Developmental Psychology Exam Questions

The executive control process involving moving information from the sensory register to the short term memory is called ______________.

1) Attention

The quietest sound a person hears is known as the ____________.

1) Auditory Threshold

List the 4 dependent measures used in the strange situation test to determine a baby's attachment style. 1) 2) 3) 4)

1) Exploration (how the baby reacts to the environment, are they curious or interested? 2) how does the baby react to stranger in the room 3) how does the baby act when the mother leaves 4) how does the baby act when mother returns

Damage to Broca's area is associated with _______ Aphasia, while damage to Wernicke's areas is associated with ______ Aphasia.

1) Expressive 2) receptive

Fertilization typically occurs in the ________.

1) Fallopian tube

__________ refers to an increase in size or number while _______ refers to structural change in an organism.

1) Growth 2) Differentiation

An ________ variable is one that is manipulated directly by the experimenter while a __________ variable is what you measure to see if the manipulation has an effect.

1) Independent Variable 2) Direct variable

The set of expectations that infants form about parents' availability and responsiveness generally and in times of stress is referred to as ______

1) Internal Working Model

A picture of the 23 chromosome pairs is called a ______.

1) Karotype

Information processing theory says that our long-term memories contain three types of information. They are: ___________________ ___________________ ___________________

1) Knowledge of the world 2) Memories of the past 3) Problem solving strategies

The biological prewiring that enables children to learn language was known as __________ and was first proposed by Noam Chomsky.

1) Language Acquisition Device

According to Piaget ________ factors cause us to change our existing schemas.

1) Motivational

Chemicals that carry information from one neuron to the next are called ____________.

1) Neurotransmitters

_______ is the theorist associated with the Cognitive Developmental Theory while _____ is associated with Ethological Theory.

1) Piaget 2) Lorenz

In puberty the ______ sends a signal to the ______ to manufacture the appropriate sex hormones. The _____ monitors levels of sex hormones in the system. If the level is too low or too high, the ______ alerts the ______ which sends a signal to change production levels.

1) Pituitary Gland 2) gonads 3) hypothalamus 4) hypothalamus 5) Pituitary

Obesity during pregnancy can result in complications/problems for both the mother and the baby. List 2 potential problems for the mother. ____________ and ____________.

1) Pre-eclempsia, c-section 2) Gestational diabetes, post partum infection

The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale assesses infant's neurological well-being using 2 sets of tests: ____________ and_________________.

1) Response to 26 situations 2) 20 reflexes

The two-step process of _________ is accomplished through first ________ and then ___________.

1) adaptation 2) assimilation 3) accomodation

In developmental research we must incorporate time passage into our design. There are three ways to do that. In __________ design you compare 2 or more groups of people at one time. In a __________ design you follow one group of people over time and repeatedly test them as time passes. In a _________ design you do a combination of both designs, meaning you have multiple groups of people measured at repeated intervals of time.

1) cross-sectional 2) longitudinal 3) sequential

Babies with a ______ temperament are likely to be labeled "Resistant" in the strange situation test, while babies with a _____ temperament are likely to be labeled "secure" in the SS test, and babies with a ________ temperament are likely to be labeled "avoidant" in the SS test.

1) difficult 2) easy 3) slow to warm up

A chromosomal abnormality in which an individual is phenotypically female, but is missing a second X chromosome on the 23rd pair is called: a. Turner's syndrome b. Klinefelter's syndrome c. Prader-Willi syndrome d. Cri du Chat syndrome

a. Turner's syndrome

According to the textbook, from early childhood to late adolescence, it is most common for IQ scores to: a. change little b. first decrease, then increase c. first increase then decrease d. increase steadily

a. change little

Melody is eight weeks pregnant and wants to find out as soon as possible whether her unborn baby has any genetic disorders. Which prenatal diagnostic technique would be most appropriate to use? a. chorionic villus sampling b. amniocentesis c. ultrasound d. fetal surgery

a. chorionic villus sampling

The drug most frequently associated with miscarriages, premature birth, small babies, high blood pressure, and stroke in utero is: a. cocaine b. nicotine c. alcohol d. narcotics (e.g. heroin)

a. cocaine

According to the text, intelligence is associated with _____ whereas creativity is associated with _____. a. convergent thinking; divergent thinking b. divergent thinking, convergent thinking c. genetic influences, environmental influences d. environmental influences, genetic influences

a. convergent thinking; divergent thinking

If Michael is a typical newborn, he will sleep ___hours a day: a. 8 to 10 b. 16 to 18 c. 12 to 14 d. 20 to 22

b. 16 to 18

Research in which mothers read aloud during the last months of their pregnancy suggests that: a. fetuses are unable to hear b. fetuses are able to hear in utero but will not remember what they heard in utero c. newborns are able to recognize some sounds they heard before they were born d. both fetuses and newborns prefer non-rhythmic t rhythmic sounds

c. newborns are able to recognize some sounds they heard before they were born

In the ___, the blood vessels in the umbilical cord run close to the mother's blood vessels, but aren't actually connected to them: a. amnion b. zygote c. placenta d. germ disc

c. placenta

Most behavioral and psychological characteristics follow a(n)___ pattern of genetic inheritance. Which means associated phenotypes reflect the combined activity of many separate genes. a. dominant-recessive b. incomplete dominance c. polygenic d. sex-linked

c. polygenic

Heather's cervix is fully dilated. She is just beginning the ____ stage of labor: a. first b. third c. second d. fourth

c. second

Sigmund Freud's Psychodynamic Theory: a. suggests that learning is the key to understanding development b. suggests that behavior should be considered in context c. emphasizes the importance of maturation d. emphasizes the influence of early experiences on later development

d. emphasizes the influence of early experiences on later development

Words or endings of words (such as -ing, -ed, or -s) that make a sentence grammatical are called a. telegraphic speech b. complex sentences c. syntax phonemes d. grammatical morphemes

d. grammatical morphemes

Which of the following siblings would have the most similar IQ scores? a. children and their adopted siblings b. siblings who have the same biological parents c. fraternal twins d. identical twins

d. identical twins

Reflexes: a. are not important to the newborn's survival b. do not protect the infant from danger in the environment c. are not related to later motor behavior d. indicate whether or not the newborn's nervous system is working properly

d. indicate whether or not the newborn's nervous system is working properly

According to a life-span perspective, development is: a. studied exclusively by psychologists b. change from a less advanced state to a more advanced state c. most critical during the first few years of life (ages birth - 3 years) d. influenced by history

d. influenced by history

Broca's area: a. is an area in the left hemisphere of the brain involved in language comprehension b. provides support for the role of the environment in language learning c. is in the brainstem and controls the relay of speech sounds to the brain d. is an area in the left front lobe of the brain that influences speech production

d. is an area in the left front lobe of the brain that influences speech production

Hemophilia is more prevalent in: a. females because they tend to lack iron b. females because it is a sex-linked, x-linked, recessive trait c. males because it only appears on the Y-bearing sperm cell d. males because it is a sex-linked, x-linked, recessive trait

d. males because it is a sex-linked, x-linked, recessive trait

During the third stage of labor, the: a. baby emerges from the mother's body b. muscles of the uterus start to contract c. mother experiences the most painful part of labor d. placenta is expelled from the uterus

d. placenta is expelled from the uterus

While playing with her two-week old brother, Sally accidentally stroked his cheek and observed him turn his head in the direction of the touch. Sally had evoked the ____ reflex: a. Babinski b. sucking c. Moro d. rooting

d. rooting

In vitro fertizilization: a. usually is accompanied by surrogate motherhood b. is successful about 80% of the time c. is less likely to result in the birth of twins or triplets d. sometimes involves the use of egg and sperm from donors

d. sometimes involves the use of egg and sperm from donors

Klause and Kennell's sensitive period hypothesis states specifically that: a. mothers will be more responsive to their babies if they have a period of bonding within the first two weeks of the babies life b. that mothers will form stronger bonds to their first children than to later children c. that mothers will form stronger bonds with their baby if they have more time with the baby in their room during their hospital stay d. that mothers will form stronger bonds with their baby if they have skin to skin contact with them in the first few hours of life

d. that mothers will form stronger bonds with their baby if they have skin to skin contact with them in the first few hours of life

Which of the following is an example of a phoneme? a. "bababababa" b. the "ing" in playing c. "Me go" d. the "d" sound in "dog"

d. the "d" sound in "dog"

Which of the following is true of the Bayley scale of Infant Development? a. it was developed as a clinical instrument to be used to identify normal and abnormal babies b. scores on the Bayley are strongly correlated with IQ test scores during childhood c. results from the Bayley indicate that babies by 3months of age should be able to accept a cube and graspe the edge of a piece of paper when presented d. the bayley includes a mental scale, a motor scale, and an infant behavior profile

d. the bayley includes a mental scale, a motor scale, and an infant behavior profile

Which child showed over-regularization? a. Rachel, who said "I goes to the store" b. Whitney, who said, "me go" c. Clarissa, who said "I went to the store" d. Isabelle, who said "I go to the store every day"

a. Rachel, who said "I goes to the store"

_______ refers to the difficulty level of the problems on an intelligence test that children can solve correctly: a. reliability b. validity c. mental age d. chronological age

c. mental age

A chromosomal abnormality in which an individual is phenotypically male, but may develop some secondary sex characteristics of females at puberty is called: a. Klinefelter's syndrome b. Poly X syndrome c. Turner's syndrome d. supermale syndrome

a. Klinefelter's syndrome

Which of the following is an example of telegraphic speech? a. "Baby hungry" b. the "ing" in kicking c. using the word "car" to refer to trucks, vans, and automobiles d. using the word "dog" to refer only to the family dog

a. "Baby hungry"

Natural/Quasi Experiments differ from true experiments because natural/quasi experiments: a. Do not Involve experimental manipulation of independent variables and true experiments do b. are slower to design and implement than true experiments c. have independent and dependent variables and true experiments do not d. are always done in the field and true experiments are always done in the lab

a. Do not Involve experimental manipulation of independent variables and true experiments do

Which of the following requires convergent thinking? a. Finding the sum of 398+471 b. naming all the different ways you can think of to use a paper cup c. discussing what the world would be like if there were no longer any cars d. drawing as many pictures as you can, starting with two parallel lines

a. Finding the sum of 398+471

The umbilical cord: a. has blood vessels that connect the embryo to the placenta b. has blood vessels that are directly connected to the mother's blood vessels c. develops during the period of the fetus d. is filled with amniotic fluid

a. has blood vessels that connect the embryo to the placenta

Stranger Anxiety: a. is the wary reaction to strangers that babies often exhibit b. refers to the obvious signs of discomfort babies show when being separated from their attachment figures c. peaks in intensity at 14-20 months d. is a sign of lack of attachment to the caregiver

a. is the wary reaction to strangers that babies often exhibit

Hypoxia is likely to lead to: a. mental retardation b. respiratory problems such as asthma c. blindness d. hyperactivity

a. mental retardation

Informed consent: a. must include a description of what the subjects will do in the study b. means the subject agrees to participate and can't withdraw at a later time c. is obtained only for subjects over 18 years of age d. all of the above are true

a. must include a description of what the subjects will do in the study

Will was born 35 weeks after conception. Will was a: a. premature infant b. full-term infant c. small-for-date infant d. post-mature infant

a. premature infanct

Which is the longest stage of labor? a. the first stage b. the second stage c. the third stage d. all three stages last about the same length

a. the first stage

Which of the following statements about language development is true? a. the period from birth to about age 12 years is critical for learning language b. foreign languages can be as easily mastered during adulthood as in childhood c. nonhumans can learn grammar as easily as humans if sufficient imitation and reinforcement is used d. the right side of the brain appears to be most important for language

a. the period from birth to about age 12 years is critical for learning language

A strength of experimental studies is that: a. they allow conclusions about cause and effect b. they measure behavior in a natural setting c. no manipulation of variables is done d. only a single study is needed to definitely settle a question

a. they allow conclusions about cause and effect

Babies who are securely attached to their caregivers at 12-months of age will be more likely to be _____ later, than will insecurely attached infants: a. disobedient b. uncooperative c. taller d. creative

d. creative

Holly has normal intelligence, but is having much difficulty learning to read. She does not have any vision or hearing problems that might explain her difficulty. Holly has characteristics of: a. an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder b. a learning disability c. mild intellectual disability d. moderate intellectual disability

b. a learning disability

Criterion Validity of an intelligence test is usually measured by correlating its scores with all of the following except: a. grades in school b. a second administration of the same test c. teachers' ratings of their students' academic abilities d. scores on an established test of intelligence

b. a second administration of the same test

Dr. White is a learning theorist who believes that language is learned purely through imitation and reinforcement. Which of the following would she have the most difficulty explaining? a. children learning the language that is spoken by their family members rather than a different language b. children producing many more sentences than they have ever heard c. children who watch Sesame Street having larger vocabularies than children who do not watch Sesame Street d. children learning words more rapidly if their parent speak to them frequently

b. children producing many more sentences than they have ever heard

Test that measure a child's learning potential by having them learn something new with the help of an examiner are called: a. static tests b. dynamic tests c. culture-free tests d. triarchic tests

b. dynamic tests

According to the textbook, which of the following is known to be true about the path from genes to behaviors? a. consequences of genetic instructions do NOT depend on the environment in which those instructions develop. b. genes can influence the kind of environment to which a child is exposed c. non-shared environmental influences are caused by genetics d. the specific paths from genes to behavior are largely charted and well known

b. genes can influence the kind of environment to which a child is exposed

Research on the link between facial expressions and emotions has shown that: a. changes in facial expressions and emotions are not linked to physiological changes that are associated with emotions b. infants and adults worldwide express basic emotions with similar expressions c. in the first few weeks of life, infants product social smiles d. infants' facial expressions do not change in predictable, meaningful fashion until around the first birthday

b. infants and adults worldwide express basic emotions with similar expressions

In the Harlow and Zimmerman (1959) study they concluded that: a. infants become attached to the person that feeds them. b. infants become attached to figures that provide contact comfort c. infant monkeys have a different attachment pattern than human babies d. infants reared away from their mothers are unable to form normal attachments

b. infants become attached to figures that provide contact comfort

Nicole is being raised in a home where both English and Spanish are spoken. She is likely to: a. learn language at the same rate as a child who is learning only one language b. learn language more slowly at first because she will mix words from the two languages but will be as proficient or better in language skill than monolingual children later in childhood c. learn language more quickly at first because she is exposed to more words but have less proficient language skills than monolingual children later in childhood d. be delayed in her language growth throughout infancy and childhood

b. learn language more slowly at first because she will mix words from the two languages but will be as proficient or better in language skill than monolingual children later in childhood

Experience plays the MOST important role in which of the following theories: a. maturational b. learning c. cognitive-development d. ethological

b. learning

Todd and Becky have just been told that their son's total Apgar score is 6; this means that their son is: a. in immediate need of special medical attention b. may need some medical attention and should be watched closely c. is fine and probably in good health d. premature

b. may need some medical attention and should be watched closely

The term reaction range refers to the concept that: a. one phenotype can lead to many different genotypes b. one genotype can lead to different phenotypes c. one genotype leads to one and only one phenotype d. phenotypes are unrelated to genotypes

b. one genotype can lead to different phenotypes

Dr. Dosier developed a new intelligence test. To try it out, he administered it to a child on two separate occasions, one week apart. The child received an IQ score of 120 the first time and 70 the second time. When Dr. Dosier compared the child's second score to his first score, he said to himself, "Hmmm... it looks like this test has a problem with....: a. validity b. reliability c. cultural fairness d. sequential processing

b. reliability

Individuals with _____ intellectual disability typically have slower motor development, may develop some basic communication skills and can contribute to self maintenance with supervision a. profound b. severe c. moderate d. mild

b. severe

The least invasive technique for assessing prenatal abnormalities is: a. AFP Tri-screen b. sonogram/ultrasound c. amniocentesis d. Chorionic Villus sampling

b. sonogram/ultrasound

Cross-cultural studies of temperament have shown: a. that Japanese and Chinese babies are more emotional in stressful situations than European American babies b. that European American babies are more emotional in stressful situations than Asian babies c. that any cultural differences in emotionality cannot be explained by the behavior of the mothers d. no differences in emotionality between Asian and American babies

b. that European American babies are more emotional in stressful situations than Asian babies

Dr. Etri is interested in finding out whether coaching affects children's performance on a memory task: The independent variable in this situation is: a. memory performance b. the type of coaching c. the age of the children d. gender

b. the type of coaching

The age of viability is: a. occurs sometime between the 2nd and 8th week of pregnancy b. is the age at which the baby is no longer vulnerable to teratogens c. is the age at which most systems function well enough for the baby born at this time to have a chance of survival d. is between the 35th-40th of pregnancy

c. is the age at which most systems function well enough for the baby born at this time to have a chance of survival

One difference between Skinner's operant conditioning and Bandura's social cognitive theory is that: a. Skinner views reinforcement and punishment as being important while Bandura does not. b. Skinner believes that self-efficacy influences behavior while Bandura does not c. Bandura believes children play an active role in their own development while Skinner sees them as being passively shaped by the environment d. Bandura emphasizes rewards and punshment while Skinner does not

c. Bandura believes children play an active role in their own development while Skinner sees them as being passively shaped by the environment

A loud noise or sudden change in position of baby's head elicits the ___ reflex a. Babinski b. Palmar Grasp c. Moro d. Walking

c. Moro

Harold has Klinefelter's syndrome which is caused by a(n) ___ chromosomal pattern: a. Xyy b. y0 (missing 2nd chromosome) c. XXy d. yy

c. XXy

According to the textbook, which is the best method for teaching language to children who can't speak English when they enter school in the US? a. All teaching should be in English b. All teaching should be done in the child's native language c. You should use the child's native language AND english d. There is no research on this topic

c. You should use the child's native language AND english

A congenital defect is: a. a defect that we can see at birth (e.g. an extra finger) b. a serious life threatening problem the baby will die from during the first year of life c. a defect that is present at birth, but may or may not be observable at birth d. a defect with no known cause

c. a defect that is present at birth, but may or may not be observable at birth

An impatient father who gets upset with his baby when the baby interferes with his routine is most likely going to have a baby with with ______ attachment. a. secure b. anxious resistant c. anxious avoidant d. mixed attachment classification

c. anxious avoidant

A person's culturally influenced accumulated knowledge and skills, including understanding printed language, comprehending language and knowing vocabulary is their: a. fluid intelligence b. emotional intelligence c. crystallized intelligence d. multiple intelligence

c. crystallized intelligence

Adriana often cries, responds intensely to new situations, does not have regular eating and sleeping schedules, and is very active. Adriana most closely fits Thomas and Chess's ________ temperament classification. a. slow-to-warm-up b. sociable c. difficult d. easy

c. difficult

Culturally specific standards for appropriate expressions of emotion in a particular setting or with a particular person are called: a. internal working models b. self-conscious emotions c. display rules d. social referencing

c. display rules

When a parent restates their child's speech in a linguistically more sophisticated form we call that: a. motherese b. echoing c. expanding d. labeling

c. expanding

According to the textbook, which of the following is a BASIC emotion? a. pride b. guilt c. happiness d. embarrassment

c. happiness

John Bowlby's evolutionary perspective of early human attachment is that attachment: a. is learned through reinforcement and punishment b. is the result of the resolution of conflicts that are centered on various parts of the body c. increases the infant's likelihood of survival d. was important to human evolution but has no value in modern society

c. increases the infant's likelihood of survival

According to the textbook, the regulation of emotions: a. doesn't begin until children are about 2 years old b. is not related to the quality of interactions and relationships with one's peers c. involves the use of cognitive strategies (eg reminding oneself to ignore something) in school-age children and adolescents d. involves the use of physical strategies (eg. moving closer to a parent in school-age children and adolescents

c. involves the use of cognitive strategies (eg reminding oneself to ignore something) in school-age children and adolescents

The care-giving hypothesis states that: a. the mothers are better at care-giving for their young infants than are fathers b. the differences in quality of attachment are due to the personality of the child c. the differences in quality of attachment are due to care-giving behavior of the parents d. mothers and fathers generally have the same quality of attachment with their children because they are both involved in care-giving

c. the differences in quality of attachment are due to care-giving behavior of the parents

When 4 year olds describe a toy to a 2 year old, they: a. use fewer attention getting phrases than they do with an adult listener b. use longer sentences than they do with an adult listener c. use simpler grammar than they do with an adult listener d. do not adjust their speech when talking to a younger child

c. use simpler grammar than they do with an adult listener

Which of the following is the best example of an overextension? a. using the word "house" to refer only to the family's house b. hearing the unfamiliar word "shoe" and concluding that it refers to objects that are worn on feet c. using the word "horsie" to refer to all four legged creatures d. saying "I goes" instead of "I went"

c. using the word "horsie" to refer to all four legged creatures

A 10-year-old child with a mental age of 15 would have what IQ? a. 10 b. 67 c. 100 d. 150

d. 150

____ is the process of development that allows the organism to better fit its environment a. Differentiation b. Growth c. Maturation d. adaptation

d. Adaptation

The view that development is a result of the unfolding of a specific and prearranged scheme or plan within the body is characteristic of: a. Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory b. Konrad Lorenz's ethological theory c. Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory d. Arnold Gesell's maturational theory

d. Arnold Gesell's maturational theory

Jeff has the genotype for phenylketonuria. Which of the following statements is true? a. Jeff will be mentally retarded b. Jeff's phenylketonuria is not likely to surface until he reaches middle age c. Jeff has a high likelihood of having an older mother d. If Jeff avoids consuming phenylalanine he will have normal intelligence

d. If Jeff avoids consuming phenylalanine he will have normal intelligence

_____ is a chromosome deletion syndrome in which a child's symptoms vary according to the child's age. Newborns are limp and feed poorly, while children between 1 and 6 often develop insatiable appetites and have excessive weight gain. a. Cystic fibrosis b. Turner syndrome c. Cri du Chat syndrome d. Prader-Willi syndrome

d. Prader-Willi syndrome

Children who have learning disabilities: a. have difficulty mastering an academic subject b. have normal intelligence c. are not suffering from other conditions that could explain poor performance d. all of the above are true for children with learning disabilities

d. all of the above are true for children with learning disabilities

Temperament is defined as: a. the amount of physical and motor activity an infant exhibits every day b. an infant's regularity in eating and sleeping c. the emotions an infant has for it's caregivers d. an infant's characteristic, biologically based way of reacting to people and situations

d. an infant's characteristic, biologically based way of reacting to people and situations

Autosomes: a. determine gender b. are located on the 23rd pair c. are just another name for chromosomes d. are the first 22 identical pairs of chromosomes

d. are the first 22 identical pairs of chromosomes

Differences between age groups resulting from environmental events rather than developmental processes are referred to as: a. response bias b. representative samplings c. artificial settings d. cohort effects

d. cohort effects