Developmental Psychology

invincibility fallacy

this is an extension to adolescent egocentrism in which adolescents believe the dangers connected to high risk behaviors cannot befall them. The personal fable is the idea that adolescents believe they are heroic, unique, or destined for fame.

extrinsic motivation

this is an external reward that is presented to an individual to complete an action. This external reward gives motivation. Ex. Continuing to work a boring job due to the motivation of receiving a paycheck.

negative self stereotyping

this is an issue for elderly individuals where they self fulfill prophecy with a negative view of themselves and they become more negative.

formal operational thought

this is characterized by the ability to think hypothetically, logically, and abstractly. These skills start to become evident by age twelve.

intrinsic motivation

this is how an individual feels about completing an action and it gives them motivation to complete the action. Ex. Exercising makes the body feel well; the end result of feeling better is motivation for individuals to work out.

punishment

any action or condition which decreases the probability of a behavior occurring again

reinforcement

any action or condition which increases the probability of a behavior occurring again.

object constancy

awareness that an object is the same distance regardless of distance, light, or different viewing angle

involved

bernice neugarten postulated this form of grand parenting that is active in the daily life of the child and may even live with the child.

remote

bernice neugarten postulated this form of grand parenting that is distant, but honored and obeyed.

companionate

bernice neugarten postulated this form of grand parenting that is independent and friendly relationship with the child and they tend to live separetly.

repression

blocking a threatening memory from the consciousness. EX. Children from abusive homes may not remember the specific abuse.

associated play

children play together in a disorganized manner

scripts

children rely on _____or visual outlines, of common occurrences in their lives. These help children to remember the verbal and speech memories which coincide with familiar visual events.

korsakoffs syndrome

chronic alcoholism can cause a form of dementia which involves the impairment of short term memory.

reflexive behavior

coughing, blinking, suckling (babies are born with these skills)

alzheimers disease

this disease occurs because the neurofibrillary tangles of the brain begin to destroy normal brain function.

x linked genes

this gene to gene action the genes on the x chromosome can be dominant or recessive and are more common in men. Ex. Male pattern baldness is carried on the x chromosome.

Progeria

this genetic disease shows the signs of aging. This disease results in accelerated aging with patients dying by age fifteen.

reversal

this important schema is the notion that an action can be undone.

big five

this includes the stable characteristics of extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to new ideas.

crystallized intelligence

this involves accumulated facts and information and lasts through middle adulthood.

practical intelligence

this involves defining behavior, conflict resolution capacity, and problem solving, which is a synthesized form of fluid and crystallized intelligence.

naturalistic observation

this involves observation of individuals in 'real life' situations. The scientist does not influence the situation. Limitations of this are an inability to link cause and effect or generalize results. Ex. Parent and child interactions are recorded via videotape with parental consent. The child does not know they are being observed. The scientist analyzes the tapes after the experiment.

fluid intelligence

this involves reasoning, decision making, memory, processing speed, and abstract thinking. This begins to decline around age thirty and is evidenced in slower reaction times and cognition.

longitudinal study

this involves studying the same group of individuals over a lONG period of time. The researcher can compare a group of people at one age to themselves at a different age. Changes over time are studied. Limitations: expensive to conduct; subjects may drop out, move, or chose to leave the study.

Object permanence

this involves the awareness of the existence of an object, even if it is out of sight. This notion develops around eight months of age.

fragile x syndrome

this is a disease where the x chromosome is breakable and pieces can fall off. This is not a sex linked abnormality and the severity depends on how much of the chromosome is missing. Typical symptoms include: mental retardation, large head, and large ears.

huntingtons disease

this is a dominant disease with an onset in the mid thirties. This is a fatal neuromuscular degenerative disease.

senescence

this is a period of physical decline, loss of strength, and loss of efficiency.

kleinfelters syndrome

this is a sex linked chromosomal abnormality, causing the individual to have an extra x chromosome (XXY). Males are usually afflicted, rendering them infertile and with a degree of mental retardation.

phoneme

this is a unit of sound at the beginning stages of language all children babble similar ____________.

social referencing

this is also referred to as 'monkey see, monkey do'. A child will 'read' the reaction of the mother to the stranger. If the mother was nonplussed by the stranger, the child tended to react in a similar manner. If the mother was upset by something, the child would become upset.

phenylketonuria

this is an abnormal digestion of the amino acid phenylalanine which is a necessary amino acid and is found in many foods. This is recessive, meaning parents could be carriers and unaware of the gene. Dietary restriction of phenylalanine can reduce symptoms.

bernice neugarten

this woman postulated there are three forms of grand parenting; remote, involved, and companionate

conservation

understanding that the amount or number of something is unaffected by the object's shape or placement

defense mechanisms

ways in which the mind protects itself from unpleasant memories, ideas and thoughts. Examples include repression, displacement, rationalization, reaction formation, regression and denial.

physiological, safety, belongingness and love, esteem, aethetic and cognitive, self actualization.

what are maslows needs from the bottom to top.

Debriefing

when a scientists uses deception. They will do this after the study where the participants learn of the deception and why it was used. They will receive a copy of the study results and how their information will be used and stored.

deficiency needs

when a specific set of needs are missing, an immediate response is prompted. These needs include: physiological, safety, belonging, and self esteem.

working memory

where we hold information currently in use.

42 to 58

women generally reach menopause between ages ______.

humanistic theory

- Developed by Abraham Maslow who believed development occurred due to various motivations, including intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

inherited behaviors

- behaviors programmed without prior experience

habituation

A decrease in behavioral response to a stimulus after repeated exposure to that stimulus over a duration of time.

libido

According to freud, personality develops based on changes in the ____________

transductive reasoning

A child may assume that if two objects share a quality, the two objects are identical. Ex. a child may call all four legged animals 'dogs' even if they are not.

Genital stage

Age 12 years and up. Characteristics. Sexual experimentation occurs and relationships are soght, generally with the opposite gender. If fixation develops during a previous stage, it will affect the rest of the lifespan. Freud believed that if this were to occur, the individual would become homosexual.

Phallic stage

Age 3 to 6 years. Characteristics. The discovery of the genitals:can lead to envy of the opposite gender. Fixation. Improper education and lack of parental involvement can lead to misplaced sexual feelings for the opposite gender and the conflict of not having the opposite genitals may lead to fixation on the matter.

Latency stage

Age 7 to 11 years. Characteristics. No significant development occurs. Girls start to play more with girls and boys more with boys. Fixation. Improper exposure to children of both genders can lead to inadequate knowledge of the opposite gender and the inability to socialize with them.

Identity vs role confusion

Age, 12 to 18. Characteristics. Adolescents need to explore their identity and discover their inner self. Ex. "Who am I and who will I be?" Outcome. If the conflict is resolved, the adolescent will learn a "fidelity" to a particular identity. If the conflict is not resolved the adolescent may feel conflicted with their role, for the remainder of their life.

Industry vs inferiority

Age, 6 to 11 years. Characteristics. Children learn to accomplish things and want to be productive members of their family/society. "Am I successful or am I a failure?" Outcome. If the conflict is resolved the child learns "competence". If the conflict is not resolved, the child may feel inferior.

Concrete operational

Age, 7 to 11 years Description. Children can engage in more complex thoughts and behaviors. Concrete refers to tangible objects. They understand more about cause and effect.

Anal stage

Age: 1to 3 years. Characteristics. Satisfaction is derived from the anus and defecation, as well as repetitive actions (more often the case). Fixation. Improper toilet training and a lack of a structured routine can lead to anal fixation. Generally manifests as a controlling personality, often referred to as "anal-retentive"

john b watson

Behaviorist that was an influential behaviorist who postulated that in order for psychology to be a true science, experiements must be able to be performed. Because experiments cannot be performed on intangible objects, focus shifted to observable concrete actions. As such, behaviorism was born.

Identity achievement

James marcia came up with this identity. This has two parts. A. Individual knows he is unique. B. Includes sexual, moral, political, and vocational identity.

Cohort effect

Changes due to a participant's time of birth or generation, not actually to age Health, education, attitudes

Reaction formation

Changing feeling of anxiety into their opposite in real life. EX. Someone who is uncertain about their religious faith may become evangelical and try to convert their peers.

dialectical thought

Considered the most advanced form of cognition. Considers both sides of an idea simultaneously and then forging them into a synthesis that integrates both the original idea and its opposing thought. This has three stages, thesis, antithesis, and synthesis

Foreclosure

James marcia came up with this identity. This has two parts. A. Premature identity formation. B. Individual accepts parental values and goals without consideration to options.

Identity diffusion

James marcia came up with this identity. This has two parts. A. Uncertanty and confusion regarding identity. B. Leads to apathetic behavior.

Rationalization

Justifying a failure with a socially acceptable reason instead of the actual reason. EX. Someone refusing to drink, and instead of saying they prefer not to drink, give an alternate excuse to avoid harassment of peers.

electra complex

During the phallic stage, a parental obsession may develop. Freud believed that children become sexually attracted to their parent of the opposite sex. For female children, this notion was referred to as the

para suicide

Non successful suicide attempt.

discontinuity

Early characteristics that disappear as new traits or qualities emerge Growth stages with distinct problems or characteristics

continuity

Early life experiences with a lifelong effect progression from beginning to end of life

adolescents

Highest rate of STDs than any other age group

continuous development

this is used by behavioral theorists. This examines how change depends entirely on the environment, is slow, and constant. Change is due largely to rewards and punishments.

Moratorium

James Marcia came up with this identity. This has three parts. A. Pause in identity formation. B. Individual explores alternatives. C. Example. The year before college, college years, temporary job.

psychoanalytic perspective

Freud explained that a "healthy adult" could both love and work. ◦ Psychosocial perspective: Erikson described the basic crisis in early adulthood asintimacy vs. isolation.

regression theory

Freud suggests anorexia is a subconscious manifestation against maturation.

Ego

Freuds theory of the mind that acts as the mediator between the carnal desires of the id and the hyper morality of the supergo. This functions as a reality check and helps to plan, remain rational, and mediate desires. This mediation helps the individual to find socially acceptable ways to satisfy the Id. This moves throughout the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind.

Id

Freuds theory that the first component present within the personality is present at birth and is completely an unconscious component. This controls the biological desires for food, sleep, water, and sex It is not realistic dand has no concept of reality, possibility, or time.

conscious mind

Freuds theory that this part of the mind is a small part of the mind which includes active and easily recalled experiences.

unconscious mind

Freuds theory that this part of the mind is a storage area for instincutal desires, needs, past thoughts, and memories. Even though they may not be actively recalled, they are a driving force of an individuals behavior.

Superego

Freuds theory the part of the mind that is called morality, this is what causes people to feel guilt. This and the id are at odds, demanding the individual does the "right thing" This dilemma is what causes a person to feel guilty about desiring the bodily pleasures, which the id craves. The superego remains in the preconscious area of the mind.

post conventional morality

Kohlberg said abstact notions of justce. Rights of others can override obedience to laws/rules. Stage 5. Difference between moral and legal right. Recognition that rules should sometimes be broken. Stage 6. Individual principles of conscience. Takes account of likely views of everyone affected by a moral decision.

conventional morality

Kohlberg said that views of others matter. Avoidance of blame; seeking approval. Stage 3. good intentions. Behaving in ways that conform to "good behavior" Stage 4. Obedience to authority. Importance of "doing one's duty."

Zone of proximal development

Lev Vygotsky proposed this. This is the difference between what a child can do independently and what the child needs help with. Children learn faster by puching the boundaries of this. Typically children with wider zones are better able to learn.

assimilation

Piaget believed that if a child uses this, they incorporate new information into an already established schema.

Accomodation

Piaget believed that if a child uses this, they modify a schema to include new information.

Displacement

Placing hostile feelings onto objects other than the source of the feelings. EX. A child who is upset about a new baby coming home and cuts the hair off of dolls or breaks them apart.

type c

this personality types shows individuals tend to hold negative emotions and may have a higher risk for developing cancer in later life.

Denial

Refusing to admit that something upsetting exists. EX. A parent is told her child is cutting school but the parent refuses to believe it.

Roger Gould

Studied the "Developmental Transformations "of adult development. Divides adulthood into five periods: 1. Adolescent breaking ties with family. 2. New adult life is started. 3. Life is reassessed in regard to conflicting needs and values. 4. Problems of evil, death and destruction are faced. 5. Control of his/her destiny.

personal fable

Teens believe their life is unique, heroic or mythical; "destined for greatness"; fame/fortune.

neuroticism

Tendency to be anxious, moody, and self-punishing; expressed with few friends and outside interests

openness

Tendency to be imaginative, curious, and artistic.

consciensciousness

Tendency to be organized, deliberate, and conforming.

gene

The basic unit of hereditary information is a ______. These make up the individual segments of chromosomes. Humans have approximately 100,000.

reinforcement schedule

created in response to the belief that frequency of reinforcement mattered as much as the reinforcement itself. Five different types of reinforcement schedules are as follows: continuous, fixed ratio, fixed interval, variable ratio, variable interval

carl rogers

this psychologist believed people have the capacity to change and improve themselves as long as someone believes in them. He postulated the notion of unconditional positive regard.

Openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism,

What personalities are involved in the big 5.

zygote

When gametes combine, their genetic material combines to form a ________. This will divide from one cell into two, and so on.

howard gardner

developmental psychologist best known for his theory of Multiple Intelligences. These intelligences include linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, body-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic and philosophical.

passion intimacy commitment

sternbergs triangular theory of love included

erik erickson

studied psychosocial aspect of individuals, where emotions and conflicts/resolutions drive development at different ages/stages

intermodal perception

the ability to integrate all senses to comprehend the surrounding environment is

elaboration

the beginning with simple information with older information in long term memory

irreversibility

the inability of the child to understand that actions, when performed, can be undone to return to the original state.

Control processes

this category is also called the executive function and is responsible for the regulation of information flow.

bobo doll experiment

alfred bandura did this experiment which allowed two groups of children to watch videos of other children's interaction with a blown up doll. Each grop of children was allowed to play with the doll after viewing their respective videos. The children, who had viewed the video with violence that went unpunished, exhibited violence and aggression towards the doll. However, the children who had viewed the video where violence was punished were reluctant to be aggressive towards the doll.

explicit memory

this category is involved with the conscious portion of the brain and is responsible for learned words, facts, and concepts.

sensory register

this category is the first aspect of memory and functions for a split second.

tonic neck reflex

also known as "Fencing Stance"- when the infant's head is turned to one side, the arm on the same side extends outward and the arm on the opposite side flexes or curls, often behind the head

overextending

an error in early word usage in which a child uses a single word to label multiple different things (Ex. "dog" for all animals with 4 legs)

underextending

an error in early word usage in which a child uses the word too narrowly and does not apply a new word to objects that are included in its meaning (Ex. "dog" only for the family dog and not for all other dogs he/she encounters)

implicit memory

this category of memory functions with the unconscious part of the brain and is responsible for automatic memory.

social learning theory

this differs from behavioral theories in that this emphasizes the iprtance of cognitive processes of the learning experience. Based on this, aggression is learned via observation and the more it is observed, the more the aggression is repeated.

aesthetic sense

The realization of mortality and death tends to make many individuals more responsive to nature, which results in a greater appreciation of creative pursuits, also referred to as

deception

an uncommon term that refers to a researcher not telling a subject the complete truth about the study because it may alter the behavior displayed by the subject. To help decrease the bias of being told the entire truth, researchers deceive the subjects. This can cause ethical concerns.

relativism

an understanding that one's own perspective is only one of many potentially valid views of reality, and knowledge is not fixed or absolute.

semiotic function

The significant linguistic milestone of the preoperational stage is the ability to use symbols to communicate, referred to as

telomeres

The theory of a genetic clock is congruent with the idea of a programmed senescence. The genetic clock mostly likely resides in the ends of chromosomes, called ____________.

somatic cells

These are body cells, contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. There are 46 total chromosomes. Half of all chromosomes come from the mother and the other half from the father.

Cross sequential study

This combines longitudinal and cross sectional studies. Starts with a cross sectional design and then loods at the same group of people over time. Limitations: complex and expensive to conduct, requires long term commitment.

Incomplete dominance

This gene to gene interaction; the phenotype is not completely controlled by genotype. Ex. red flowers and white flowers produce pink flowers with a variety of pink hues.

Acceptance of contradiction

This implies the understanding that reality embraces inconsistencies. A person can love someone and be angry with that person at the same time.

Integration

This is a deep and refined thought process. An individual gains the capacity to integrate and synthesize conflicting ideas or views into a more coherent whole. This advances an individual far beyond earlier stages, when an individual felt as if they had to choose between sides.

iron deficiency anemia

This is the main nutritional concern in developed countries.

Urie bronfenbrenner

This man founded the Ecological Model made of concentric circles surrounding the individual person, located in the middle. The circles closest to the individual have the most influence on them, while those farther away have less of an influence.

Thorndike

This man had the theory that behavior's consequences determine the probability of its being repeated.

cultural image theory

This says media suggest unrealistic weight expectations for the general population to emulate

perceptual constancy

This skill involves the understanding that object remain the same size and shape despite appearance seeming to change due to its location. Before the development of this skill, a child may think an object shrinks as it moves further away, whereas a child who has this skill understands that if an object moves away, it does not change the size.

Picks disease

With this disease, there is an atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes, and always proves fatal.

integration

a capacity to synthesize apparently conflicting ideas or views into a more coherent whole, rather than feeling compelled to choose between them

Classic irreversibility experiment

a child favorite toy is covered with a blanket. The child may not understand the toy is still there, just under the blanket, due to the inability to process irreversibility.

classic conservation experiment

a child is presented with two short, wide glasses, each with the same volume of liquid. The child is then asked to pour the contents of one of the short glasses into a tall, slim glass. Due to the inability to demonstrate conservation, the child may assert that the tall glass has more liquid in it than the short glass because the level of liquid is higher.

transductive reasoning

a faulty type of logic that involves making inferences from one specific to another. Can possibly lead to correct or accurate conclusions, but not always

continuity theory

a self theory which focuses on how each person experiences life.

reciprocity

ability to consider more than one point of view.

binocular vision

ability to focus both eyes together- develops around 14 weeks of age

hypothetico deductive reasoning

adolescents begin to use this to consider the many solutions to a single problem, weigh option, and make an informed decision.

autonomy vs shame and doubt

age 2 to 3 years. Characteristics. Toddlers explore independence and must be allowed to start becoming self sufficient. Ex. "Can I do things by myself or do I need others to help?" Outcome. If the toddler is not allowed to explore and learn to become self-sufficient, they may grow to doubt themselves. Ex. If the child learns they can do things by themselves, they will learn "free/self-will"

Initiative vs guilt

age 4 to 5 years. Characteristics. Children learn about the acceptability of their actions. They must have the ability to explore and help with tasks and projects. Ex. "Am I good or bad?" Outcome If the conflict is resolved, the child learns their purpose. If their conflict is not resolved the child will develop feelings of guilt for wanting independence.

Oral stage

age birth to 1 year. Characteristics. Pleasure is derived from oral actions of the mouth: suckling, chewing, and biting. Fixation. Improper weaning will lead to oral fixation. Fixation may manifest as nail biting, overeating, smoking, or gum chewing.

Integrity vs despair

age late adulthood. Characteristics Adults reflect on whether their lives have been fulfilling. Ex. "Have I lived a full life?" Outcomes. If the crisis is resolved, the adult will learn to feel good about their life and learn "wisdom." If the conflict is not resolved, the adult may become depressed about having lived a meaningless life.

Generativity vs stagnation

age middle adulthood. Characteristics. Adults attempt to create meaningful contributions to leave for future generations. Ex. "How will I contribute to society?" Outcomes. If the conflict is resolved the individual learns how to "care." If the conflict is not resolved, the individual may fail to leave behind anything meaningful.

Intimacy vs isolation

age young adult. Characteristics. Individuals consider relationships and learn to become intimate (emotionally). Ex. "Will I share my life with someone or be alone?" Outcome. If the conflict is resolved, the individual learns how to "love," If the conflict is not resolved, the individual may become a "loner."

Formal operational

age, 11 and beyond. Description. These adolescents and adults can understand logical and abstract thoughts. They have the ability to think hypothetically and into the distant future. Ex. Not doing a homework assignment can have larger consequences than a bad grade on the assignment.

preoperational

age, 2 to 7 years. Description. Children lean "operations" or the ability to manipulate objects. They understand symbolic functions or that one object can stand for another. Ex. A banana can be used as a telophone.

sensorimotor

age, birth to 2 years. Description. Children learn by using their senses, children repeat actions multiple times, trying to understand if the world is consistent. Ex. A child throws a toy or food on the floor repeatedly, testing gravity.

trust vs mistrust

age: birth to 1 year. Characteristics. Infants learn to trust caregivers to supply their needs. Ex. "Is the world predictable and supportive?" Outcome. If the child's needs are not met, they will not trust people or the world to help support them. Ex. If the issue is resolved, the infant will learn to hope.

penis envy

during the electra complex, the female children realize they do not have a penis, which causes anxiety. Eventually, in most female children, their desire shifts from their father to socially acceptable men. Thus, the electra complex is resolved.

castration anxiety

during the oedipus complex, frued believed the boys would believe that if their desires for their mother are discovered, their father will retaliate and castrate them.

oedipus complex

during the phallic stage a parental obsession may develop. Freud believed that children become sexually attracted to their parent of the opposite sex. For male children this notion was referred to as the

preconscious mind

freuds theory that this part of the mind falls under the conscious mind and includes memories that can be recalled, despite not actively occurring in thought.

Regression

going back to an earlier state of behavior. EX. A previous only child who no longer sleeps with a blanket or favorite toy begins to do so again after a new baby arrives.

Negative

if a reinforcement or punishment removes something. If the removed stimulus is unpleasant, it reinforces the behavior. If the removed stimulus is pleasant, it punishes the behavior.

positive

if reinforcement or punishment introduces something. If the introduced stimulus is pleasant, it reinforces the desired behavior. However, if the stimulus is unpleasant, it punishes the behavior.

millers magic number

in short term memory the limited capacity of 5 to 9 items that the brain has the ability to organize items into groups to allow for more storage is known as the

intamacy

in sternbergs triangular theory of love, this has attachment, closeness, and connectedness.

passion

in sternbergs triangular theory of love, this has sexual attraction and 'being in love'

commitment

in sternbergs triangular theory of love, this shared achievements and plans.

securely attached

in the ainsworth experiment, the children who played with toys and were friendly towards the stranger. When the mother left, the child became distressed, cried, and searched for their mother. Upon the return of the mother, the child would approach her to be comforted. Once comforted would return to play.

Insecurely attached and resistant

in the ainsworth experiment, the children who were clingy to their mothers from the start. They did not want to leaver her to play with the toys and if she was not readily available, the child grew anxious. When the mother left the room the child would become inconsolable. Upon her return, the child appeared ambivalent. The child seemed to be confused, wanting to be picked up, but would become angry and fidgety.

insecurely attached and avoidant

in the ainsworth, the children that did not seem to pay special attention to their mother, whether or not shew as in the room. If the child was upset, the stranger was able to comfort them. When the mother returned, the child either ignored her or approached her with caution.

Mesosystems

in the ecological model, this is the individual systems that are connected with the microsystem.

clinical death

in this stage of death, heart, lung, and brain function cease, but the person can be revived.

brain death

in this stage of death, it is irreversible lack of brain activity.

Mortality

in this stage of death, it is permanent, irreversible death.

agonal stage

in this stage of death, muscle spasms and gasping for death.

persistent vegetative state

in this stage of death, the patient is physiologically dead, but with brain activity.

attachment

infant's tendency to seek interaction with particular individuals in order to feel more secure

automatization

is a process in which familiar and well rehearsed mental activities become routine and automatic.

motherese

is the term used to describe "baby talk" spoken by mot their infant children.

pre conventional morality

kihlberg said this is right and wrong determined by rewards/punishment. Stage 1. punishment/obedience. Whatever leads to punishment is wrong. Stage 2. Rewards. The right way to behave is the way that is rewarded.

private speech

lev vygostsky referred "talking ton oneself, represents externalized thought, which leads to communication. This eventually becomes inaudible and turns into verbal thought.

seriation

making an orderly arrangement (ex. large to small)

exchange theory

mate selection is a rational economic theory of costs and benefits.

aptitude tests

measure cognitive potential. ◦ How well and quickly one can learn anew subject. ◦ Predicts how well a child will do in school and also diagnose any learning problems. ◦ Most common test is the IQ test.

perception

mental process or state of being aware of sensory information

basic needs

needs that must be met prior to moving on to the next stage of the hierarchy.

neurons

nerve cells- present at birth and undergo many changes

axons

neural fibers which carry messages from one neuron to another

dendrites

neural fibers which receive messages

psychoanalytic theory

one school of thought in developmental psychology created by Sigmund Freud in which the mind is divided into three levels- the conscious mind, the preconscious mind and the unconscious mind

cross sectional study

this compares individuals at various ages. Groups of people in the study are different in age but similar in other aspects. Research is done at one point in time and is likely a snapshot of the population. Limitations: difference in populations may not be due to age, and variables are difficult to control.

Kwashiorkor

this deficiency is from severe protein malnutrition. This is the world's leading cause of infant mortality, generally occurring in developing nations.

schema

this describes how infants form mental models to help them learn. Piaget came up with this.

cortex

part of the brain needed to control self-regulatory behaviors such as walking, sleeping, urination, defecation and eating

compensation

principle in which changes in one dimension can be offset by changes in another dimension

myelination

process by which a fatty layer (myelin) accumulates around nerve cells. Enables nerve cells to transmit information faster and allows for more complex brain processes.

triarchic intelligence

proposed by Sternberg- involved analytic, creative and practical intelligences

Daniel Goleman

psychologist known for his work with "emotional intelligence", self control and communication of feelings.

b f skinner

psychologist who created the term operant conditioning. He believed in reinforcing or punishing certain behaviors

Robert sternberg

psychologist who developed a theory stating there are three basic types of intelligence: academic, creative and practical.

jerome kegan

psychologist who researched the notion that shyness is exhibited in the first few months of life

age cohort

refers to people who were born during the same era, culture and location, influencing them to have similar growth and development experiences

motor skills

skills learned around 6 months of age- include chewing, swallowing, and selffeeding

self actualization

the need to nurture the self to achieve maximum potential.

Macrosystem

the outermost layer of the ecological model which is comprised of the broad ideas of the overall culture in which people live and thrive. Affecting each of the subsystems is time, which is contained within the chronosystem. This is overlap between the different systems.

rehearsal

the repeating something until it is remembered in long term memory.

centration

the tendency to have "tunnel vision" to focus on one object or activity at a time and to be intensely attracted to it

theory of homogamy

the tendency to marry people of similar demography.

theory of propinquity

the tendency to marry people who are geographically close.

complementary needs theory

the tendency to marry someone who has opposite or lacking qualities of a particular individual.

relativism acceptance of contradiction integration

the three main characteristics of post formal thought are

conservation

the understanding that the amount or number is unaffected by the object's shape or placement.

cataracts

these are cloudy lenses which are less serious than other issues. These can be surgically corrected.

morphemes

these are the basic units of the meaning of words

retrieval cues

these can be a physical, verbal, visual, or auditory cue to aid in remembering.

psychological needs

these needs are belonging, self esteem, and self actualization.

permissive

these parents are the opposite to authoritarian. Rarely set rules, bad behavior is seldom punished. Expectations are low and communication is high. Warmth is high. Children of these parents may have low self confidence and demonstrate poor behavior in social situations.

Authoritative

these parents set limits and provide guidance. High expectations and high communication. High levels of warmth. They are willing to compromise and listen to their children. Children of these parents are happy, well-adjusted, generous, and independent.

baby x experiments

these showed that when adults believed a child was a girl, they encouraged passive play and commented more about beauty. When the same child was portrayed as a boy, the adults emphasized strength, size, and active play. Media influences direct orientation in children. Parents control what media influences themselves and their children.

authoritarian

these types of parents have strict rules and rely on punishment to enforce the rules. Standards are high, communication is low. Warmth to child is low. Do not explain reasons for rules. These children are obedient without the opportunity to be truly independent.

working or short term memory

this category handles the current mental activity and begins to show noticeable declines in old age.

post formal thought

this is less abstract than formal thought. During the early adulthood years, an individual uses reasoning which helps them to better focus on solving problems in 'real life'. This dictates that a person transitions from the clear decisions (black and white approach) of formal thought, to recognizing the areas of grey when facing problems.

temperament

this is referred to as the consistent dispositions which reflect personal responses to people and things. Being easily distracted, comforted, or active is part of one's ____________

functional play

this is simple, repetitive motions with or without toys.

selective attention

this is the ability to concentrate on relevant information, such as a lecture, while ignoring outside distractions.

cross modal perception

this is the ability to imagine one sense when using another. Ex. passing a favorite restaurant one can imagine a favorite dish and how it tastes, thus integrating sight and taste or smell and taste. Infants are able to do this, to an extent.

metacognition

this is the ability to think about thinking or to think about a task and decide how best to accomplish the task. This develops and matures as a child moves through the middle childhood stage.

dialectal thought

this is the ability to understand the pros and cons and the plethora of possibilities of a given situation. In addition, this involves continual thought integration, formation of a belief (or a thesis), formation of an opposing belief (antithesis), and creative synthesis to join all components of a situation to form a conclusion.

biosocial domain

this is the combination of the studies of the brain and body changes with societal influences. This combination can be seen in the dilemma concerning how access to adequate nutrition affects physiological development.

senile macular degeneration

this is the deterioration of the retina and it affects one out of six people after age seventy four. Diabetes increases the risk for developing this.

germinal stage

this is the first 14 days of pregnancy. The zygote travels down the fallopian tube and implants into the uterine wall. The Zygote divides and differentiates, thus becoming more specialized.

Microsystem

this is the first layer surrounding the individual in the ecological model. This is comprised of the factors which directly influence an individual. Such factors could be family, school, or peers.

climacteric

this is the general term to describe a decrease in infertility with age.

glaucoma

this is the increased pressure inside of the eye and is more common after age forty.

astigmatism

this is the lack of elasticity of the lens and is more likely to occur with age.

immune senescence

this is the slowing of the immune response as related by old age.

bereavement

this is the state of feeling deprived of another human life due to their death.

thanatology

this is the study of death.

presbyopia

this is the technical term for age related eye changes

dyscalculia

this is the term for a common math learning disability.

classification

this is the term for combining objects into categories (toys, food, animals).

syntax

this is the term for grammar of language

actual development

this is the term for how much a child actually grows and develops.

monozygotic

this is the term for identical twins. When one egg is fertilized then splits.

pragmatics

this is the term for language variation in societal context

Seriation

this is the term for making an orderly arrangement (large to small)

reorganization

this is the term for regrouping information so it is easily remembered.

semantics

this is the term for study of word choice

psychosocial domain

this is the term for the combination of personality, emotions, relationships and societal influences. A researcher may ask the question: How can individuals interact with society throughout development?: Or they may study how interactions throughout the lifespan cause changes in individual psychological development.

potential development

this is the term for the maximum as child could grow and develop in ideal conditions.

compensation

this is the term for the principle which changes in one dimension can be offeset by changes in another dimension.

dizygotic

this is the term for twins from two fertilized eggs. The other term for this is fraternal twins.

Cognitive domain

this is the term that deals with the areas of cognition, such as thought, perception, language, and other mental activities. Researchers in this field would ask such questions as : How do children acquire language and how is perception influenced throughout development.

marasmus

this is the term used to describe severe macronutrient malnutrition, with an infant weighing about sixty percent of the recommended weight. The child typicaly does not grow and develop well and death becomes a significant possibility.

turners syndrome

this is typical to females and presents when a female has only one x chromosome. Individuals with this abnormality usually have learning disabilities and are infertile. In addition, secondary sex characteristics rarely develop and many individuals have a "webbed" neck.

abraham maslow

this psychologist believed that development occurred due to two types of motivation, intrinsic and extrinsic.

Discrete stage

this is used by psychoanalystic and cognitive theorists. This examines how change is entirely dependent on a person's age and is the result of genetic forces which are affected by the environment (predisposition). These theorists also believe change only occurs at particular times.

Overlapping stages

this is used by psychosocial theorists. There are stages of distinct change between continuous and discrete development, which are dependent on environmental genetic, and inherited factors.

dramatic play

this is using imaginary situations and games with rules

constructive play

this is using objects to construct something

Onlooker behavior

this is when a child may watch others play, but will not play with them.

solitary play

this is when children play by themselves with toys that are different than the toys near their person.

Parallel play

this is when children play nest to other children using similar toys

cooperative play

this is when children play together in an organized manner

unoccupied behavior

this is when the child does not actively play, but stands and contemplates playing

Ecosystem

this layer in the ecological model contains the distant entities which have less of an effect on the individual, such as neighbors, media, and family friends.

adolescent egocentrism

this leads an individual to focus on themselves, often believing they are more important or more skilled than others. The adolescent spends considerable time hypothesizing the opinions of others and using these hypotheses as facts.

spearman

this man believed in general intelligence which he called 'g' Although it can't be measured directly, it can be inferred from various abilities that can be tested, such as vocabulary, memory, and reasoning

howard gardner

this man believed there are more types of intelligence which include linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, body-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, and philosophical.

jean piaget

this man contained stages of cognitive development. He included different stages of life for sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.

Ivan pavlov

this man created a facet of behaviorism known as classical conditioning, which included unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response.

james marcia

this man developed four identity statuses. Identiy achievement. Foreclosure. Identity diffusion. Moratorium.

lawrence kohlberg

this man did research used to learn moral dilemmas. He did the experiment "why shouldn't you steal from a store?" He developed three levels of moral reasoning. Pre conventional morality. Conventional morality. Post conventional morality. These were then broken down to two mover levels each to make 6 stages of moral reasoning. His research was criticized for using only boys for his resarch between the ages of 10 and 16.

david elkind

this man hypothesized that adolescents exhibit such behaviors due to the inability to differentiate between the unique and the universal.

b f skinner

this man postulated operant conditioning.

kahns model of successful aging

this man promoted physical wellbeing, proper opportunities for social activities, and maintenance of cognitive ability.

freud

this man purported that a healthy adult was one who could lvoe and work and the ability to do so was the driving force behind development.

alfred bandura

this man put forth the notion of social learning theory

Leonard hayflick

this man researched the effects of aging and the aging process. Through his research, he learned that cells stop multiplying after a certain number of divisions, regardless of cell condition. This has a limit for each cell.

alfred bandura

this man stated there was a difference between learning and behavior. He believed learning can happen from observing others and reinforcement is not always necessary for learning to occur. This man did the bobo doll study.

maslow

this man suggested the need to belong and feel love is the primary force behind development.

Daniel goleman

this man supports the idea of emotional intelligence, self control, and the communication of feelings.

lev vygotsky

this man was a cognitive theorist who focused more on the social aspect of cognitive development than Piaget. This man believed language was a vital part of learning. He created the zone of proximal development.

noam chomsky

this man was a prominent language psychologist who was the first to see evidence that all babies are born with mechanics for language learning. Children who are exposed to sign language begin to use hand babbling long before using verbal babbling and eventually learns to sgns.

jerome kagan

this man was a psychologist who researched the notion that shyness is exhibited in the first few months of life During the first months of life, inhibition towards new objects or people adds to individual shyness.

Error catastrophe

this occurs when the body can no longer contain the cell damage caused by cellular accidents. This aging theory helps to explain cancer and malignant tumors.

macronutrient malnutrition

this occurs when the total caloric intake is not high enough for the child to thrive and develop.

causation

this only occurs when one variable causes a change in another variable.

type b

this personality types shows individuals tend to be less competitive and calmer, than type a personalities.

carol gilligan

this psychologist suggested kohlbergs research was gender biased because kohlberg only used male adolescents in his experiment. According to her, females give more moral weight to relationships and do not see moral issues in "black and whit" due to this difference of moral weight, females tend to score low on kohlberg's test.

relativism

this refers to the understanding that one's personal perspective is only one of the many potentially valid views of reality. Knowledge is not fixed or absolute.

embryonic stage

this stage of pregnancy is from the 3rd to 8th week of gestation. Development of placenta. Underdeveloped cardiovascular system begins to function. Head begins to take shape. Differentation leads to development of three tissue layer. Ectoderm (outer layers) mesoderm (middle layers) endoderm ( inner layers). Fetal membranes form, including the chorion and amnion. Umbilical cord begins forming.

Fetal stage

this stage of pregnancy is from the 9th week until birth. Distinguised by humanoid appearance. Fetus begins to move. Organs begin to function by the end of the 7th month. After 24 weeks the fetus is viable outside the womb.

control theory

this states that due to a lack of control in life, an individual may eat excessively.

unconditional positive regard

this states that regardless of someone's actions, an individual would still approve of another individual who has committed poor actions. Ex. If a close friend is smoking, an individual may disapprove of the unwise behavior, but still love individual committing the4 behavior.

social phobia

this stems from a fear of leaving home and being away from parents. More common in females than males. Deeper issue is generally separation anxiety from both parents and child.

disengagement theory

this theory is controversial and says that the person disengages and withdraws from society as they age.

wear and tear theory

this theory is the oldest and most general aging theory. This theory postulates that the body wears out after being lived in and body parts deteriorate. Ex. The body is like a machine which wears out after too much use.

Cellular accidents

this theory states that every time a cell divides, there is a chance for mistakes to occur. Generally these mistakes are benign and do not cause problems. The only times these mistakes become a problem are when several mistakes occur together. Mutated cells have a decreased function as opposed to non mutated cells. There are also free radicals, atoms with unpaired electrons, which may cause harm to the body.

activity theory

this theory stresses the importance of staying physically active in late adulthood.

avoidant

this type of communication is conflict minimization

volatile

this type of communication is frequent arguments balanced by humor and affection.

validating

this type of communication is respectful and listening

subcortical dementia

this type of dementia starts in the lower part of the brain, beginning with motor impairments and leading to cognitive impairment. Huntingtons and parkinsons disease are ___________.

additive

this type of gene to gene interaction shows contributions of multiple genes. Ex. A tall woman has a child with a short man and the child is of intermediate height.

Dominant recessive

this type of gene to gene interaction the genes are non additive and are a 'one or the other' situation. Ex. An individual may have a dominant gene for brown eyes but be a carrier for blue eyes. Brown eyes are shown due to being the dominant gene.

academic intelligence

this type of intelligence is measured by IQ tests and achievement tests

practical intelligence

this type of intelligence is measured by everyday interactions and actions

creative intelligence

this type of intelligence is measured by imaginative pursuits

short term memory

this type of memory holds information from the senses (hearing, taste, touch, smell, sight) Information will leave this area if not rehearsed/repeated to be stored more permanently.

type a

this type of personality shows individuals tend to be more aggressive, perfectionists, and are driven in high pressure situations. They also experience higher levels of stress, which may contribute to high blood pressure

autism

this was named in 1941 by A.D Kanner. The main symptoms are extreme isolation and obsessive insistence on routine preservation. Low level of family history. Tend to avoid overstimulation and dislike changes in their routines. Perform repetitive behaviors such as rocking or spinning to comfort themselves. One theory says that children with this are naturally overly stimulated and, as such, they are often prescribed sedative medications.

frustration aggression hypothesis

this was postulated by freud and states that whenever someon'es effort to obtain a goal is blocked, the result is frustration. Frustration may lead to aggression because the desired goal was obstructed. Aggression is caused by frustration and aggression is an innate drive in all people.

mary ainsworth

this woman designed a series of experiments in order to better study infant attachment. She dubbed her study the strange situation, which gave insight into the different types of attachment that can form between a child and caregiver.

diana baumrind

this woman observed children in nursery schools and interviewed their parents at home. Through her observations, she discovered four differing qualities between parenting syles. The qualities were parental warmth, ability to control the child's actions, quantity/quality of communication between parent and children, and the parental expectation for age appropriate behavior in their children.

elizabeth kubler ross

this woman postulated a framework for understanding death and grief. She came up with DABDA. Denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance.