minority groups are higher than average. C) Delinquency rates among lower-socioeconomic-status youth are especially high. D) Males are more likely to engage in delinquency than are females.

A) About half of the delinquency caseloads in 2005 involved females.

Alex is considered to have a difficult temperament. According to the differential susceptibility model and the biological sensitivity to context model, which of the following is MOST accurate? A) Alex will fail every time he is put in a difficult situation. B) Alex will have difficulty in adverse situations and will also be less likely to grow from supportive situations. C) Alex will have difficulty in adverse situations and will also be more likely to grow from supportive situations. D) Alex will succeed in adverse situations, but not grow much from supportive situations.

A) Alex will fail every time he is put in a difficult situation.

Which of the following has been found to be TRUE about binge drinking? A) Binge drinking has declined among high school seniors since 1980. B) Binge drinking has increased for students in the eighth grade in recent years. C) Binge drinking has increased for students in the tenth grade in recent years. D) Females engage in more binge drinking than males.

A) Binge drinking has declined among high school seniors since 1980.

Which of the following statements is TRUE of peer groups and peer interactions in middle and late childhood? A) Children in middle and late childhood spend approximately 30 percent of their time with peers. B) The size of the peer group decreases with the age of the child. C) Children under 12 years of age prefer mixed-sex peer groups to same-sex peer groups. D) As children move through middle and late childhood, peer interaction is more closely supervised by adults.

A) Children in middle and late childhood spend approximately 30 percent of their time with peers.

Which of the following statements about cocaine use during pregnancy is true? A) Cocaine quickly crosses the placenta to reach the fetus. B) Cocaine is broken down in the mother's bloodstream before it can reach the fetus. C) Cocaine molecules are too large to pass through the placenta. D) Cocaine exposure during prenatal development has no negative effects on the fetus.

A) Cocaine quickly crosses the placenta to reach the fetus.

Which of the following is at fault in many erectile problems in middle-aged men? A) Diabetes B) Low blood pressure C) Low level of NK cells D) Excessive weight-lifting

A) Diabetes

Which of the following statements about the relationship between semantic memory and aging is true? A) Episodic memory declines more than semantic memory in older adults. B) Older adults are usually unable to retrieve semantic information. C) Episodic memory and semantic memory remain unchanged in older adults. D) Older adults can retrieve semantic information from long ago but not from the recent past.

A) Episodic memory declines more than semantic memory in older adults.

Which of the following theorists is most known for dynamic systems theory? A) Esther Thelen B) Arnold Gesell C) Albert Bandura D) Adolph Kretch

A) Esther Thelen

According to Levinson, which of the following is a major task that needs to be mastered in early adulthood? A) Exploring the possibilities for adult living B) Determining one's goals in life C) Testing one's dreams in the real world D) Becoming independent

A) Exploring the possibilities for adult living

Which of the following is the positive resolution of the psychological conflict of identity vs. confusion? A) Fidelity B) Wisdom C) Care D) Love

A) Fidelity

Which of the following is TRUE about Austrian psychiatrist Viktor Frankl? A) He argued that examining the finiteness of our existence and the certainty of death adds meaning to life. B) He said that the two most distinct human qualities are religiousness and philanthropy. C) Spirituality, in his view, has a religious underpinning. D) He argued that freedom refers to a human being's uniqueness of spirit, philosophy, and mind.

A) He argued that examining the finiteness of our existence and the certainty of death adds meaning to life.

Which of the following statements about first words is NOT correct? A) Infants recognize their name by the age of three months. B) Children understand more words than they can speak. C) By 18 months, most children have a spoken vocabulary of about 50 words. D) A child's first words usually include greeting terms.

A) Infants recognize their name by the age of three months.

Which of the following is true of phenylketonuria? A) It results from a recessive gene. B) It is a chromosomal disorder. C) It results in death by the age of five. D) It is caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system.

A) It results from a recessive gene.

An inhibited temperament has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT: A) Low thyroxine level. B) Stable heart rate. C) High level of the hormone cortisol. D) High activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain.

A) Low thyroxine level.

Which of the following statements about romantic love is true? A) Males show lower anxiety about romantic love than females. B) Females show higher avoidance of romantic love than males. C) Males show higher anxiety about romantic love than females. D) Males and females show the same level of avoidance and anxiety about romantic love.

A) Males show lower anxiety about romantic love than females.

Which of the following is true of middle-aged and older adults who had poor sibling relationships in childhood? A) Men were more likely to develop depression by age 50. B) Women were more likely to develop depression by 40. C) Both men and women tended to re-bond with their siblings during middle-age. D) Women tended to move away from sibling relationships.

A) Men were more likely to develop depression by age 50.

Children born low in birth weight are more likely than their normal birth weight counterparts to develop all of the following, EXCEPT: A) Muscular dystrophy. B) A learning disability. C) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. D) Breathing problems such as asthma.

A) Muscular dystrophy.

Which of the following statements about prospective memory is NOT true? A) Older adults are more likely to forget an event-based task than a time-based task. B) Prospective memory sometimes declines with age. C) Decline of prospective memory depends on complex factors. D) Declines in prospective memory occur more in laboratory than real-life settings.

A) Older adults are more likely to forget an event-based task than a time-based task.

Which of the following is cited as one of the main reasons for the changing trajectories in knowledge-related and emotion-related goals of older adults compared with younger adults? A) Perception of time B) State of health C) Self-esteem and self-respect D) Social support or the lack of it

A) Perception of time

Which of the following statements about stepfamilies is NOT true? A) The largest number of stepfamilies is preceded by death of a spouse. B) In stepmother families, the father usually has custody of his children. C) In stepfather families, the mother usually has custody of her children. D) In blended families, both parents bring children from previous marriages to the newly formed stepfamily.

A) The largest number of stepfamilies is preceded by death of a spouse.

Which of the following statements about Turner syndrome is true? A) Turner syndrome occurs exclusively in females. B) People with Turner syndrome have extremely poor verbal ability. C) Males with Turner syndrome are short in stature and have webbed necks. D) Turner syndrome occurs in approximately 1 of every 25,000 live female births.

A) Turner syndrome occurs exclusively in females.

Which of the following statements about cardiovascular disease is TRUE? Multiple Choice A) When HDL is high and LDL is low, the risk of cardiovascular disease is lessened. B) When HDL is high and LDL is low, the risk of cardiovascular disease is increased. C) When HDL is low and LDL is high, the risk of cardiovascular disease is lessened. D) When both HDL and LDL are low, the risk of cardiovascular disease is lessened.

A) When HDL is high and LDL is low, the risk of cardiovascular disease is lessened.

In his studies on wisdom, Paul Baltes has found all of the following EXCEPT: A) Wisdom is correlated with cognitive factors such as intelligence. B) Wisdom is associated with creativity, generativity, and openness to experience. C) Higher levels of wisdom is achieved through certain life experiences, such as being trained and working in a field concerned with difficult life problems. D) Having wisdom-enhancing mentors contribute to higher levels of wisdom.

A) Wisdom is correlated with cognitive factors such as intelligence.

Brad is an athletic boy who is on every sport team in school. Stephen loves math and is part of his school's math club. These instances reflect _____ correlations that occur when children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating.

Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment

A strategy that can help to prevent neural tube defects is for women to take:

Adequate amounts of the vitamin B folic acid.

Penelope is describing her marriage of 15 years: "My husband and I were eating breakfast the other day. Neither of us was talking, both of us just reading and thinking our own thoughts. But it was a very comfortable, companionable silence, and I love it!" What aspect of their relationship does this illustrate?

Affectionate love

Questions such as, "To which age group do you belong?" and "How old do you feel?" reflect the concept of:

Age identity.

Older adults not being hired for new jobs, being eased out of old ones because they are perceived as too rigid or feeble-minded, and being eased out because they are not considered cost effective are examples of:

Ageism

According to research by Donnellan, Larsen-Rife, and Conger (2005), individuals high on _____ were more likely to have satisfying romantic relationships.

Agreeableness

Betty and Allen's child, Cara, is usually in a pleasant mood. She has a regular routine but can readily adapt to changes. According to Chess and Thomas, Cara would be classified as:

An easy child

Summer and Clark are considering undergoing fertility treatments. What is one of the main risk factors that the couple must be aware of while weighing their options?

An increase in the possibility of multiple births when such treatments are used.

Cassandra is both assertive and nurturant. She could be described as:

Androgynous

Rose's ex-boyfriend, Peter, describes her as clingy and dependent. During their relationship, she always told him that he was loved and wanted to rush into marriage. She also kept tabs on Peter and was jealous of all his female friends and colleagues. Rose seems to have a(n) _____ attachment style.

Anxious

Brenda's baby was born just minutes ago, and the doctor is checking the baby's heart rate, respiratory effort, body color, reflex irritability, and muscle tone. Brenda's baby is being tested with the:

Apgar scale

The old model of parent-adolescent relationships suggested that:

As adolescents mature they detach themselves from parents and move into a world of autonomy apart from parents.

The lowest school dropout rate in the United States occurred for:

Asian Americans

Baby Elise has developed a sucking scheme. She knows that to get food she must suck on her mother's breast. Now, her mother has begun to introduce solid foods with a spoon. Elise immediately sucks on the spoon. This is an example of:

Assimilation

Which parenting style is demanding and controlling, while also being rejecting and unresponsive?

Authoritarian

Suzie, aged three, has to eat everything on her plate at dinner. When she does not, her father punishes her by sending her to bed without dinner the next day. Suzie also has strict schedules for playing, watching television, and studying, and any disobedience leads to spanking and punishment. Suzie's father is most likely a(n):

Authoritarian parent

In which parenting style do parents show pleasure and support in response to children's constructive behavior?

Authoritative

Recent research revealed that _____ parenting was linked to lower adolescent alcohol consumption and cigarette use.

Authoritative

Andy is nine months old, but seems to be struggling with following another's gaze and directing adults' attention. These could be early indicators of which diagnosis?

Autism

Dante is a 10-year-old boy who likes to play soccer during recess. One day a friend teaches him a different set of rules about the game that Dante accepts. He now plays soccer in a new way. Dante is in which stage of moral development?

Autonomous morality

Which of the following is true of altruism and volunteering in adults? A) Younger adults are more likely than any other group to volunteer more than 100 hours annually. B) A common perception is that older adults need to be given help rather than give help themselves. C) Younger adults' strategies are more likely to be aimed at contributing to the public good, while older adults' strategies are more likely to focus on optimizing personal financial gain. D) Older adults who engaged in organizational volunteering had a higher mortality risk than those who did not.

B) A common perception is that older adults need to be given help rather than give help themselves.

Amanda's mother suffers from anorexia nervosa. Which of the following statements about Amanda is TRUE? A) Amanda is highly likely to have a more positive body-image. B) Amanda is at risk of developing anorexia nervosa herself. C) Amanda is more likely to have healthy eating habits. D) Amanda is not at risk for anorexia nervosa due to increased awareness.

B) Amanda is at risk of developing anorexia nervosa herself.

According to recent studies, which of the following individuals showed lower levels of depressive symptoms? A) Attachment-anxious adults B) Attachment-secure adults C) Attachment-avoidant adults D) Attachment-repellant adults

B) Attachment-secure adults

Which of the following statements about bone and joint functioning is TRUE? A) Peak functioning of the body's joints usually occurs in the thirties. B) By the end of midlife, bones break more easily and heal more slowly. C) Maximum bone density occurs by the mid- to late-twenties. D) The rate of bone density loss decelerates in the fifties.

B) By the end of midlife, bones break more easily and heal more slowly.

Eight-year-old Trey stands in front of a group of kids and says, "I am smart." Which of the following is the most plausible reaction to this incident? A) Children 6 years of age are likely to reject Trey's self-report. B) Children 9 years of age are more likely to reject Trey's self-report. C) Children 5-6 years of age are more likely to reject Trey's self-report. D) Children 10-11 years of age are more likely to accept Trey's self-report.

B) Children 9 years of age are more likely to reject Trey's self-report.

If you subscribe to Paul Baltes' perspective of life-span development, which of the following statements would you NOT agree with? A) Development is lifelong B) Development is unidirectional C) Development is plastic D) Development is contextual

B) Development is unidirectional

Which of the following BEST exemplifies the difference between how mothers and fathers interact with their children? A) Mothers smile more at their children. B) Fathers are more physical with their children. C) Mothers express more emotions with their children. D) Fathers are less affectionate with their children.

B) Fathers are more physical with their children.

In which of the following substages of sensorimotor development does the infant's main focus remain on his or her own body? A) Coordination of secondary circular reactions B) First habits and primary circular reactions C) Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity D) Secondary circular reactions

B) First habits and primary circular reactions

According to research, which of the following is most likely to be rated as the LEAST important characteristic that women look for in men? A) Kindness B) Good looks C) Earning prospects D) Considerateness

B) Good looks

Which of the following statements about marriage around the world is NOT true? A) Japan has a high proportion of unmarried young people. B) Hungary encourages later marriage and a delay in childbearing. C) In Scandinavian countries, people marry later and cohabitation is popular. D) Japanese young adults generally live at home with their parents until marriage.

B) Hungary encourages later marriage and a delay in childbearing.

Which of the following statements is true about Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development? A) Most people in Western cultures achieve the highest stages of moral development by adulthood. B) In some cultures, high levels of moral reasoning derive from different values than those that form the basis of Lawrence Kohlberg's claims. C) Kohlberg's theory does not stress the importance of justice, but instead focuses more on the prevention of suffering of others. D) Kohlberg's theory captures the essence of moral thinking in all cultures; thus, it is culturally unbiased.

B) In some cultures, high levels of moral reasoning derive from different values than those that form the basis of Lawrence Kohlberg's claims.

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for depression? A) Overlooking insomnia B) Increase in social support C) Increase in self-critical thinking D) Curtailment of daily activities

B) Increase in social support

Which of the following is a significant observation by Neugarten regarding social clocks? A) Social clocks are more rigid than they were before. B) Individuals whose lives are synchronized with the social clocks are less stressed. C) Younger adults below 25 years are excluded from the social clock age bracket. D) Social clocks are more important for males than for females.

B) Individuals whose lives are synchronized with the social clocks are less stressed.

Which of the following statements about perceptual-motor coupling in infants is TRUE? A) Perception and motor activity occur separately in infants. B) Infants coordinate their movements with perceptual information involving people. C) The concept of perceptual-motor coupling does not develop until the ages of two to three. D) Perceptual-motor coupling develops in children only by the age of five.

B) Infants coordinate their movements with perceptual information involving people.

Which of the following is a benefit of everyday conflicts that characterize parent-adolescent relationships? A) It teaches adolescents that their parents are not perfect. B) It helps adolescents become more autonomous. C) It helps adolescents accept parental control over their lives. D) It teaches parents how to exert more control over the lives of adolescents.

B) It helps adolescents become more autonomous

Which of the following women has the highest probability of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome? A) Sarah, a 21-year-old Asian woman B) Jane, a 41-year-old Euro-American woman C) Ella, a 27-year-old African American woman D) Destiny, a 38-year-old African American woman

B) Jane, a 41-year-old Euro-American woman

Baby Kendra, who is six days old, is presented with two breast pads. One comes from her mother, and the other has not been used. Which one will Kendra probably prefer? A) Kendra will probably not show any preference. B) Kendra will prefer her mother's breast pad. C) Kendra will prefer the clean breast pad. D) Whether she shows a preference depends on whether she has been fed recently or not.

B) Kendra will prefer her mother's breast pad.

Compared to middle age, which of the following BEST describes late middle age for many individuals? A) Health problems start to decline B) Losses may begin to outnumber gains C) Life-changes decrease; the path is relatively fixed D) Losses and gains even out

B) Losses may begin to outnumber gains

Benjamin sits in the back of the room and very few of the children in class even know his name. He does not have any best friends, but he is not disliked by his classmates. Which of the following is Benjamin's probable peer status? A) Popular B) Neglected C) Rejected D) Controversial

B) Neglected

In the Berkeley Longitudinal Studies, which of the following characteristics generally changed the most across time for an adult? A) Intellectual orientation B) Nurturance or hostility C) Openness to experience D) Self-confidence

B) Nurturance or hostility

Which of the following statements about language skills of older adults is NOT true? A) The vocabulary of individuals often continues to increase throughout most of the adult years. B) Older adults seldom report difficulty in retrieving words to use in conversation. C) Understanding spoken language in certain contexts is a common complaint for older adults. D) In less than ideal listening conditions, older adults can have difficulty in understanding speech.

B) Older adults seldom report difficulty in retrieving words to use in conversation.

Kelly has just given birth to her first baby at age 37; her best friend, Olivia, age 26, just gave birth to her first child.Which of the following is likely to be TRUE for these new mothers? A) Kelly will have more energy to care for her child than Olivia. B) Olivia will have fewer medical problems with pregnancy and childbirth. C) Olivia will more likely build up expectations for her child. D) Olivia will have more income for child-rearing expenses than Kelly.

B) Olivia will have fewer medical problems with pregnancy and childbirth.

Which of the following would Erik Erikson be most likely to recommend about soothing a crying infant? A) Do not soothe the baby because he or she will be spoiled. B) Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops. C) Allow the infant to cry because this will encourage the development of a self-sufficient child. D) Soothe the baby every other time, so that he or she does not become dependent on external comforters.

B) Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.

Which of the following is true of divorce or remarriage in older adults? A) Women are more likely than men to remarry, thus removing themselves from the pool of divorced older adults. B) Rising divorce rates, increased longevity, and better health have led to an increase in remarriage by older adults. C) The majority of divorced older adults are men, due to their greater longevity. D) Divorce is far less common among younger adults than older adults.

B) Rising divorce rates, increased longevity, and better health have led to an increase in remarriage by older adults.

Which of the following statements about intergenerational relations is true? A) Individuals who had conflicts with their parents in adolescence reported greater closeness with their parents in early adulthood. B) Similarity between parents and an adult child is most noticeable in religion and politics. C) Children who spent less time in shared activities with their parents earlier in their lives provided more support to their parents as they became older. D) Parents who smoked early and often, and who persisted in becoming regular smokers, were less likely to have adolescents who became smokers.

B) Similarity between parents and an adult child is most noticeable in religion and politics.

During pregnancy, which of the following organs or systems are the first to develop? A) Visual system B) Spinal cord C) Urogenital system D) Liver

B) Spinal cord

Which of the following is a difference between the enhancers and the good-enoughs? A) The enhancers make the largest group of divorced individuals, whereas the good-enoughs form the smallest group of the divorced individuals. B) The enhancers are usually better at planning and are more persistent in comparison with the good-enoughs. C) The good-enoughs are competent in multiple areas of life, whereas the enhancers are poor in various aspects of life. D) The good-enoughs grew more competent, well-adjusted, and self-fulfilled following a divorce, whereas the enhancers were poor at coping with divorces.

B) The enhancers are usually better at planning and are more persistent in comparison with the good-enoughs.

Baby Jane, three days old, is shown four drawings: a bright blue square, a white oval, a yellow circle, and a drawing of a face. According to Fantz' research, which drawing would she probably prefer to look at? A) The white oval B) The face C) The blue square D) The yellow circle

B) The face

Which of the following information about breast feeding is NOT true? A) Breast feeding is correlated with positive outcomes for the mother as well as the child. B) There is conclusive evidence that breast feeding benefits children's cognitive and cardiovascular health. C) Infants who were breastfed for nine months or longer were less likely to develop ear, throat, and sinus infections. D) Infants who were breastfed are less likely to become overweight or obese later on in life.

B) There is conclusive evidence that breast feeding benefits children's cognitive and cardiovascular health.

Which of the following is a criticism of standardized tests? A) They allow a person's performance to be compared with that of other individuals. B) They assume a person's behavior is consistent and stable. C) They provide information about individual differences among people. D) They are difficult to design.

B) They assume a person's behavior is consistent and stable.

Which of the following is a shortcoming of stage theories of adult development? A) They do not adequately address universals of adult personality development. B) They do not adequately address individual variations in adult development. C) They place far too much importance on cultural variations in adult development. D) They place too much importance on individual variations in adult development.

B) They do not adequately address individual variations in adult development.

Which of the following is an example of implicit memory? A) Being at a grocery store and remembering what an individual wanted to buy B) Typing on a computer while talking to a friend C) Being able to name the capital of Illinois D) Recounting the events of a movie an individual has seen

B) Typing on a computer while talking to a friend

In which of the following situations will nine-month-old Lucy show the LEAST stranger anxiety? A) When she meets an unsmiling stranger at her home B) When she meets another nine-month-old baby at her home C) When she meets a passive stranger in an unfamiliar place D) When she meets an aggressive stranger in an unfamiliar place

B) When she meets another nine-month-old baby at her home

Recent research suggests that cohabiting:

Before marriage increases the likelihood of divorce

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, how long does phase 1 last?

Birth-2 months

The interactionist view of language development emphasizes that:

Both biology and experience contribute to language development.

A national study of more than 3,000 randomly selected 4- to 24-month-olds documented that:

By 15 months, French fries were the most common vegetable that babies ate

Three prominent meanings are attached to being a grandparent. Which of the following is NOT one of those meanings? A) Biological reward and continuity B) A remote role C) A financial strain D) A source of emotional fulfillment

C) A financial strain

Which of the following changes in the brain has NOT been associated with Alzheimer disease? A) Shrinkage of the brain B) Formation of amyloid plaques C) A series of mini-strokes D) Formation of neurofibrillary tangles

C) A series of mini-strokes

Which of the following is true of the possible selves of older adults? A) Acceptance of ideal selves increases B) Acceptance of future selves increases C) Acceptance of past selves increases D) Acceptance of present selves increases

C) Acceptance of past selves increases

In Patricia Cohen's analysis, which of the following has fueled the emergence of thinking about middle age? A) More people entering adolescence earlier than in the past B) Increased pressure to remain in the workforce and delay retirement C) Advances in health and more people living to older ages D) The decrease of life expectancy

C) Advances in health and more people living to older ages

Which of the following is true about the effects of cocaine use by pregnant women? A) Cocaine exposure during prenatal development is associated with increased birth weight. B) Prenatal cocaine exposure has been linked to higher arousal. C) Cocaine exposure during prenatal development is associated with reduced length and head circumference. D) Children born to cocaine users exhibit higher quality of reflexes at one month of age.

C) Cocaine exposure during prenatal development is associated with reduced length and head circumference.

Which of the following statements about cohabitation is true? A) People who cohabitate with another person after a divorce have a higher rate of remarital happiness than people who live alone after a divorce. B) Couples who cohabitate before getting engaged have a better chance of a successful marriage than couples who wait until they are engaged to cohabitate. C) Couples who wait until they are engaged to cohabitate have a better chance of a successful marriage than couples who cohabitate before becoming engaged. D) Couples who cohabitate after getting engaged experience marital dissatisfaction earlier than the couples who cohabitate earlier.

C) Couples who wait until they are engaged to cohabitate have a better chance of a successful marriage than couples who cohabitate before becoming engaged.

Which of the following is most typical of the vision-related issues faced by middle-aged individuals? A) Difficulty viewing moving objects B) Difficulty viewing objects on the background C) Difficulty viewing close objects D) Difficulty viewing complicated patterns

C) Difficulty viewing close objects

According to a recent meta-analysis, which of the following program types was linked to a reduction in recidivism for juvenile offenders? A) Individual treatment B) Restorative justice C) Family treatment D) Case management

C) Family treatment

Which of the following substances is a large molecule that would NOT be able to pass through the placental wall? A) Salt B) Water C) Hormones D) Carbon dioxide

C) Hormones

Which of the following is a potential benefit of romantic relationships over the Internet? A) The chance of potential partners misrepresenting themselves is low. B) The lack of interpersonal connection benefits the relationship in the long-term. C) It benefits shy and anxious people who find it difficult to meet potential partners in person. D) It is especially beneficial to attachment-secure, gregarious people who want to form close relationships.

C) It benefits shy and anxious people who find it difficult to meet potential partners in person.

Which of the following is true of Down syndrome? A) It primarily occurs in African American children. B) It occurs when genetic imprinting goes awry. C) Its symptoms include retardation of motor and mental abilities. D) It is caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome Y.

C) Its symptoms include retardation of motor and mental abilities.

As a result of aging, which of the following is NOT likely to deteriorate? A) Visual discrimination B) Comparison C) Language comprehension D) Categorization

C) Language comprehension

Which of the following observations about poverty and old age is NOT true? A) Poverty in late adulthood is linked to an increase in physical and mental health problems. B) Poverty is linked to lower levels of physical and cognitive fitness in older adults. C) Low SES has no impact on the risk of earlier death in older adults. D) In 2013, U.S. women 65 years and older were much more likely to live in poverty than their male counterparts.

C) Low SES has no impact on the risk of earlier death in older adults.

Which of the following is true of mitosis? A) Mitosis is the cellular reproduction that occurs to form the sperm and the egg cells. B) Mitosis results in the formation of four new cells. C) Mitosis results in the formation of new cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes. D) Mitosis results in the formation of three new cells.

C) Mitosis results in the formation of new cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Which of the following statements about late midlife is NOT true? Multiple Choice A) People in late midlife are either preparing for retirement or actually retiring. B) People in late midlife are more likely to experience the death of a parent than people in early midlife. C) People in late midlife are less likely to experience their last child leaving home than people in early midlife. D) People in late midlife are more likely to experience becoming a grandparent than those in early midlife.

C) People in late midlife are less likely to experience their last child leaving home than people in early midlife.

Which of the following statements is true about the effects of marijuana exposure on one's offspring? A) Research has concluded that marijuana use by pregnant women is associated with memory deficits in their offspring. B) Research has indicated that mothers who use marijuana while pregnant have a higher risk of having a child who develops depression by age 10. C) Research has shown that mothers who use marijuana while pregnant risk their offspring using marijuana by age 14. D) Research has concluded that controlled doses of marijuana are associated with increased memory in the developing offspring.

C) Research has shown that mothers who use marijuana while pregnant risk their offspring using marijuana by age 14.

Which of the following substages of sensorimotor development is characterized by coordination of sensation and action through reflexive behaviors? A) Conditioned reflexes B) First habits and primary circular reactions C) Simple reflexes D) Coordination of secondary circular reactions

C) Simple reflexes

Which of the following statements is TRUE about lung capacity in middle age? A) There is significant change in lung capacity through most of middle adulthood. B) In late middle age, the proteins in lung tissue become more elastic. C) Stiffening of the chest wall decreases the lungs' capacity to shuttle oxygen. D) The lung capacity of smokers increases drastically in middle age.

C) Stiffening of the chest wall decreases the lungs' capacity to shuttle oxygen.

Marlena, who just found out she is pregnant, has very poor eating habits. Her total calorie intake is very low. She eats little protein and unbalanced amounts of vitamins and minerals. If she continues her present eating habits, which of the following is most likely to occur? A) The baby will not be affected. B) The baby will develop Down syndrome. C) The baby is more likely to be malformed. D) The baby is more likely to have severe withdrawal symptoms.

C) The baby is more likely to be malformed.

Which of the following is true of the stages of childbirth? A) The first stage terminates when the baby completely emerges from the mother's body. B) Uterine contractions start in the final stage of the birth process. C) The first stage is the longest of the three birth stages. D) The first stage of birth is longer for a woman who is having her second or third child.

C) The first stage is the longest of the three birth stages.

Considering the fact that many of the health problems of older adults are chronic rather than acute, which of the following is likely to be a concern about the medical system? A) Medicare does not have special provisions for chronic illnesses. B) Costs of prescription drugs are still not subsidized for the elderly. C) The medical system is still based on a "cure" rather than a "care" model. D) Home-visits are not emphasized over hospital stays.

C) The medical system is still based on a "cure" rather than a "care" model.

Which of the following is referred to as the final stage in the marriage process? A) The time between marriage and impending divorce B) The time when the last child leaves home C) The time from retirement until death D) The time when older parents move into their children's homes

C) The time from retirement until death

Which of the following is true of the characteristics of sibling relationships as described by Judy Dunn? A) There is no observable variation in sibling relationships. B) Most siblings report not really knowing each other very well. C) There is considerable variation in sibling relationships. D) Most children have predominantly negative feelings toward their siblings.

C) There is considerable variation in sibling relationships.

According to a recent study, which of the following observations was made about women who participated in Centering Pregnancy care? A) More women felt secure without the aid of midwives. B) Many women reported feeling more stressed after a session. C) Women had higher breast-feeding rates. D) Low-income women benefited less from the program.

C) Women had higher breast-feeding rates.

_____ replaces traditional 15-minute physician visits with 90-minute peer group support settings and self-examination led by a physician or certified nurse-midwife.

Centering pregnancy

Angie's mother allows her to schedule her study and relaxation time on her own and, in turn, expects Angie to continue doing well in school and to discuss her activities with her mother ahead of time. Her mother checks on her school progress frequently, and also talks to her about her problems and her social life. This approach is called:

Co-regulation

Speed and accuracy of the processes involved in sensory input, attention, visual and motor memory, discrimination, comparison, and categorization are components of:

Cognitive mechanics

The term Baltes uses to describe the "hardware" of the mind, meaning the neurophysiological architecture of the brain that was developed through evolution, is:

Cognitive mechanics

In terms of self-understanding, children in late childhood are more likely than children in early childhood to:

Compare themselves with others.

Sandra and Tom divorced after an 18-year marriage when Tom left Sandra for his colleague. Since the divorce two years ago, Sandra has been promoted in her job, has an active social life with her friends, and has taken up golf. However, when her friends suggest that she meet a man, Sandra tells them that she has no interest in men and that she is really quite content with her life. Sandra is a(n):

Competent loner

Erica, who has two children, marries Wayne—who has a daughter from his previous marriage. After the union, their family will be considered a _____ stepfamily.

Complex

The life-events approach to understanding adult development has been criticized because it:

Contemporary

Anorexic people use food as a means of:

Control

Eight-month-old Michael is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Michael will most likely:

Crawl away from the mirror, because he doesn't recognize his own reflection.

Daniel Levinson's studies suggest that most adults feel that middle age is a time of:

Crisis

In Lorenz's view, imprinting needs to take place at a certain, very early time in the life of the animal, or else it will not take place. This period of time is called the:

Critical period

Dr. McLean has designed a study to test the cognitive skills of people in their 30s, 50s, and 70s, where data is collected over the course of a day through a series of tests. What type of research approach is Dr. McLean using?

Cross-sectional

Which of the following is TRUE about the immune system and stress? A) NK cells are a type of white blood cell that is more likely to be present in high stress circumstances. B) Higher levels of NK cells in stressful situations indicate a weakened immune system. C) Immune system functioning increases with normal aging. D) Aerobic fitness is related to the presence of a lower level of senescent T cells.

D) Aerobic fitness is related to the presence of a lower level of senescent T cells.

Which of the following is linked to the poor performance of American children in math and science as compared to Asian children? A) Asian teachers spent lesser time teaching math than did American teachers. B) Asian parents had much lower expectations for their children's education and achievement than did American parents. C) American parents were more likely to say that their children's math achievement was the consequence of effort and training. D) American parents were more likely to believe that their children's math achievement was due to innate ability.

D) American parents were more likely to believe that their children's math achievement was due to innate ability.

Which statement best summarizes Daniel Berlyne's views about children's play? A) Play is important for developing motor skills and coordination. B) Play is important only because it occupies children during times when they are not learning more important things. C) Children use play as a way to digest past experiences and to derive meaning from what has happened to them. D) Children use play as a way to explore new things and as a way to satisfy their natural curiosity about the world.

D) Children use play as a way to explore new things and as a way to satisfy their natural curiosity about the world.

Which of the following is a drug used to treat Alzheimer disease? A) Ritalin B) L-dopa C) ACE inhibitors D) Cholinesterase inhibitors

D) Cholinesterase inhibitors

Which of the following statements is TRUE about chronic conditions? A) Women have a higher incidence of fatal chronic conditions in middle age. B) Men have a higher incidence of nonfatal chronic conditions in middle age. C) Hypertension is the leading chronic disorder in early adulthood. D) Chronic disorders are rare in early adulthood.

D) Chronic disorders are rare in early adulthood.

Which of the following statements is true about specialization of function in a hemisphere of the cerebral cortex? A) Complex thinking is mostly carried out by the right hemisphere, while the left hemisphere typically deals with motor control. B) Logical thinkers are usually "left-brained." C) Creative thinkers are usually "right-brained." D) Complex thinking in normal people is the outcome of communication between both hemispheres of the brain.

D) Complex thinking in normal people is the outcome of communication between both hemispheres of the brain.

Which of the following statements about dating in gay male and lesbian youth is TRUE? A) All sexual minority youth date other-sex peers to disguise their sexual orientation from others. B) Despite their orientation, gay and lesbian youth have not had any same-sex sexual experience. C) Gay and lesbian youth are not emotionally affected by the breakup of a same-sex relationship. D) Disclosure of their sexual orientation to parents is the most stressful problem for gay and lesbian youth.

D) Disclosure of their sexual orientation to parents is the most stressful problem for gay and lesbian youth.

Which of the following scenarios will most likely increase the tendency of a child to become an introvert and create more emotional problems as an adult? A) Admitting the child to peer groups with other inhibited children with common interests. B) Having caregivers who are sensitive and accepting, and allowing the child to set his own pace. C) Presence of 'defensible shelters' that the child can retreat to when there is too much stimulation in the physical environment. D) Enrolling the child in school that is overmanned.

D) Enrolling the child in school that is overmanned.

Which of the following statements about novices and experts is TRUE? A) Novices are more creative in solving problems than experts. B) Novices are more flexible in solving problems than experts. C) Experts avoid the use of strategies and shortcuts when solving problems. D) Experts process information more automatically than novices.

D) Experts process information more automatically than novices.

According to recent research, which of the following risks is linked to heavy drinking by a pregnant mother? A) Lower birth weight B) Withdrawal symptoms C) Lower quality reflexes at one month of age D) Facial deformities, lower than average intelligence, and deficiencies in working memory

D) Facial deformities, lower than average intelligence, and deficiencies in working memory

Which of the following refers to activities engaged in for pleasure that include rules and often involve competition with one or more individuals? A) Symbolic play B) Role-play C) Constructive play D) Games

D) Games

Which of the following is typically the last male pubertal characteristic to occur? A) The first ejaculation B) Voice changes C) Increased penis and testicle size D) Growth of facial hair

D) Growth of facial hair

Which of the following observations about social orientation of infants is FALSE? A) As early as two to three months of age, infants show more negative emotions when their caregivers are still and unresponsive. B) The frequency of face-to-face play decreases after seven months of age as infants become more mobile. C) At two to three months of age, most infants expect people to react positively when the infants initiate a positive behavior. D) Infants' affect displays during the still-face paradigm are not linked to secure attachment during infancy.

D) Infants' affect displays during the still-face paradigm are not linked to secure attachment during infancy.

Which of the following is NOT true of self-regulation? A) It is linked to developmental advances in the brain's prefrontal cortex. B) It is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior. C) It leads to increased social competence and achievement. D) It is characterized by an eagerness to perform challenging tasks.

D) It is characterized by an eagerness to perform challenging tasks.

Which of the following is true of activity theory? A) It suggests that by examining not only the positive aspects of one's life, but also what one has repented doing (or not doing), a more accurate vision of the complexity of one's life and possibly increased life satisfaction will be attained. B) It states that older adults become more selective about their social networks and because they place a high value on emotional satisfaction, older adults spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships. C) It involves identifying and reflecting on not only the positive aspects of one's life but also on regrets as part of developing mature levels of wisdom and self-understanding. D) It suggests that many individuals will achieve greater life satisfaction if they continue their middle-adulthood roles into late adulthood and if these roles are stripped from them, it is important for them to find substitute roles that keep them dynamic and involved.

D) It suggests that many individuals will achieve greater life satisfaction if they continue their middle-adulthood roles into late adulthood and if these roles are stripped from them, it is important for them to find substitute roles that keep them dynamic and involved.

Which of the following could be the probable reason why older adults tend to report being less lonely than younger adults? A) Younger adults tend to perceive time differently, influencing their definition of loneliness. B) Most of the older adults are in community homes, thus reducing loneliness. C) Most of the older adults tend to reemploy themselves, thus reducing loneliness. D) Older adults have more selective social networks and a greater acceptance of solitude.

D) Older adults have more selective social networks and a greater acceptance of solitude.

Which of the following statements about older workers is true? A) Older workers have more accidents than younger workers. B) Older workers have higher rates of absenteeism than younger workers. C) Older workers are of considerably less value to a company than younger workers. D) Older workers experience more job satisfaction than younger workers.

D) Older workers experience more job satisfaction than younger workers.

In the Berkeley Longitudinal Studies, which of the following characteristics was generally stable across time for an adult? A) Nurturance B) Hostility C) Self-control D) Self-confidence

D) Self-confidence

Fernando doesn't cut in line, raises his hand in class before talking, and stops his car at stop signs on the road. He focuses on conventional rules that have been established by social consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system. Which of the following BEST describes Fernando's reasoning? A) Prosocial reasoning B) Social order reasoning C) Social consensus reasoning D) Social conventional reasoning

D) Social conventional reasoning

Sarah is a 20-year-old college student who is paralyzed from the waist down. She can walk with difficulty using crutches, but prefers her wheelchair. Sarah tells you that her condition is due to a birth defect that occurs when the neural tube fails to close during gestation. Which of the following birth defects does Sarah most likely have? A) Anencephaly B) Neuronal migration C) Multiple sclerosis D) Spina bifida

D) Spina bifida

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the pace of myelination in the brain? A) Myelination for visual pathways occurs early in prenatal development and is completed at birth. B) Myelination for auditory pathways is completed by the end of the second year of life. C) The frontal lobes are fully mature in the newborn. D) The prefrontal region of the frontal lobe has the most prolonged development of any brain region.

D) The prefrontal region of the frontal lobe has the most prolonged development of any brain region.

Which of the following statements about self-conscious emotions is TRUE? A) They are emotions that are present in humans and other animals. B) These emotions appear in the first six months of the infant's development. C) They include emotions like surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust. D) They involve the emotional reactions of others when they are generated.

D) They involve the emotional reactions of others when they are generated

Which of the following is most likely to be the reason why, according to the socioemotional selectivity theory, older adults deliberately increase the time spent with close friends and family members? A) They crave financial security B) They want to maximize emotional risks C) They cannot communicate effectively with new individuals D) They place a high value on emotional satisfaction

D) They place a high value on emotional satisfaction

Which of the following is NOT an argument against state-mandated tests? A) Neglect of students who are gifted B) Rote memorization C) Teaching to the test D) Too much focus on developing the students' thinking skills

D) Too much focus on developing the students' thinking skills

According to Buss and Barnes (1986) and Eastwick and Finkel (2008), which of the following is NOT one of the important characteristics men look for in women? A) Good looks B) Cooking skills C) Frugality D) Understanding

D) Understanding

Which of the following is NOT a factor that predicts high status for the elderly in a culture? A) Whether older people control key family/community resources B) Whether the extended family is a common family arrangement C) Whether older people are permitted to engage in useful functions D) Whether older people have had a large number of children

D) Whether older people have had a large number of children

Which of the following is the positive resolution of the psychological conflict of autonomy vs. shame? A) Fidelity B) Purpose C) Competence D) Will

D) Will

The number of juvenile court delinquency caseloads in the United States has:

Decreased slightly since 1996

From about the ages of 28 to 33, a man goes through a transition period in which he must face the more serious question of:

Determining his goals

In the current version of the Gesell test and Bayley Scales of Infant Development, the subscores obtained from the four and five different categories of Gesell test and Bayley Scales of Infant Development respectively are combined into an overall score that determines the infants':

Devlopmental quotient (DQ)

Landon has a metabolic syndrome. His doctor is concerned because in many patients this leads to:

Diabetes and cardiovascular disease

Individuals whose identity status can be described as identity _____ are undecided about occupational and ideological choices, and they are also likely to show little interest in such matters.

Diffusion

Jason was born with _____. The doctor tells his parents that this genetic disorder occurred because he has an extra copy of chromosome 21.

Down syndrome

The idea that no singular theory can explain life-span development as a whole, but that each theory plays an important role is referred to as:

Eclectic theoretical orientation

Gina is doing what she can to help her older aunt take care of herself and stay in her own home. Gina often takes meals to her aunt and helps her clean, go shopping, and make visits to the doctor. Gina is providing _____ for her aunt.

Eldercare

Carla is three-and-a-half weeks pregnant. This indicates that her child is in which of the following stages of prenatal development?

Embryonic

When Brianna is upset, her mother facilitates open discussion about why she is upset and helps her figure out how to deal with the negative emotions. Therefore, Brianna's mother takes an _____ approach to parenting.

Emotion-coaching

A newborn baby widens her eyes after her mother widens her eyes and mouth and smiles at the baby. Meltzoff would say that this baby is:

Engaging in true imitaion

Remembering where a person went on vacation last summer is an example of _____ memory.

Episodic

When children experience cognitive conflict in trying to understand the world, they shift from one stage of thought to the next. The mechanism through which this shift occurs is called:

Equilibration

One of the differences between Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson is that:

Erikson emphasized the importance of both early and later experiences

Charlie is a cooperative, attentive child and is a favorite at home and school; he receives positive, instructive responses from adults. This is indicative of a(n):

Evocative genotype-environment correltion

The food-scarce environment of our ancestors likely led to humans' propensity to gorge when food is available and to crave high-caloric foods—a trait that might lead to an epidemic of obesity when food is plentiful. This illustrates how:

Evolved mechanisms are not always adaptive in contemporary society.

_____ is at work in perspective taking

Executive functioning

If passion and commitment are present but intimacy is not, Sternberg calls the relationship _____ love, as when one person worships another from a distance.

Fatuous

Nakita is 18 months old, and she has a tendency to cry when strangers come near her. She is displaying one of a baby's earliest emotions, _____.

Fear

Most divorces occur in the _____ year of marriage.

Fifth to tenth

Priscilla just found out she is pregnant, and her doctor prescribed her a B-complex vitamin that promotes normal prenatal development and reduces the risk of preterm deliveries. Which of the following is the vitamin prescribed by Priscilla's doctor?

Folic acid

Identity _____ is the status of individuals who have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis.

Foreclosure

Ramon's parents have decided that he will enroll in a liberal arts course in the state college near their hometown. Ramon has not really thought about the issue much himself, and he will most likely follow their advice. James Marcia would classify Ramon's identity status as identity:

Foreclosure

he abstract quality of thinking during the _____ stage is evident in the adolescent's verbal problem-solving ability.

Formal Operational

Eriksonian researcher James Marcia reasons that Erikson's theory of identity development contains _____ of identity, or ways of resolving the identity crisis.

Four Statuses

David and Tina have one grandson, Dillon. They see him almost every weekend and make it a point to go to a movie or a park with him. Both Dillon and his grandparents look forward to their time together. According to Neugarten and Weinstein, David and Tina have a(n) _____ style of being grandparents.

Fun-seeking

Grandparents under 65 are more likely to display a _____ style.

Fun-seeking

_____ occurs when the expression of a gene has different effects depending on whether the mother or the father passed on the gene.

Genetic imprinting

Cohorts refer to:

Groups of individuals born in the same year or time period.

Patrick suffers from _____, a genetic abnormality in which delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding.

Hemophelia

Victor has an X-linked inheritance disease. Which of the following conditions is Victor most likely to have?

Hemophelia

Julie believes that Jason's accidental act of breaking 12 plates is worse than Peter intentionally breaking two plates. Julie can be best described as a(n):

Heteronomous moralist

Because young children are _____, they judge the rightness or goodness of behavior by considering its consequences, not the intentions of the actor.

Heteronomous moralists

Why is LDL referred to as "bad" cholesterol?

High levels of LDL cause atherosclerosis.

From about 6 to 12 months of age, the maturation of the _____ and the surrounding cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, makes explicit memory possible.

Hippocampus

_____ is/are the second leading cause of death in adolescence.

Homicide

In the formal operational stage, adolescents begin to think more as a scientist thinks, devising plans to solve problems and systematically testing solutions. This type of problem solving requires _____.

Hypothetical deductive reasoning

Juno is riding a bike. Riding a bike requires Juno to use her memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically; this type of memory is referred to as _____ memory.

Implicit

Why are older adults more likely to forget what items they wanted to buy at a grocery store (unless they write them down on a list and take it with them) than they are to forget how to drive a car?

Implicit memory is less likely to be adversely affected by aging than explicit memory.

Adeline, aged 90, still drives her car to the senior center every Friday. Last week she tells her friends that someone they know from her church died. When they ask her for the person's name she says, "I can't remember her name. She sits near the altar and always has a hat on." Clearly Adeline has better _____ memory than _____ memory.

Implicit; explicit

Carla's husband was 50 years of age when she became pregnant. This is connected to:

Increased risk of spontaneous abortion, preterm birth, autism, and schizophrenia in the baby.

According to Baumrind, a parent who is highly involved with his/her children but places few demands or controls on them is displaying a(n) _____ parenting style.

Indulgent

Josh's mother makes his favorite food—burgers, fries, and pizza—every night for dinner. His mother lets Josh play as much as he wants to, study only when he feels like it, and imposes no fixed bedtime. Josh's mom is most likely a(n):

Indulgent parent

Jonathan is almost completely dependent on his parents for his wants and needs and is only just beginning to acquire language skills and sensorimotor coordination. Which of the following development periods is Jonathan in?

Infancy

According to Denise Park, much of the blame for declining memory in late middle age is a result of:

Information overload that builds up over the adult years

Carrie is a 19-year-old single mother. She often feels overwhelmed and depressed about her situation and frequently neglects her eight-month-old son and his needs. On several occasions, she has slapped his hand when he reaches for her cell phone. Carrie's baby is most likely to develop a(n) _____ toward her.

Insecure disorganized attachment

According to Erikson, the positive resolution of which developmental stage culminates in existential identity in old age?

Integrity vs. despair

Charisma is six months old and can vocalize pleasure and displeasure, search for objects out of reach, and approach a mirror that is placed in front of her. According to the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Charisma:

Is developing normally

Fourteen-year-old Kent recently received his blood test results which indicate an eighteen-fold increase in testosterone levels and a twofold increase in estradiol over the past few years. It appears that Kent:

Is experiencing normal changes during puberty.

According to Jerome Kagan, temperament:

Is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however, it can be modified to some degree by the environment.

Caitlin, age 25, has a good job as a financial analyst but she has few friends and has had no success in dating. She admits that being close to others is a problem for her. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, Caitlin is at a risk of reaching the state of:

Isolation

Jerome, 6, and Hani, 10, get up early on Saturday morning and decide to make "breakfast in bed" for their mother. While reaching for the bed tray in the back of the hall cabinet, they accidentally break one of their mother's favorite porcelain dolls. Jerome knows that he's going to get into "big trouble." Hani tells him not to worry because Mom would understand that it was an accident. In what stage would Jean Piaget categorize the moral reasoning of Jerome and Hani?

Jerome—heteronomous morality; Hani—autonomous morality

With regard to morality, Nasrin believes that the focus should be on abstract principals rather than relationships and others. Therefore, she has a(n) _____ orientation.

Justice

Tom is a tall man with undeveloped testes and enlarged breasts. His doctor has determined that he has an extra X chromosome leading to the diagnosis of:

Klinefelter syndrome

Jessica spends a lot of time thinking about the choices she has made in her life and the events she has witnessed. She is adjusting to decreasing strength and health, and she has made several lifestyle changes as a result. Jessica is most likely in the _____ period of development.

Late adulthood

Your ability to process language in the left hemisphere and spatial thinking in the right hemisphere is called:

Lateralization

Analysis of the World Values Survey of 18- to 24-year-olds in less developed and more developed countries revealed that emerging adults in _____.

Less developed countries were more likely to be religious than those in more developed countries

Research indicates that links between early attachment styles and later attachment styles were _____ by stressful and disruptive experiences.

Lessened

Erikson believed that elderly adults use their impending death as a motivation to look back and evaluate their life. This form of retrospection is what many theorists call:

Life review

Professor Sharma emphasizes that developmental change occurs throughout adulthood as well as childhood. Professor Sharma is taking a(n) ___________ approach to developmental change.

Life-span

Which living arrangement is the most common for elderly adults?

Living with a family member

Shalini's doctor is concerned that she might have _____, a life-threatening condition caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency, or malnutrition, that has resulted in a wasting away of her body tissues in her first year. She is now grossly underweight and her muscles have atrophied.

Marasmus

According to Lachman, researchers have found that on average a sense of personal control peaks in _____ and then declines.

Midlife

Identity _____ is James Marcia's term for the status of adolescents who are in the midst of a crisis, and whose commitment levels are either absent or only vaguely defined.

Moratorium

Whenever baby Beth hears a loud noise, she responds with a _____ reflex, where she arches her back, throws back her head, flings out her arms and legs, and then rapidly closes her arms and legs.

Moro

Bernard just brought home his report card and placed it on the television set. Bernard told his dad that he was required to take the card back to school tomorrow with the signature of one of his parents. Bernard's dad told him to move out of the way as he could not see the TV set. The next morning, Bernard found his report card where he left it on the previous day, unsigned. He signed his dad's name and put it in his backpack. Bernard's dad is most likely a(n):

Neglectful parent

By age 51, most women enter menopause. This is an example of how a biological process can exert a _____ influence on development.

Normative age-graded

_____ include biological processes such as puberty and menopause. They also include sociocultural, environmental processes such as beginning formal education and retirement.

Normative age-graded influences

Dr. Nasrin believes that associating behavior with consequence can shape the probability of a behavior occurring. He is arguing that _____ conditioning is important for behavioral modification.

Operant

Six-month-old Carson grabs for a toy using his whole hand. He is demonstrating a:

Palmer

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, love is characterized by the dimensions of:

Passion, commitment, and intimacy.

Rachel loves to read books, and she also encourages her daughter to read by regularly taking her to the local library and buying her lots of books. Rachel's daughter is now an avid reader. This reflects a(n) _____ correlation.

Passive genotype-environment

Andrew is 60 and is starting to have memory lapses and struggling to complete things that used to take him no time at all. He finds himself getting lost driving routes that he used to know. Andrew might be experiencing the developmental pattern called:

Pathological aging

When you see an airplane flying away from you, it appears to get smaller. However, you know that it stays the same size. The difference between your sensation and your perception of the plane illustrates the concept of:

Perceptual constancy

Nadine's doctor is assessing her fine motor skills. This means that her doctor is going to look at her ability to:

Perform finely tuned movements

In Baillargeon's view, infants have a pre-adapted, innate bias called the principle of _____ that explains their assumption that objects do not change their properties unless some external factor obviously intervenes.

Persistence

_____ is the way an individual's genotype is expressed in observable and measurable characteristics.

Phenotype

Mateo is on a special diet because his parents are aware that he cannot metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid. Buildup of this amino acid in his system could result in mental retardation. Mateo has:

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

An example of the basic unit of sound in the English language is the sound the letter "m" makes. This sound is called a:

Phoneme

The rules that govern _____ describe the sound sequences that can occur in a language.

Phonology

The life-events approach to understanding adult development has been criticized because it:

Placed too much emphasis on change

Middle-aged Americans agree that a major component of their well-being involves:

Positive relationships

Lynne, five, loves to draw and color. She represents the world with words and her drawings. According to Piaget's cognitive development theory, Lynne is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

Preoperational stage

Priscilla is in the 8th grade. Her group of friends has recently started shoplifting at departmental stores. According to research into peer relations, what is Priscilla most likely to do in this scenario?

Priscilla will join her friends in the antisocial behavior

Nicola tries to take steps to avert potential misbehavior by her children before it takes place. The moment she sees that her four-year-old daughter is going to have a meltdown, she distracts her with a favorite activity. She has regular talks with her ten-year-old son where she tries to impart her cherished values to him and indicates what is expected of him as he grows older. Nicola is:

Proactive in her approach to her children's moral development.

Rites of passage:

Provide a forceful and discontinuous entry into the adult world.

Infants control the muscles of their trunk and arms before they control their hands and fingers, and they use their whole hands before they can control several fingers. This indicates a _____ pattern of growth.

Proximodistal

The concept of discontinuity is characterized by:

Qualitative change

One day when Mark was crawling around, he fell down the stairs. After the doctor examined him, Mark's parents learned that he had damaged the parietal lobe. Mark's parents were told to expect that he would have difficulty with:

Registering spatial locations

When working with older clients, some clinicians use _____ therapy. Rita is in one such therapy program and her clinician has her discussing past activities and experiences with other individuals in her group.

Reminiscence

Neuroscientists believe that what wires the brain or rewires it after birth is:

Repeated experience

B.F. Skinner, a behaviorist, would argue that the most important things that shape development are _____.

Rewards and punishments

_____ love has strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and it often predominates in the early part of a love relationship.

Romantic

When a mother plays peek-a-boo with her baby she moves from covering the baby and saying "peek-a-boo" to covering her own eyes and saying it. This illustrates:

Scaffolding

In a study, almost 50 percent of high school dropouts cited _____ reasons for leaving school.

School-related

Sarah, an infant of seven months, loves repeatedly hitting a toy that lights up and plays music on impact with her toy hammer. Sarah is in Piaget's substage of:

Secondary circular reaction

In the Strange Situation, Jermaine used his mother as a "safe base" as he actively explored the playroom. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Jermaine as being:

Securely attached

In the Strange Situation, Quentin cries mildly when his caregiver departs. However, he is happy upon reunion, and then, continues to explore once the caregiver has returned. He would be classified as being:

Securely attached

When Robert says, "I have brown eyes and black hair," it reflects Robert's:

Self-concept

Hans feels ashamed when his parents say "You should feel bad about biting your sister!" To experience a _____ emotion like shame, Hans must be able to refer to himself as distinct from others.

Self-conscious

Mario brings his mother his favorite teddy bear to comfort her when she has had a bad day at work. This demonstrates a(n) _____ emotion.

Self-conscious

Mary thinks that she is a good person. This observation reflects Mary's:

Self-esteem

Darren is an active 12-year-old boy. When his friend Simon cheats in a game, he tends to get irritated. However, Darren controls his anger and tries explaining to Simon why cheating is bad. Which developmental aspect is Darren displaying in his actions?

Self-regulation

Margie Lachman and her colleagues argue that having a _____ is one of the most important modifiable factors in delaying the onset of diseases in middle adulthood and reducing the frequency of diseases in late adulthood.

Sense of control in middle age

Human infants go through an attachment period. John Bowlby calls this a ______ period, meaning that for optimal development attachment should occur during this period.

Sensitive

Michael, aged four, loves playing with toy cars and airplanes, and his idea of play involves wrestling and pushing his friends. Melanie, also aged four, loves playing with her dolls and doll house, and her idea of play is to have a tea party with her dolls and friends. Both are exhibiting:

Sex-typed behavior

Nine-year-old Tadako's uncle has been taking pictures of her naked body and selling them on the Internet. This constitutes:

Sexual abuse

he longitudinal study conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in 1991 concluded that:

Shildren who were given high-quality child care performed better on cognitive and language tasks.

Joshua, a two-year-old, has been diagnosed with _____, a blood disorder that limits the body's oxygen supply and can cause joint swelling and heart and kidney failure. This genetic disorder can be treated through penicillin, pain medication, antibiotics and blood transfusions. His doctor has indicated that a study named Baby HUG may offer a better drug in the future.

Sickle-cell anemia

Baby Yoshi has a condition that is a risk factor for SIDS. Sometimes, she has a temporary cessation of breathing in which her airway is completely blocked—usually for 10 seconds or longer. This condition is known as:

Sleep apnea

The Carnegie Corporation evaluated U.S. middle schools and recommended that:

Smaller "communities" or "houses" should be developed to lessen the impersonal nature of large middle schools.

Phonology is to _____ as morphology is to _____.

Sound; meaning

Venette recounts a funny story that she had recently heard to her friend Clarice. Clarice tells her that she has heard the story before, and, in fact, she had been the one to originally tell the story to Venette. Venette is having a failure of her _____ memory.

Source

_____ and _____ are the two birth defects that occur when the neural tube fails to close 24 days after conception.

Spina bifida; anecephaly

By two to three months of age, most infants expect people to react positively when the infants initiate a behavior, such as a smile or a vocalization. This finding has been discovered using a method called the:

Still-face paradigm

A New Zealand longitudinal study assessed the self-esteem of adolescents at 11, 13, and 15 years of age and then assessed the adjustment and competence of the same individuals when they were 26 years old. Its results indicated:

That adults characterized by poorer mental and physical health were more likely to have low self-esteem in adolescence than well-adjusted, competent adults.

Age-related loss of muscle strength is especially marked in:

The back and legs

Research conducted by Ruth Chao suggests that:

The high control of Asian parents is best conceptualized as "training" and is distinct from the domineering control characteristic of an authoritarian style of parenting.

Data from 2009 indicate that in the U.S. for the first time in history:

The proportion of individuals 25 to 34 years of age who have never been married exceeded those who were married.

The social role theory suggests that:

The social hierarchy and division of labor are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing.

What is the result of the public and government demand for increased accountability from schools?

The spread of state-mandated tests to measure just what students had or had not learned.

A common memory problem for older adults is _____, in which individuals cannot quite retrieve familiar information but have the feeling that they should be able to retrieve it.

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

According to a recent study of more than 17,000 Chinese 11- to 22-year-olds, males in China have a higher rate of depression than females because:

They have a less positive coping style

How can rejected children be trained to interact more effectively with their peers?

They should be taught to more accurately assess whether the intentions of their peers are negative.

Since the 1950s, the adolescent suicide rate has:

Tripled

Angelique has a chromosomal disorder characterized by a missing X chromosome making her XO instead of XX. Angelique's doctors have diagnosed her with _____.

Turner syndrome

A participant in a study was asked to memorize a list of words and then try to recall as many as possible. This exercise was designed to test the participant's:

Verbal memory.

A developmental psychologist studying infants' understanding of object permanence uses a method where infants see an event happen as it would normally occur. Then, the event is changed, often in a way that creates a physically impossible event. The result of this is that the infants look longer at the changed event indicating that he or she is surprised by it. Which method is being adopted here?

Violation of expectations

According to a national survey in 2012, which of the following is the primary way that most adolescents connect with parents?

Voice mailing

Individuals with metabolic syndrome who _____ reduced their risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

Were physically active

Winnie is considering the use of anesthesia during the circumcision of her newborn son. She wants to know if newborns can feel pain. What would you tell her?

Yes; recent research indicates that infants can feel pain.

The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the:

top—the head—with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom.