Developmental Psych Review #4

Homogamy

The principle that we select a mate who is similar to us. Extra Info: -Today, that looks more like a partner of the same income level rather than someone of the same ethnicity. -Sometimes being too similar can be a bad thing (two dominant people or two submissive people). -Couples seem to get along best when they have a few opposing personality characteristics.

Does flow relate to being intrinsically motivated?

Yes.

After working as a teacher for 10 years, Yvette decides to enroll in a graduate program to become a school counselor. This is an example of which of the following?

***A. Boundaryless Career. B. Unstable Career. C. Changing workforce. D. Job Change Syndrome.

Which of the following is suggested by the Seattle longitudinal study?

***A. Intellectual peak is reached in midlife. B. Intelligence in general begins to decline in the 20s. C. Fluid intelligence rises while crystallized intelligence declines as we age. D. Every intellectual ability changes in the same way.

Which of the following best describes the idea that marital satisfaction is highest during the honeymoon, declines during the child-rearing years, and then rises after children grown up?

***A. U-Shaped curve of martial satisfaction B. Honeymoon/empty nest theory C. Triangular Theory of Love D. Middle Aged Happiness Theory.

Dorothy is stubborn, hot tempered, and often argues with her coworkers. Dororthy is probably low in which of the following?

**Agreeableness

Susan is lazy, self-indulgent, and unreliable. She is probably low in which of the following?

**conscientiousness

James is outgoing, warm, and friendly. He is the life of the party and is the real people person. James is probably high of which of the following?

**extraversion

Targeting Happiness

-Act in harmony with your inner self. -Buy time and experience rather than material things. -Reach out to very different kinds of people.

Know the difference in happiness between people who do and do not have children

-Adults who have chosen not to have children are just as happy as adults who are parents. -Having children does not make a relationship stronger.

Things happy couple do?

-Engage in a high ratio of positive to negative comments. -Don't get personal when they disagree. -Are sensitive to a partner's need for space. -Listen nondefensively to complaints.

Women tend to turn off sex.. Why?

-Environmental. -Being without a partner. -Having an older spouse with a chronic disease. -Not having people respond to you as a sexual being. -Menopause.

How important it is to feel physically attractive..

-Feeling physically attractive is centrally important to happiness at every age. -People start comparing themselves to people their own age to determine their physical attractiveness. -However, as with any age, it's important not to compare oneself only to the idealized images of older movie stars. -Negative feelings about one's body can impair sexual desire.

Physiological Sexual Changes-in women

-Females can have as many orgasms at age 80 as they can at age 20. -However, women are more likely to "turn off" sex than men for the following reasons. -Environmental. -Being without a partner. -Having an older spouse with a chronic disease. -Not having people respond to you as a sexual being. -Menopause.

Advice for Grandparents

-It can be crucial for grandparents to hold their tongues and not criticize their child's parenting. -Paternal grandparents are in danger of not being there as much as they would like. -Allegiance to one's family of origin can have devastating effects after a divorce.

Mental stimulation with people may matter..

-It's important to exercise your mental capacities. -People who work in complex, challenging jobs tend to become more mentally flexible with age. -When researchers put a group of rats in a large cage with challenging wheels and swings and then compared their cortices with a control group of similar animals, this treatment produced thicker, heavier brains.

Identify the "real" truth about what sex looks like in middle age

-Middle-aged and elderly men rejected the idea that erectile capacity defined their sexual selves. -Many reported becoming better lovers. -Your textbook suggests that for the elderly, sex is described by older couples as being about intimacy, communication, and authenticity.

Physiological Sexual Changes-in men

-Older males need more time to develop an erection. -They are more likely to lose an erection before ejaculation. -Ejaculations become less intense. -By their 50s, most men are not able to have another erection for 12 to 24 hours after having had sex.

Menopause

-The age-related process, occurring at about age 50, in which ovulation and menstruation stop due to the decline of estrogen. -The defining marker of menopause is not having menstruated for a year. -Table 12.2. After menopause: -the vaginal walls thin out and become more fragile. -The vagina shortens. -The opening narrows. -The clitoris and labia become smaller. -Blood flow decreases. -It takes longer after arousal for lubrication to begin.

Personality changes over time/which of the big five traits change the most over time

-We become more like ourselves as we age. -Personality gets less heritable as we age and encounter random ups and downs or life. -Although there is a lot of consistency (who you are as a person probably won't change on the most basic level), during adulthood many do get wiser and feel more mature. -We become more agreeable. -Conscientiousness increases the most. -Moving in with a romantic partner is more likely to increase conscientiousness (but moving in with a roommate did not). -In midlife people become less egocentric and have more altruistic attitudes towards life.

Trend of Creativity

-When a creative activity is dependent on being totally original, such as dancing or writing poetry people tend to perform best in their 30s. -When a creative activity depends on crystallized skills (such as writing nonfiction), people perform at their best in their 60s. -However, how creative a person is outweighs the changes that occur with age (peoples lines' are shifted up or down from the original line but the overall trends stay the same).

Being wise...

-Wise thinkers embrace uncertainty. -Wise thinkers are sensitive to other people's perspectives. -Wise thinking involves self-transcendence. -Wise thinking demands humility.

Three basic principles of selective optimization with compensation

1) Focus on our most important activities. 2) Work especially hard in these top ranking areas. 3) Rely on external aids when we cannot cope on our own.

The "Big Five"

1) Openness 2) Conscientiousness 3) Extraversion 4) Agreeableness 5) Neuroticism

Holland's 6 Personality Types

1) Realistic 2)Conventional 3) Enterprising 4) Social 5) Investigative 6) Artistic

Crystallized Intelligence

A basic facet of intelligence, consisting of a person's knowledge base, or storehouse, of accumulated information. -Since crystallized intelligence measures the knowledge that we've amassed over the years, it increases well into middle age. -However crystallized intelligence declines (around the 60s) because our forgetting rate outpaces the amount of new knowledge that we can absorb.

Fluid Intelligence

A basic facet of intelligence, consisting of the ability to quickly master new intellectual activities. -Fluid intelligence depends on our nervous system being at its biological peak so it is high during the 20s but then declines.

Family Watchdogs

A basic role of grandparents which involves monitoring the younger members' well-being and intervening to provide help in a crisis. -Grand parents act as mediators, cheerleaders and advocates, family cement, and symbols of connectedness. -Grandparenthood is typically a more joyous, emotionally central role for women than men -Physical proximity can affect how active a grandparent is. -Grandchildren's ages also affect how active a grandparent can be (because teenagers move away from family and towards friends).

Role Overload

A job situation that places so many requirements or demands on workers that it becomes impossible to do a good job.

Role Conflict

A situation in which a person is town between two or more major responsibilities - for instance, parent and worker - and cannot do either job adequately.

Work-life Balance

A situation in which people feel a perfect balance, energized and happy at work and fulfilled with other aspects of their lives.

Cross sequential study

A study that combines the cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches. In a cross-sequential study, two or more age groups are tested at two or more points in time.

Postformal Thought

A uniquely adult form of intelligence that involves being sensitive to different perspectives, making decisions based on one's inner feelings, and being interested in exploring new questions.

Which of the following stages did both Erikson and Marcia consider necessary to achieve a fulfilling adult identity?

A. Identity Diffusion B. Identity Foreclosure *** C. Identity Moratorium D. Identity Achievement

Declining sexuality in older women is primarily due to which of the following?

A. Menopause B. Poverty C. Estrogen Loss ***D. Social Issues

Sternberg believed that _____ is the ideal form of love.

A. Passionate Love B. Intimate Love ***C. Consummate Love D. Committed Love

Sternberg believed that ____ is the ideal form of love?

A. Passionate Love B. Intimate Love **C. Consummate Love D. Committed Love

John is constantly stressed from demands of his job and his family. He is most likely suffering from which of the following?

A. Role Overload (1 role) ***B. Role Conflict (multiple) C. Role Struggle D. Role Incongruence

Identity Foreclosure

According to Marcia, an identity status in which the person decides on an adult life path (often one spelled out by an authority figure) without any thought or active search. -Examples could be being a gang member or terrorist. -high commitment, low exploration

Parent Care

Adult children's care for their disabled elderly parents. -Sometimes described as a burden, hassell, or strain.

Preoccupied / Ambivalent

An excessively clingy, needy style of relating to loved ones. -Excessively jealous, suffocating, needs continual reassurance of being loved.

Allostatic Load

An overall score of body deterioration, gained from summing how a person functions on multiple physiological indexes. Allostatic load predicts cognitive performance during adult life. -This is related to performance on executive function tests. -Physically fit older and midlife adults consistently perform better on cognitive tests.

On-time

Being on target in a culture's timetable for achieving adult life tasks.

Off-time

Being too late or too early in a culture's timetable for achieving adult life tasks. -Feeling seriously off time (late) can cause considerable distress.

Susan and Michelle don't have a happy marriage. They rarely talk and their sex life is nonexistent. They stay together because of their children. They are high in what?

Commitment

Key themes from the life stories of highly generative adults

Commitment script: In McAdam's research, a type of autobiography produced by highly generative adults that involves childhood memories of feeling special; being unusually sensitive to others' misfortunes; having a strong, enduring generative mission from adolescence; and redemption sequences. Redemption sequences: In McAdam's research, a characteristic theme of high generative adults' autobiographies in which they describe tragic events that turned out for the best. -Early memories of feeling personally blessed. -an enduring sensitivity to others' misfortunes, caring values. -being able to turn one's tragedies into growth experiences.

Flow

Csikszentmihalyi's term for feeling total absorption in a challenging, goal-oriented activity. •Different from "feeling happy" •People tend to forget the outside world •People's problems tend to disappear (because they forget the outside world) •People lose sense of time •People feels like the activity is worth doing for its own sake ß this is basically being intrinsically motivated

Age-norms

Cultural ideas about the appropriate ages for engaging in particular activities or life tasks.

Betty is doing extra tasks at work so she can get a promotion. Betty is motivated by?

Extrinsic Career Rewards.

Marital Equity

Fairness in the "work" of a couple's life together. If a relationship lacks equity, with one partner doing significantly more than the other, the outcome is typically marital dissatisfaction.

Intimacy

Feelings of closeness.

_____, which is defined as our ability to quickly reason when facing intellectual challenges, tends to pick in 20s and decline

Fluid Intelligence

Caregiving Grandparents

Grandparents who have taken on full responsibility for raising their grandchildren. -The number of caregiving grandparents has doubled in the US in recent decades. -How grandparents feel about taking an active role in parenting grandchildren matters.

Conscientiousness

Having an efficacious, worker personality; hardworking, self-disciplined, and reliable. -Your textbook suggests that having good executive functions (being able to think through our actions and modulate our emotions). -Closely related to academic success. -Closely related to real-world achievements.

Relationship Churning

Having on-again/off-again romantic relationships in which couples repeatedly get together and then break up. -1 in 2 couples in their 20s broke up and then got back together again at some point. -After ending the relationships, half (of the 1 in 2 couples above?) reported that they continued to have sex with their ex. -This takes an emotional and physical toll. Having the support of a loving partner can be very helpful during emerging adulthood.

Nurturer Father

Husband who actively participates in hands-on child care.

Four Identity Statuses

Identity achievement, identity moratorium, identity foreclosure, identity diffusion.

There's a weird moment in the beginning where Luke is playing with a toy fighter as if he is a small child. This might suggest that he is aimless and not searching for an adult role. At this point, Luke is in what stage?

Identity diffusion

Identity

In Erikson's theory, the life task of deciding who to be as an adult.

Generativity

In Erikson's theory, the seventh psychosocial task, in which people in midlife find meaning from nurturing the next generation, caring for others, or enriching the lives of others through their work. According to Erikson, when midlife adults have not achieved generativity, they feel stagnant, without a sense of purpose in life. -There were few age differences in generative attitudes There were age differences in generative priorities: -Young people had more self-centered life goals. -This makes sense since we may need to resolve issues related to our personal development before our primary concern shifts to giving to other.

Companionate Marriage

Intimacy + Commitment.

Bill is doing extra tasks at work because he loves the challenge of the work. Bill is motivated by?

Intrinsic Career Rewards.

Agreeableness

Kindness, empathy, and the ability to compromise; pleasant, loving, and easy to get along with. (person someone wants to talk too)

Serial Cohabitation

Living sequentially with different partners outside of marriage. -Only 11% of US women without a college degree get married before giving birth.

Whether wisdom measures based on vignettes generalize..?

Measuring wisdom using vignettes produces scores which relate to a host of positive qualities (i.e., being well adjusted, prosocial, and especially being open to life). However, being more emotionally involved we are in a certain situation, the less likely we are apt to reason wisely.

Middle Age

Middle age is supposed to start at 40 and end at about 60 or 65. -In US surveys, roughly half of all people in their late 60s and early 70s call themselves middle-aged.

Nest-leaving

Moving out of a childhood home and living independently.

General trends for fluid and crystallized intelligence

Notice that scores on a test demanding a heavier component of fluid skills (word fluency, which asks people to name as many words as they can starting with a letter such as A within a time limit) decreases after the late 40s while scores on a totally crystallized test (vocabulary) stay stable into the 60s. But in general, intellectual abilities peak at about age 50 and decline in old age.

Neuroticism

Our general tendency toward mental health versus psychological disturbance; resilient, stable, and well-adjusted (would be low in neuroticism).

Openness to experience

Our passion to seek out new experiences; likes traveling, likes adopting different perspectives.

Extraversion

Outgoing attitudes such as warmth, gregariousness, activity and assertion; social, friendly, a "people person".

Larry and James cant keep their hands off eachother. They are extremely attracted to one another. They are high in?

Passion

Purely Sexual Marriage

Passion + Commitment.

Romantic Love

Passion + intimacy.

Maria is away at a conference. Her bf knows that she is busy and waits for her to call him..

Secure

Happiness stereotypes and statistical facts

Slide 6 on Midlife 11/13

Seattle Longitudinal Study

The definitive study of the effect of aging on intelligence, carried out by K. Warner Schaie, involving simultaneously conducting and comparing the results of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies carried out with a group of Seattle volunteers.

U-shaped Curve of Martial Satisfaction

The most common pathway of marital happiness in the West, in which satisfaction is highest at the honeymoon, declines during the child-rearing years, then rises after the children grow up.

Emerging Adulthood

The phase of life that begins after high school, lasts through the late twenties, and is devoted to constructing an adult life.

Occupational Segregation

The separation of men and women into different kinds of jobs.

Cohabitation

The sharing of a household by an unmarried couple.

Artistic Type

These people are creative and nonconforming, and they love to freely express themselves in the arts. If this is your type, a career as a decorator, dancer, musician, or writer might be ideal.

Social Type

These people enjoy helping others and come alive when they are interacting with other human beings. If this description fits you, a career as a bartender, practicing physician, or social worker might be right.

Realistic Type

These people enjoy manipulating machinery or working with tools. They like physical activity and being outdoors. If you fit this profile, your ideal career might be in construction, appliance repair, or car repair.

Conventional Type

These people have a passion for manipulating data and getting things organized. If you fit this type, you would probably be very happy as an accountant, administrative assistant, or clerk.

Investigative Type

These people like to find things out through doing research, analyzing information, and collecting data. If you fit this pattern, you might get special satisfaction in some scientific career.

Entrepreneurial Type

These people like to lead others, and they enjoy working on organizational goals. As this kind of person, you might find special joy as a company manager, in sales, or in starting your own business.

Boundaryless Career

Today's most common career path for Western workers, in which people change jobs or professions periodically during their working lives.

Breadwinner Role

Traditional concept that a man's job is to support a wife and children.

Evolutionary theorists suggest that menopause evolved to offer an extra layer of mothers without their own child-rearing distractions to care for the young. (T or F)

True.

Mothers tend to rank childcare on an emotional par with housekeeping? (T or F)

True.

Eudaimonic Happiness

Well-being defined as having a sense of meaning and life purpose. -Highly generative people experience more of this type of happiness.

Hedonic Happiness

Well-being defined as pure pleasure. -Generativity has nothing to do with this form of happiness. (Taking a bite of really good cake)

Ruminative Moratorium

When a young person is unable to decide between different identities, becoming emotionally paralyzed and highly anxious.

The "sandwich generation"

When women are pulled between caring for young children and their disabled elderly parents. -This is fairly rare.

Elopement

When young people run away and get engaged without their parents' consent. -Typically, when an elopement occurs in India, the woman leaves home without telling her parents (or both the woman and the man leave home) and then the man's family goes to the woman's family and gets permission for them to be married. If the woman's parents consent, they will be formally married within a few months. -People in India believed that each type of marriage had positives and negatives. Most residents were in favor of elopements.

Extrinsic Career Rewards

Work that is performed for external reinforcers such as pay. -Positive psychology likes to say that money can't buy happiness because after a certain point, income stops contributing to happiness and life satisfaction. However, below that point, income has a dramatic income on wellbeing.

Intrinsic Career Rewards

Work that provides inner fulfillment and allows people to satisfy their needs for creativity, autonomy, and relatedness.

Do mothers spend more time with their children than mothers did a generation ago?

Yes.

Michael is sitting at the bar with a group of friends when a man approaches the bar to order a drink Michael finds him extremely attractive.. Michael is in which of the following stages?

***A. Stimulus B. Value-comparison C. Role D. Homogamy

Lacey is away at a conference and her boyfriend continuously messages her to ask what she is doing. He seems very concerned that she is going to find a more compatible partner at the conference. Lacey's boyfriend most likely has which attachment styles.

**A. Preoccupied/ambivalent B. Avoidant/dismissive C. Secure

Which of the following is not a corner of Sternberg's triangular theory of love?

**A. communication B. commitment C. intimacy D. commitment

We don't know how we will behave in certain situations until we are in them.. How we behave in certain situations.

-50% of the mothers surveyed admit that they have trouble controlling their temper. -The thing that most affects how closely a woman fits her motherhood image lay in her attachment with a given child. -Mothers tend to have "favorite" children and they tend to be an easy child who is successful in the wider world.

We cannot randomly assign people to be married. Married people are self-selected. Can we say marriage causes happiness?

-Because we select mates according to homogamy, the marriage market for poverty-level men and women is dismal (Your textbook says dismal because people probably want to select mates which are securely attached, have their own identity, and are financially secure). -Without financial security it can be difficult to move from living together to being engaged.

Information about nest-leaving and cohabitation

-Both emerging adults and their parents report less conflict after the emerging adult left the nest -The stereotype is that you have to leave the "nest" in order to act like an adult. -"nest residers" are less likely to be in a long-term relationship, feel more emotionally dependent on their parents, and were less satisfied with life -This may suggest that "nest residers" are lazy, baby-ish, and unwilling to grow up -However, A lot of people live with parents because they can't afford to live alone - not because they don't want to live alone or aren't mature enough to live alone. Ethnic minorities may stay in the nest to help their parents/families.

Describe how parenthood affects relationships

-Differences in parenting styles can cause conflict. -Positive affects of parenthood on relationships: -About 33% of spouses did report more love for a husband or wife after becoming parents. -The quality of the relationship before a marriage is important in how well the relationship will do during parenthood. -The quality of the man's parenting can also be important in how well the relationship does during parenthood.

Benchmarks of adulthood

-Finding a career -Getting married -Becoming parents -Financial independence -Taking responsibility for own actions -Make independent decisions about life

Traits for Career Happiness

-Having enough emotion regulation to disengage from job stress. -Having a worker oriented (conscientiousness) temperament. -Developing the sense that a career is a calling (which grows out of years spent committed to a career).

What determines how active a role fathers take in child care?

-How well they can regulate their emotions. -How much care they got from their own fathers (modeling). -Feeling efficacious at child care. -Whether the pregnancy was wanted or not. -Men who showed greater declines in testosterone during their wives' pregnancy reported more satisfaction with being dads.

Ethnic/cultural differences in leaving the nest

-In southern Europe young people typically live at home until they marry because they have trouble becoming financially independent (high youth unemployment rates). -In Scandanavia, cohabitation is widely accepted and marriage is considered optional. -In the Nordic nations, early nest-leaving is considered normal (probably because they have better economies, an emphasis on independence, and government assistance; government provides free university attendance, has a strong social safety net, provides free health care).

Financial differences in leaving the nest

-In the US, it's difficult for young adults from low-income environments to leave the nest and get married because young adults may not have the money. -A high fraction of US women now give birth without being married.

What things would make it easier to be successful in college?

-Joining clubs. -Making friends. -Loans/scholarships -Tradeschool

Marital Satisfaction Facts

-Marital satisfaction is at its peak during the honeymoon phase and then it decreases. -Both husbands and wives report more bickering and irritation as the years passed. -The red flag for divorce was an increase in wives' distress (possibly because they are more sensitive to communication issues). -A study tracking couples from engagement through the first years of marriage supports the hypothesis that issues which cause unhappiness or divorce emerge over time (aren't present at the beginning of a marriage). -The decrease in happiness tends to be deepest during the first four years. -The good news is that happiness in marriage tends to increase, especially after children leave the house and couples have the opportunity to focus on each other.

In favor of marriage facts

-Married couples are happier than the never married or divorced. -Married couples are richer (joint income), meaning they may have greater economic security. -Married couples tend to live longer and remain healthier into old age. -Marriage allows for shared responsibilities -Shared / joint income. -Shared parenting. -Taking care of you when sick. -Social support.

Suggestions for finding career happiness and success

-Match your career to your personality. -Find an optimal workplace.

How Fathers Act

-On average, fathers spend more time with their sons than with their daughters. -Fathers engage in more rough and tumble play (e.g., run, wrestle, chase, turn infants upside down). -They tend to less of the child care work, with women in 2016 providing more than twice as much hands-on child care as men do in a typical week. -The textbook suggests that it seems likely that mothers typically take the bottom-line responsibility (if something needs to be done, and fathers don't do it, mothers make sure it gets done).

Rise of Independent Contract (gig) Work

-Over the past 10 years, the fraction of US jobholders who perform "alternative work" rose from 10% to almost 16%. -The liberation (of being your own boss) is heavily skewed in the employer's favor since companies who hire temporary workers don't have to pay health insurance or retirement benefits. -When an industry shifts to more self-employed workers, the overall income of that profession declines.

Against (unhappy) marriage

-People in unhappy marriages were less happy than their single counterparts. -Talking about married people without specifying whether they're in happy or unhappy relationships doesn't fully capture the nuances.

Happy Relationships

-Respecting partner's personality. -Inflating a partner's virtues. -Viewing the partner as embodying one's ideal self.

The way society views and talks about motherhood is inaccurate and does a disservice to new mothers.

-Society provides an airbrushed view of motherhood. -Society has unrealistic expectations which cause unrealistic performance pressure. -Evocative effects. -Easy children make mothers feel competent. -Difficult children make mothers feel like failures.

Things that change after a divorce?

-The need to move or find a better paying job (because divorcees no longer have joint income). -Housework burdens rise, particularly for men. -Legal hassles of getting a divorce. -Anxieties about children. -Concern about telling loved ones.

Ways to keep passion alive

-The secret to keeping passion in the relationship is to continue to engage in flow-inducing activities. -When someone only engages flow-inducing activities outside of their relationship, this might make someone feel more passionate for someone else (e.g., someone finds flow at work, they may be likely to feel connected with a coworker).

Unhappy Relationships

-To much turmoil.

Identity Achievement

A fully mature identity status in which the young person chooses a satisfying adult life path. -high commitment, high exploration

Traditional Stable Career

A career path in which people settle into their permanent life's work in their twenties and often stay with the same organization until they retire.

Avoidant / Dismissive

A standoffish, excessively disengages style of relating to loved ones. -Uncaring, aloof, emotionally distant, unresponsive to loving feelings, abruptly disengages at signs of involvement.

After a while, the man sits down beside Michael. They have so much to talk about! They have similar interests. Michael is in which of the following stages?

A. Stimulus ***B. Value-comparison C. Role D. Homogamy

After they've been dating for awhile, Michael casually brings up marriage in a conversation. A few weeks later, he brings up having kids, in which following stages is Michael in?

A. Stimulus B. Value-comparison ***C. Role D. Homogamy

Having dated for years, Mark believes Jenna will make a good life partner. According to stimulus-value-role theory, Mark is the ____ phase of their relationship.

A. Stimulus B. Value-comparison ***C. Role D. Moratorium

Identity Moratorium

According to Marcia, an identity status in which the person actively explores various possibilities to find a truly solid adult life path. -This provokes anxiety because young people must wrestle with different philosophies and ideas. -However, Marcia and Erikson believe it is critical to arriving at the final stage. -low commitment, high exploration

Identity Diffusion

According to Marcia, an identity status in which the person is aimless or feels totally blocked without an adult life path. -low commitment, low exploration

Jason is away at the same conference. His gf knows that he is busy and waits for Jason to call her. However she seems to think Jason could just wait and tell her about the conference when he gets back. Jason's gf most likely has which attachment style?

Avoidant/dismissive

Mark believes that the best approach to supporting his family is to work hard while his wife cares for the children. Which best describes his approach to fatherhood?

Breadwinner.

Intimacy

Erikson's first adult task, which involves connecting with a partner in a mutual loving relationship.

Role Confusion

Erikson's term for a failure in identity formation, marked by the lack of any sense of a future adult path.

Stimulus Phase

In Murstein's theory the initial mate-selection stage in which we make judgments about a potential partner based on external characteristics such as appearance.

Value-comparison Phase

In Murstein's theory the second mate-selection stage in which we make judgments about a partner on the basis of similar values and interests.

Role Phase

In Murstein's theory, the final mate-selection stage, in which committed partners work out their future life together.

Are rates of cohabitation and serial cohabitation increasing or decreasing?

Increasing.

Alicia has always felt like Shane is her best friend. They can sit and talk for hours. They are so close. They are high in?

Intimacy

Consummate Love

Intimacy + passion + commitment.

Commitment

Marriage or lifelong cohabiting relationships.

Stimulus-value-role Theory

Murstein's mate-selection theory that suggests similar people pair up and that our path to commitment progresses through three phases.

After a lot of thought, Mark decided to reduce his hours at work so that he could take a more active role in caring for his children. Which best describes his approach to fatherhood?

Nurturer.

Biracial Identity

Or multiracial identity, how people of mixed racial backgrounds come to terms with who they are as people in relation to their heritage.

Passion

Sexual arousal.

Cohabitation

Sharing a household in an unmarried romantic relationship. -66% of couples live together before getting married.

Ethnic Identity

The aspect of individuals' sense of identity concerning ancestry or racial group membership.

Fertility Rates

The average number of children a woman in a given country has during her lifetime. -Fertility rates are declining in many developed countries.

School-to-work Transition

The change from the schooling phase of life to the work world.

Social-clock

The concept that we regulate our passage through adulthood by an inner timetable that tells us which life activities are appropriate at certain ages.

Deinstitutionalization of Marriage

The decline in marriage and the emergence of alternate family forms that occurred during the last third of the twentieth century.

Adult Attachment Styles

The different ways in which adults relate to romantic partners based on Mary Ainsworth's infant attachment styles.

Secure Attachment

The genuine intimacy that is ideal in love relationships. -Empathetic, sensitive, able to reach out emotionally, balances own needs with those of partner, has affectionate and caring interactions.

Mothers are no happier (and sometimes less happy) on a day to day basis than their counterparts without children or people whose children have already left the nest. (T or F)

True.

People tend to get remarried but that men get remarried at a higher rate than women. (T or F)

True.

Self-esteem dips during the first semester of college because teens tend to overestimate their abilities. (T or F)

True.

These styles are somewhat (but not completely) consistent? (T or F)

True.

Motherhood tends to decrease a woman's self esteem. (T or F)

True. They don't usually meet their expectations.

Arranged Marriage

Unions in which parents choose their children's marriage partners. -In 2005 most wives in India reported that their families had made the primary decision about whom they would wed and many barely knew their husband before their wedding day.