Developmental Psychology Chapter 3

Apgar, muscle tone scoring

0: Completely limp 1: Weak movements of arms and legs 2: Strong movements of arms and legs

Apgar, reflex irritability (sneezing, coughing, and grimacing) scoring

0: No response 1: Weak reflexive response 2: Strong reflexive response

Apgar, color scoring

0: blue body, arms, and legs 1: Body pink with blue arms and legs 2: Body, arms, and legs completely pink

Apgar, heart rate scoring

0: no heartbeat 1: Under 100 beats per minute 2: 100 to 140 beats per minute

Apgar, respiratory effort scoring

0:no breathing for 60 seconds 1: Irregular, shallow breathing 2: strong breathing and crying

Germinal

1-2 weeks, the cell-celled zygote multiplies and forms a blastocyst, the blastocyst burrows into the uterine lining. Structures that feed and protect the developing organism begin to form- amnion, chorion, yolk sac, placenta, and umbilical cord

How many stages of childbirth?

3 stages, all but the last one has two parts

Apgar scores

7 or better indicates that the infant is in good physical condition 4-6 baby needs assistance in establishing breathing and other vital signs 3 or below the infant is in serious danger and requires emergency medical attention

Natural or prepared childbirth

A group of techniques aimed at reducing main and medical intervention and making childbirth a rewarding experience

Amnion

A membrane formed by the trophoblast that encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid, occurs within the first week of implantation

Amniotic fluid

A membrane formed by the trophoblast that encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid, occurs within the first week of implantation

Embryo (3-4 weeks)

A primitive brain and spinal cord appear, heart, muscles, ribs, backbone, and digestive tract begin to develop, ¾ inch big

Cesarean delivery (C-section)

A surgical birth, doctor makes an incision in the mother's abdomen and lifts the baby out of the uterus, becoming more popular, natural labor after a cesarean have a slightly increased chance of uterus rupture and infant death, rule brought back

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

A term that encompasses a range of physical, metal, and behavioral outcomes caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. Children with FASD are given one of three diagnoses, which vary in severity

Vernix

A white, cheeselike substance emerges on the skin, protecting it from chapping during the long months spent bathing in the amniotic fluid (second trimester)

Group prenatal care

After each medical checkup, trained leaders provide ethnic minority expectant mothers with a group discussion session, which is conducted in their native language and encourages them to talk about important health issues vs quick translate appt. little chance to ask questions, leads to a reduction in incidence of prematurity and low birth weight

Lanugo

Also appears over the entire body, helping the vernix stick to the skin appears when vernix appears

What is the paring of the embryo and umbilical cord like?

An astronaut and its cord connecting them to the shuttle when they are in space

Medications used in labor and delivery

Analgesics, anesthetics, epidural analgesia

Dangers of low folic acid while pregnant

Anencephaly and spinal bifida

Small-for-date infants

Are below their expected weight considering length of the pregnancy, some might be full-term, other just might be preterm infants who are especially underweight

Apgar Scale

Assesses the newborn's physical condition quickly, used by doctors and nurses, rated 0-2, measured at 1 min and then 5 minutes after birth, two given because some babies have trouble adjusting at first but do quite well after a few minutes.

Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND)

At least three areas of mental functioning are impaired, despite typical physical growth and absences of facial abnormalities, again prenatal alcohol exposure through confirmed is less pervasive than in FAS

Poor nutrition effect during pregnancy

Baby can be irritable, unresponsive stimulation, delays in motor, attention and memory development, low intelligence test scores and serious learning problems

Preterm and small for date infants

Based on their birth weight but have problems following devliery

Preterm infants

Born several weeks or more beofre their due date, might be small but their weight might still be appropriate based on the time spent in the uterus

Rapid-eye-movement (REM) Sleep (newborns)

Brain-wave activity is remarkably similar to that of the waking state. The eyes dart beneath the lids; heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing are uneven, slight body movements occur

Taste and Smell

Can distinguish several basic tastes, shows preference can be seen in facial expression learn taste based on exposure. Can locate orders and identify mother by smell from birth, have a preference for sweets at birth

Hearing

Can hear a wide variety of sounds, the sensitivity improves greatly over the first few months, at birth prefers sounds (noises, voices) in comparison to pure tones, can tell the difference between ascending vs descending order, rhythmic downbeat (like music)

Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (p-FAS)

Characterized by (a) two of three facial abnormalities mentioned for FAS and (b) brain injury, again evident in at least three areas of impaired functioning. Mothers of children with p-FAS generally drank alcohol in smaller quantities, and children's defects vary with the timing and length of alcohol exposure. Recent evidence suggest that paternal alcohol use around the time of conception can alter gene expression, thereby contributing to symptoms

Parts of natural or prepared childbirth

Classes, relaxation and breathing techniques, labor coach, social support

What are the 5 characteristics of the Apgar Scale?

Color: Appearance, heart rate, Pulse: reflex, irritability: Grimace, muscle tone: Activity, respiratory effort: Respiration

Umbilical cord

Connects the developing organism to the placenta, first appears as a primitive body stalk, grows from 1 ft to 3 ft, contains one large vein that delivers blood loaded with nutrients and two arteries that remove waste product, kept firm by the force of blood

End of 1st month

Curled embryo, consists of millions of organzied groups with specific functions

Epidural analgesia positive effects

Currently the most common approach to controlling pain during labor, a regional pain-relieving drug is delivered continuously through a catheter into a small space in the lower spine, limits pain reduction to the pelvic region, able to feel the pressure of contractions and to move her trunk, legs, able to push during the second stage of labor

States of arousal

Degrees of sleep and wakefulness in terms for a newborn

Maternal age effect during pregnancy

Delayed to 30s-40s increased risk of infertility, miscarriage, and babies with chromosomal defects. Complications rise among women age 50-55 (menopause {menstruation ends}, and again reproductive organs. Teenage pregnancy has risks but more due to other environmental influences than age

Subpart of stage 3 of childbirth

Delivery of the Placenta: With a few final pushes, the placenta is delivered

Stage 2 of childbirth

Delivery of the baby, this stage is much shorter, lasting about 50 minutes for a first birth and 20 minutes in later births. Strong contractions of the uterus continue, but the mother also feels a natural urge to squeeze and push her abdominal muscles, as she does with each contraction, she forces the baby down and out

Stage 3 of delivery

Delivery of the placenta, labor comes to an end with a few final contractions and pushes, these cause the placenta to separate from the wall of the uterus and be delivered in 5-10 minutes

Approaches to childbirth

Depends on culture, Jarara (South America), Pukapukans (Pacific Islands), Mende (Sierra Leone), western nations

Knowlegde of childbirth

Depends on culture, family, mid wives, doula, birthing attendants, nurses, doctors

Mesoderm

Develop the muscles, skeletion, circulatory system, and other internal organs

Situational barriers

Difficulty finding a doctor, getting an appointment, and arranging transportation

Endoderm

Digestive system, lungs, urinary tract and glands

Stages of childbirth

Dilation and effacement of the cervix, delivery of the baby, delivery of the placenta

Stage 1 of childbirth

Dilation and effacement of the cervix, this is the longest stage of labor, lasting an average of 12-14 hours with a first birth, and 4-6 hours with later births. Contractions of the uterus gradually become more frequent and powerful, causing the cervix, or uterine opening, to widen and thin to nothing, forming a clear channel from the uterus into the birth canal, or vagina

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Distinguished by (a) slow physical growth, (b) a pattern of three facial abnormalities (short eyelid opening; a thin upper lip; a smooth or flattened philtrum, or indenation running from the bottom of the nose to the center of the upper lip), and (3) brain injury, evident in a small head and impairment in at least three areas of functioning- for example, memory, language and communication, attention span and activity level (overactivity), planning an reasoning, motor coordination, or social skills, may have other defects of the eyes, nose, throat, heart, genitals, urinary tract or immune system.

Don't for a healthy pregnancy

Don't take ANY drugs without consulting your doctor, don't smoke (quit if you do, avoid being around people who smoke), don't engage in activities that might expose your embryo or fetus to environmental hazards, or to harmful infectious diseases, don't go on a diet, and don't gain to much weight

Dangers of teratogens

Dose, heredity, other negative influences, age, alcohol, radiation, environmental pollution, and infectious disease

Analgesics

Drugs used to relive pain, may be given in mild doseages to help a mother relax

Neural tube

Ectoderm folds over, also called primitive spinal cord, swells to form the brain at the top at 3 and half weeks

Age (dangers of teratogens)

Effects of teratogens vary with the age of the organism at time of exposure, think of the sensitive period concept

Fetal heart monitors

Electronic instruments that track the baby's heart rate during labor, advantages are that it is a safe medical procedure that has saved baby's lives in a high-risk situations, disadvantages are that might identify babies as being in danger who are not, some say they are uncomfortable and interfere with the normal course of labor

2nd month

Embryo responses to touch, can move (flutters)

Yolk sac

Emerges that produces blood cells until the developing liver, spleen, and bone marrow are mature enough to take over this function, occurs within the first week of implantation

Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

Evaluates the newborn's reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, responsiveness to physical and social stimuli, and other reactions

12th week

External genitals are well-formed and the sex of the fetus can be detected via ultrasound, other finishing touches appear (fingernails, toenails, tooth buds, and eyelids), heartbeat can now be heard with a stethoscope

Newborn reflexes

Eye blink, rooting, sucking, moro, palmar grasp, stepping and babinski

Second month

Eyes, ears, nose, jaw, neck, arms, legs, fingers, toes, internal organs become more distinct, intestines grow, heart splits into chambers, liver and spleen takes over production of blood cells (yolk sac no longer needed).

Third Trimester

Fetus, last three months (7th-9th)

Second Trimester

Fetus, middle 3 months (4th-6th)

Visual activity

Fineness of discrimination

Crying

First way that babies communicate, usually cry because of physical needs, parents get better understanding and responding to their kids' cry, smoothed by feeding, diaper changing, swaddling, talk softly or play rhythmic sounds, offer a pacifier, massage the baby's body, lift the baby to the shoulder and rock or walk, take the baby for a short car ride or a walk in a baby carriage, swing the baby in a cradle, combine several of the methods, if none work let the baby cry for a little bit

Rh factor incompatibility risk

Firstborn rarely affected (takes time to develop anti-bodies) increases with each additional pregnancy. After the birth of each Rh-positive birth, a Rh-negative mother are routinely given a vaccine to prevent buildup of antibodies

Chorion

Forms at the end of the second week, surrounds the amnion, from here villi or blood vessels will emerge, as the villi burrow into the uterine wall the placenta starts to develop

Embryo period

From implantation through the eight week of pregnancy, most rapid prenatal changes take place as the groundwork is laid for all body structures and internal organs

Cerebral palsy

General term for a variety of impairments in muscle coordination caused by brain damage before, during, or just after birth

Irregular or REM sleep (newborns)

Gentle limb movements, occasional stirring, and facial grimacing occur, although the eyelids are closed, occasional rapid eye movements can be seen beneath them, breathing is irregular (8-9 hours a day)

Sensitive periods (teratogen)

Germinal period- before implantation, teratogens rarely have any impact (if so the tiny mass of cells is so damages that it dies), embryonic period, is the time when serious defects are most likely to occur because the foundations for all body parts are being laid down, fetal period, teratogenic damage is usually minor. Some organs (brain, ears, eyes, teeth, and genitals can still be strongly affected.

first trimester

Germinal, Embryo, and Fetus, first 3 months, 1st-3rd

Do's for a healthy pregnancy

Have been vaccinated prior to becoming pregnant, see a doctor as soon as you suspect you are pregnant, have regular medicated check-ups throughout your pregnancy, eat a well-balanced meal, take vitamin-mineral supplements prior to and while in pregnancy, gain 25-30 lbs., gain literature about prenatal development, ask any questions you might have, keep physical fit with moderate exercise, avoid emotional stress, and enroll in prenatal and childbirth education class

Emotional stress effect during pregnancy

Higher rates of miscarriage, prematurity, low birth weight, infant respiratory and digestive illness, colic (persistent crying), sleep disturbances, and irritability (intense anxiety). Mother's emotions cross over the placenta and too the fetus. Emotional stress- anxiety short attention span, anger, aggression, overactivity, lower intelligence test scores, heighten susceptibility to later illness (cardiovascular disease and diabetes in adulthood)

Moro (newborn reflex)

Hold infant horizontally on back and let head drop slightly, or produce a sudden loud sound against surface supporting infants, infant makes an "embracing" motion by arching back, extending legs, throwing arms outward, and then bringing arms in toward the body, disappears about 6 months, in human evolutionary past may help infant cling to the mother

Stepping (newborn reflex)

Hold infant under arms and permit bare feet to touch a flat surface, infants lifts one foot after another in stepping response, disappears about 2 months in infants who gain weight quickly; sustained in lighter infants

Location of childbirth

Home, hospital, birthing center

Drugs

Illegal drugs, prescription and nonprescription drugs can all be bad for the fetus, the illegal drugs never do, but for the prescription and nonprescription drugs ask the doctor if they are safe if trying to become pregnant or are pregnant. Same thing with tobacco, be mindful of smoking and do not really do

Training parent in infant caregiving skills

Important to let parents know what to expect whether the infant is healthy or not so that each infant will received the care it needs/ wants

Anoxia

Inadequate oxygen supply during labor and delivery, may cause brain damage

Blood type effect during pregnancy

Intellectual disability, miscarriage, heart damage, and infant death (Rh Factor incompatibility)

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS)

Is designed for use with newborns with risk for developmental problems because of low birth weight, preterm delivery, prenatal substance exposure, or other conditions, score is used to recommend appropriate interventions and to guide parents in meeting their baby's unique needs, changes in the scores over a week or two of life provides the best estimate of the baby's ability to recover from the stress of birth (intelligence, emotional or behavior problems in preschool years)

Dose (dangers of teratogens)

Larger doses over longer time periods usually have more negative effects

Vision

Least developed sense at birth, can only see the from the crook of the arm to bottom of the holder's chin, actively explore environment they scan for interesting sights, they can track moving objects, not good yet at discriminating colors (can only see black, white, and red)

Embryo (5-8 weeks)

Many external body structures (face, arms, legs, toes, fingers) and internal organs from, and production and migration of neurons I the brain begin, the sense of touch starts to develop, and the embryo can move, 1 inch long, 1 ounce big

End of second trimester

Many organs are well-developed, most of brains' neurons are in place, glial cells which support and feed the neurons, continue to increase rapidly throughout the remaining months of pregnancy, brain weight increases tenfold from the 20th week until birth. At the same time neurons begin forming synapses (connections) at a rapid pace

Environmental pollutions

Mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), lead (painting, water), dioxins, and persistent air pollution

Mumps effects during pregnancy

Miscarriage

AIDS effects during pregnancy

Miscarriage, intellectual disability, low birth weight and prematurity, possibly affects physical malformations

Tuberculosis effects during pregnancy

Miscarriage, intellectual disability, low birth weight, prematurity, and possibly a role in physical malformations

Malaria effects during pregnancy

Miscarriage, low birth weight, and prematurity

Chlamydia effects during pregnancy

Miscarriage, low birth weight, and prematurity, maybe a role in physical malformations

Chickenpox effects during pregnancy

Miscarriage, physical malformation, intellectual disability, and low birth weight and prematurity

Cytomegalovirus effects during pregnancy

Miscarriage, physical malformation, intellectual disability, and low birth weight and prematurity

Herpes simplex 2 (genital herpes) effects during pregnancy

Miscarriage, physical malformation, intellectual disability, low birth weight, and prematurity

Syphilis effects during pregnancy

Miscarriage, physical malformations, and intellectual disability, possibly a role in low birth weight and prematurity

Toxoplasmosis effects during pregnancy

Miscarriage, physical malformations, intellectual disability, low birth weight, and prematurity

Between 17-20 weeks

Moms can start to feel the embryo's movement, fetus is in motion 30% of the time, helps strengthen joints and muscles

Neurons

Nerve cells that store and transmit infromation

Ectoderm

Nervous system and skin

Fetus period

Ninth week to the end of pregnancy is longest prenatal period, growth and finishing phase, organism increases rapidly in size.

Does the mother's and embryo's blood directly mix?

No there is a membrane that prevents the blood of the embryo and mother to mix but allows for food and waste to mix

Other maternal factors affecting pregnancy

Nutrition, emotional stress, blood type (Rh factor), age

Implantation

Occurs between 7th-9th day, blastocyst burrows deep into the uterine lining, surround by the women's nourishing blood, the blastocyst starts to grow in earnest

Rule with C-section

Once a cesarean always a cesarean

Third month

Organs, muscles, and nervous system start to become more organized and connect, tiny lungs begin to expand and contract in an early rehearsal of breathing movements

Placenta

Permits food and oxygen to reach the developing organism and waste products to be carried away

Palmar grasp (newborn reflex)

Place finger in infant's hand and press against the palm, infant spontaneously grasps finger, disappears around 3-4 months, prepares infant for voluntary grasping

Sucking (newborn reflex)

Placing finger in infant's mouth, infant sucks finger rhythmically, replaced by voluntary sucking after 4 months, permits feeding

5th week

Production of neurons inside the neural tube, 250,000 more minute

Trophoblast

Protective outer layer of the blastocyst, occurs within the first week of implantation

Personal barriers

Psychological stress, the demands of taking care of other young children, family crises, and ambivalence about the pregnancy

Fetus (9-12 weeks)

Rapid increase in size begins, nervous system, organs, and muscles become organized and connected, touch sensitivity extends to most of the body, and new behavioral capacities (kicking, thumb sucking, mouth opening, and rehearsal of breathing) appear. External genitals are well-formed, and the fetus's sex is evident, 3 inches long, less than 1 oz

Teratogen

Refers to any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period

Instant states of arousal (newborns)

Regular or NREM sleep, irregular or REM sleep, drowsiness, quiet alertness, waking activity and crying

Special infant stimulation

Rocking, soft music, kangaroo care

Adjustments after birth

Schedule changes slight increase prolactin and estrogens and a slight drop in androgens, parent fatigue and sleep deprivation is likely along with a change in routine.

Eye blink (newborn reflex)

Shine a bright at eyes or clap hand near head, infant quickly closes eyelids, never leaves, protects infant from strong stimulation

Reasons behind not seeking prenatal care

Situational barriers and personal barriers, don't want to reveal to healthcare their high-risk behaviors (smoking, drug abuse) they are involved in

Infectious diseases

Some do not have an impact, but others will- AIDS, chickenpox, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex 2, genital herpes, mumps, rubella, chlamydia, syphilis, tuberculosis, malaria, and toxoplasmosis.

Isolette

Special Plexiglas-enclosed bed, temperature is carefully controlled, air is filtered before entering the isolette

Babinski (newborn reflex)

Stoke sole of foot from toe toward heel, toes fan out and curl as foot twists in, disappears at about 8-12 months, no clear function

Rooting (newborn reflex)

Stroke cheek near corner of mouth, head turns toward source of stimulation disappears about 3 weeks, instead turns voluntary, helps the infant find the nipple

Anesthetics

Stronger type of painkiller that blocks sensation

Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep (newborns)

The body is almost motionless, and heart rate, breathing, and brain-wave activity are slow and even

Appears in 1st week of embryo stage

The ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Fetus (13-24 weeks)

The fetus continues to enlarge rapidly, in the middle of this period, the mother can feel fetal movements, vernix and lanugo keep the fetus's skin from chapping in the amniotic fluid, most of the brain's neurons are in place by 24 weeks, eyes are sensitive to light, and the fetus reacts to sound

Fetus (25-28 weeks)

The fetus has a good chance of survival if born during this time, size increases, lungs mature, rapid brain development, in neural connectivity and organization, enables sensory and behavioral capacities to expand, in the middle of this period, a layer of fat is added under the skin, antibodies are transmitted from mother to fetus to protect against disease most fetus rotate into an upside-down position in preparation for birth.

Heredity (dangers of teratogens)

The genetic makeup of the mother and the developing organism plays an important role, some individuals are better able than others to withstand harmful environments

Regular or NREM sleep (newborns)

The infant is at full rest and shows little or no body activity, the eyelids are closed no eye movement occur, the face is relaxed, and breathing is low and regular, daily duration in newborn (8-9 hours a day)

Drowsiness

The infant is either falling asleep or waking up, body is less active than in irregular sleep but more active than in regular sleep, the eyes open and close, when open they have a glazed look, breathing is even by somewhat faster than in regular sleep, (varies amt, of hours a day)

Waking activity and crying

The infant shows frequent bursts of uncoordinated body activity breathing is very irregular, face may be relaxed or tense and wrinkled, crying may occur (1-4 hours)

Quiet alertness

The infant's body is relatively inactive, with eyes open and attentive, breathing is even (2-3 hours a day)

Age of viability

The point at which the baby can first survive, occurs sometimes between 22 and 26 weeks

Other negative influences (dangers of teratogens)

The presence of several negative factors at once, such as additional teratogens (poor nutrition and lack of medical care), can worsen impact of a harmful agent

Trimesters

Three equal time periods, prenatal development is sometimes divided into

Stages of growth of the blastocyst

Trophlblast, amnion, amniotic fluid and yolk sac, chorion

Tonic neck (newborn reflex)

Turn baby's head to one side while infant is lying awake on back, infant lies in a "fencing position", one arm is extended in front of eyes on side to which head is turned, other arm is flex, goes away at 4 months, may prepare infant for voluntary reaching

Breech position

Turned so that the buttocks or feet would be delivered first

Touch

Very sensitive around the mouth, on palms and soles of feet, use tough to investigate their world, can feel texture and shape, when stress out with severe pain (they CAN FEEL) it overwhelms the nervous system with stress hormones, can be relieved with local anesthesia, sugar solution, or physical touch

Rh factor incompatibility

When the mother is Rh-negative (lacks Rh blood protein) and the father is Rh-positive (has the protein), the baby may inherit the father's Rh-positive blood type. If even a little of fetus' Rh- positive blood crosses the placenta into the Rh-negative mother's bloodstream, she begins to form antibodies to the foreign Rh protein. If these enter the fetus' system, they destroy red blood cells, reducing the oxygen supply to organs and tissues.

Subparts of stage 1 of childbirth

a) Dilation and effacement of the cervix: Contractions of the uterus cause dilation and effacement of the cervix b) Transition: Reached when the frequency and strength of the contractions are at their peak and the cervix opens completely

Subparts of stage 2 of childbirth

a) Pushing: With each contraction, the mother pushes, forcing the baby down the birth canal, and the head appears b) Birth of the Baby: Near the end of Stage 2, the shoulders emerge, followed quickly by the rest of the baby's body

Reflex

inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation

Epidural analgesia negative effects

weakens uterine contractions, labor might become prolonged and require C-section, exposed newborns are at risk for respiratory distress, tend to have lower apgar scores, be sleepy and withdrawn, suck poorly during feedings, and be irritable when awake