Developmental Psychology Module 4
Children who act on impulse and act aggressively have _____ tendencies.
externalizing
The fewest overweight or obese children would MOST likely be found in:
Scandinavia.
The text author believes contemporary parents should offer children lots of _____.
love
Nina's 4-year-old son has an autism spectrum disorder. The word that BEST describes this child's prognosis, as of 2015, is _____.
poor
Compared with boys, girls play more _____.
collaboratively
The danger with externalizing problems is unrealistically _____ self-esteem.
high
Altruism refers to the desire to act prosocially:
without receiving an external reward.
Four-year-old Joseph became very upset when his mother put turkey in his cheese sandwich. Even when his mother removed the turkey, he continued to throw a temper tantrum. Joseph has not mastered the Piagetian principle of _____, the idea that an operation can be repeated in the opposite direction.
reversibility
If Clara is in the stage of "early childhood," then she is:
between the ages of 3 and 6.
When do children in the United States begin to look down on and make fun of obese kids?
in preschool
Which statement is true of dyslexia? -Dyslexia is more common in girls than boys. -Most people with dyslexia naturally outgrow this condition as adults. -When children are poorly taught in the regular classroom, dyslexia is the diagnosis.
Dyslexia has a biological/genetic basis.
_____ refers to the practice of divorced spouses badmouthing each other and systemically poisoning their children against an ex-spouse.
Parental alienation
If a psychologist adheres to Spearman's "g," which of the following does she believe? -People have unique intellectual talents and skills. -The intelligence quotient (IQ) score only measures academic aptitude. -The intelligence quotient (IQ) score is only valid when children are in school.
There is a general underlying intelligence that the intelligence quotient (IQ) score measures.
Carla grew up in a war-torn country, witnessed violence, and lost her beloved father when she was 10 years old. Which is NOT a quality that might help promote resilience in Carla? -She is mellow and can regulate her emotions. -Carla is extremely close to her mom. -Carla is genetically "immune" to stress.
This child has many siblings.
Children typically develop theory of mind abilities at around age 4.
True
Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have problems with all of the following EXCEPT: -selective attention. -inhibition. -executive functions.
expressing emotions.
Fantasy play is: -essential to development. -normal during elementary school. -a sign of emotional problems.
normal during early childhood.
The text implies that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a:
partial function of a poor childhood-society fit.
A mother confides to her 12-year-old and 5-year-old children that she is planning a surprise for Grandma's birthday, and swears the siblings to secrecy. Who will MOST likely keep the secret? -both siblings -the 5-year-old -neither sibling
the 12-year-old
Marta is 9 years old. According to Susan Harter, Marta is MOST apt to describe herself as: -realistic, based on how she measures up compared to the other children in her class. -the worst kid in the world. -an extremely happy child.
the best kid in the world.
The most "popular" discipline technique in the United States is _____.
time out
With regard to the value of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications, which is the MOST accurate statement? -"They are terrific at curing the problem." -"All of them are totally ineffective." -"They are welcomed by all parents."
"Even though they have their downsides, they also do work."
What type of motivation is involved in each statement? (1) "I love to read Belsky's book for the sake of reading it"; (2) "I'm reading Belsky's book so I can get a good grade on this test."
(1) intrinsic; (2) extrinsic
Which is NOT a vital situation that requires "superior parenting"? -A baby is temperamentally at risk. -The child has biological problems. -A baby is premature.
The child gets high scores on intelligence tests.
All of the following environmental forces promote gender-stereotyped behavior EXCEPT: -peer reinforcement. -the media. -how teachers and parents relate to girls versus to boys.
diet.
Child maltreatment is: -rare around the world. -common around the world. -common in Western nations.
difficult to clearly define and measure.
Jessica believes that her most important task as a parent is to "be there for her children." Karen loves her children dearly, but believes that her most important task is to "enforce the family's rules." These women differ in their: -maturation. -caring. -social skills.
parenting styles.
Jinjing can observe her own actions and abilities from an outside frame of reference, and is still able to reflect on her own inner feelings. Jinjing is showing _____, and is probably in the _____ stage.
self-awareness; concrete operational
Dwes regularly gets into trouble for his behavior; but when he messes up, he thinks, "It's their fault, not mine." Which is NOT an accurate assessment of Dwes? -This child is set up to continue to fail. -Dwes has externalizing tendencies. -This child has unrealistically high self-esteem.
Dwes has internalizing tendencies.
Prosocial behavior is far more common in girls than boys.
False
Vygotsky believed that people should allow children's cognitive skills to unfold on their own.
False
_____ refer to the skills involved in regulating and monitoring behavior.
Executive functions
At what age do children FIRST prefer to play with children of their own sex?
during preschool
Mary Ann and Katya are playing house. Katya, the mommy, is calling the doctor because Mary Ann, the baby, is sick. (1) First, name the type of play the girls are engaging in; (2) then identify these children's probable ages:
(1) collaborative pretend play; (2) about age 5
Which is the correct diagnostic label for each child: (1) failing in school, and has a very low IQ; (2) failing in school and has an average or above average IQ.
(1) intellectually disabled; (2) specific learning disability
Which is NOT a take-home message from the text's parenting-styles discussion? -A variety of forces, not just parenting, determine how children turn out. -Superior parenting is vital when children are genetically reactive or biologically "at risk." -Good parenting involves being flexible, adapting child-rearing to a particular child and environment.
Difficult children are destined to experience little success in their lives.
_____ motivated activities are pursued for their pure joy, not an outside reward.
Intrinsically
"I'm worried that if my child gets in with the wrong peer group, he will go down a bad path." _____ is the theorist whose ideas resonate with this classic parental fear.
Judith Harris
Boys and girls who behave in gender-atypical ways tend to be less popular than children whose behavior is stereotypically "male" or "female."
True
The text states that cyberbullying is emotionally worse for a child than traditional bullying.
True
Sensitive parenting is especially vital when children have _____ temperaments.
at-risk (or "difficult")
The newest legal U.S. and European trend in divorce is to pay more attention to the: -mom's needs, by encouraging joint custody. -dad's needs, by giving the dad full custody. -mom's needs, by limiting the dad's visitation rights.
dad's needs, by encouraging joint custody.
Piaget's term for a young child's inability to take another person's perspective is _____.
egocentrism
In classes where bullying is strongly reinforced by the other kids: -only the nicest kids refrain from bullying. -girls bully more often than boys. -boys bully more often than girls.
everyone is apt to bully.
Tran has been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Which is NOT a difficulty he will have? -getting ready for school by a certain time -studying when there are distractions -inhibiting his responses
expressing his emotions
In contrast to shame, _____ connects a child to others and helps promote prosocial behavior.
guilt
Danny's mother has just decided to divorce her husband. Based on the research, how is this woman MOST apt to feel? -joyful -calm -resigned
guilty
Children who are incredibly anxious, timid, and frightened: -are extroverted. -are introverted. -have externalizing tendencies.
have internalizing tendencies.
Gender stereotyped behavior is partly programmed by all of the following EXCEPT: -media messages. -peers. -prenatal testosterone.
height.
According to Erik Erikson, the developmental task of early childhood is initiative, while the developmental task of middle childhood is _____.
industry
Goran can't resist racing around the classroom while he is supposed to sit still and listen to his teacher. Goran is having trouble with which two executive functions?
inhibition and selective attention
Usian is failing in school, and scores well below grade-level on achievement tests. When he takes the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), his intelligence quotient (IQ) score is in the mid 60s. Usian is classified as: -an underachiever. -learning disabled. -dyslexic.
intellectually disabled.
A child says, "I feel totally dumb at school." The MOST effective or helpful strategy is to: -say it doesn't matter, as she is a wonderful person. -blame the teachers. -tell the child that school doesn't matter if he is good at sports.
praise and encourage the child for effort, and say that it's most important to work hard.
A child who helps comfort an upset classmate is showing _____.
prosocial behavior
A test that measures the qualities it is supposed to measure is _____.
reliable
Fan Ling and her son are in the swimming pool together. Instead of saying, "no mommy under" when he protests going under the water, he says, "I no under water." Her son is learning the arrangement of words and phrases to create a well-formed sentence; this is known as:
syntax.
Jean Piaget's concept of centering refers to a child's tendency to focus on the most striking _____ feature of a substance, and _____ other dimensions.
visual; ignore
Which developmental pathway is MOST likely to produce a highly aggressive "antisocial" fourth grader? -overindulging a difficult toddler, and then the child gets rejected in elementary school -yelling, screaming at, and spanking a difficult toddler, and then the elementary school kids reinforce that child's aggressive acts -overindulging a difficult toddler, and then the elementary school kids reinforce that child's acts
yelling, screaming at, and spanking a difficult toddler, and then the child gets rejected by his classmates in elementary school
According to the text, children gravitate to friends who are: -good looking and have a lot of money. -happy and live near each other. -popular and agreeable.
similar in interests and trustworthy.
_____ programs try to change the school norms to make bullying socially unacceptable.
Bully-prevention; Bully prevention
According to the parenting-style approach, authoritarian parents provide warmth and consistent discipline or rules.
False
In lecturing on child maltreatment, Professor Caring should make all of these statements EXCEPT: -"Abused children may have insecure attachments." -"Abused children tend to be rejected by their peers." -"Abused children tend to earn less during adulthood."
"All abused children become abusive parents."
Shame, or the feeling of personal humiliation, causes people to want to: -connect with others. -feel terrible about what they have done. -behave in a more caring way.
withdraw from others.
Gender schema theory refers to the fact that people are reinforced by parents and peers for acting in classically "female" or "male" ways.
False
Preschoolers whose parents allow them to think through their own life experiences rather than asking specific questions about events typically have richer autobiographical memories.
False
In successful schools, teachers provide _____ work to all their students.
challenging (or "creative"; "high-level")
In what grade do children FIRST use rehearsal effectively when studying for tests?
fifth grade
Achievement tests measure knowledge of school subjects, while _____ tests measure academic potential.
intelligence (or "intelligence quotient (IQ)"; "IQ")
Compared to the early 1970s, what fraction of elementary school children are now overweight or obese?
more than four times as many
The play patterns of young rhesus monkeys are _____ for humans.
the same as
Obesity rates in the United States rose the most dramatically during the:
1980s.
Amy is continually hitting and shoving other children. Amy MOST likely is about what age?
2
Analisa complains that when her child has "friends" over, all they do is fight over toys. Analisa's child MOST likely is _____ years old.
2
Peter is at his life's peak age for physical aggression. Peter is MOST likely about _____ years old.
2.5
The Common Core State Standards do all of the following EXCEPT: -spell out universal benchmarks for student success. -emphasize problem solving rather than rote learning. -provide materials carefully geared to students' current abilities and knowledge.
assess student knowledge through regular multiple-choice tests.
Longitudinal U.S. research shows that low-income children start school: -on target academically, but tend to go to the worst schools. -at an academic disadvantage, but then get special school help. -at an academic disadvantage, but catch up later on.
at an academic disadvantage, and tend to go to the worst schools.
The disorders defined by severe deficits in theory of mind are called _____.
autism spectrum disorders
Paula's IQ is 114. Yet, in the seventh grade, Paula reads on a third-grade level. Paula is MOST likely: -intellectually disabled. -badly taught. -unmotivated.
dyslexic.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is MOST often diagnosed among: -preschool boys. -elementary school girls. -preschool girls.
elementary school boys.
The capacity to manage feelings so that they do not interfere with a productive life is called: -an externalizing tendency. -an internalizing tendency. -cognitive reconstruction.
emotion regulation.
_____ play ALMOST exclusively occurs with boys.
Rough-and-tumble
Dr. Darwin is lecturing on why human childhood lasts such a long time. Which is NOT a comment he probably would make? -"Only humans can build on the intellectual advances of previous generations." -"Humans alone have huge, slow growing frontal lobes." -"Only humans are expert at decoding other people's motivations."
"Humans alone have bodies that can do incredible things."
Dr. Slim is giving a lecture on the prevalence of U.S. childhood obesity. Which is NOT a statement she should make? -"Low-income children have higher rates." -"Rates are higher among African American and Latino children." -"Rural areas have higher rates."
"Rates are higher among preschoolers than in the past."
According to Erikson, a preschooler's challenge is to try new things; in elementary school, a child's challenge is to _____.
work hard to succeed
The top-ranking health disorder among U.S. children in 2014, affecting about 4 million children, was: -autistic disorder. -Asperger's disorder. -autoimmune disorders.
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
The MOST widely diagnosed health disorder among U.S. children, characterized by distractibility and restlessness, is _____.
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; ADHD
Rates of child maltreatment are easy to assess.
False
Worldwide, obesity is the most important issue affecting children's physical development.
False
_____ is an example of corporal punishment.
Spanking
Children who are especially timid and self-conscious have _____ tendencies.
internalizing
In U.S. mainstream culture, the label "smart" or "gifted" typically refers to a child's: -social skills. -social competence and performance on academic tests. -real-life competence.
performance on cognitive tests.
According to the parenting-styles framework, parents are classified along two dimensions of providing: -food and clothes; being permissive. -safety; being playful. -care; being child-centered.
rules; being child-centered.
Which facet of language grows throughout a person's life?
semantic abilities
The ability to understand word meanings, or what words represent, is called:
semantics.
Children who are temperamentally "at risk" are MOST likely to thrive with _____ parents.
unusually sensitive
Children in the preoperational stage of cognitive development focus on the way things immediately appear.
True
Prosocial behavior in children is promoted when parents or caregivers use induction.
True
Single-mother headed families are far more likely to live in poverty than two-parent families.
True
Ian loves to pretend with his friends; Carlo adores playing soccer. Roughly, Ian is 5 years old, and Carlo is over age _____.
8
When a classmate screams about having been stung by a hornet, which fifth grader is MOST likely to take a prosocial action? -Andrew, who is terrified by stinging insects -Barak, who is very shy -Ileara, who likes to tease the other children
Bethany, who learned first-aid in Girl Scouts
_____ refers to serious problems learning to read.
Dyslexia
A child who scores below 70 on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), but is in the middle of the class on achievement tests and schoolwork, is classified as having a specific learning disability.
False
An authoritarian parenting style tends to work best in Chinese American families.
False
Children need to actively be taught to be prosocial.
False
Based on the research, what MOST likely will happen if someone files a police report alleging child abuse? -The case will be thoroughly investigated. -The child will be removed from the home. -The parent will be given counseling.
Nothing will be done.
Developmentalists all agree that spanking an infant is wrong.
True
_____ children are MOST likely to be chronically bullied.
Unassertive
Neural pruning in the frontal lobes begins:
at around age 9.
Three-year-old children typically have relatively large heads, while six-year-old children have relatively longer, thin bodies. This age difference in physical appearance reveals the _____ principle of development.
cephalocaudal
An example of autobiographical memory is remembering: -the importance of reviewing on Thursday night for Friday's test. -the autobiography of George Washington. -the lines of a play.
details about one's high school graduation.
Based on the text, what trait makes human beings stand out? -the ability to walk upright -flexible hands -a long life expectancy
language
Spanking is _____ widely accepted today than in the past.
less
Sara is planning a talk on criticisms of Gardner's theory. Which is NOT a criticism that Sara may legitimately make? -"Why did Gardner arbitrarily decide on just these 8 or 9 abilities, and not others?" -"A child might be artistically gifted, but school skills are more important in daily life." -"Gardner's theory may mislead parents into thinking their children are 'just as intellectually capable' as children who are good at academics."
"Gardner's theory offers no insights on how to teach children."
According to Vygotsky, "Teachers just teach; students just learn."
False
Which is NOT an illustration in support of the argument that the intelligence quotient (IQ) score partly reflects the quality of a child's environment? -The Flynn effect shows a worldwide rise in IQ scores over the course of a century. -After being ill and missing a good deal school, a child's IQ score may decline. -After undergoing life stress, a child's IQ scores may decline.
IQ scores normally change a good deal from year to year in a person's life.
Which is the BEST example of inhibition? -Ifede takes notes on what the teacher says. -Alana focuses on what the teacher says. -Adam writes a comment and posts it on-line during class.
Ida stops herself from checking social media sites during class.
Which statement about the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) is NOT accurate? -The test measures academic potential. -It has different subtests. -The test is given to children individually by a psychologist.
It measures knowledge of different school subjects.
Children with externalizing tendencies are at risk of having unrealistically high self-esteem.
True
Executive functions continue to improve over many years.
True
Friendships help teach children how to relate as adults.
True
Parents who want to raise prosocial children should avoid using shame as a discipline strategy.
True
Preschoolers' friendships are based on common interests and activities.
True
Proactive aggression refers to aggressive acts used in the service of "getting something."
True
The term for any act that endangers children's emotional or physical well-being is _____.
child maltreatment
Japanese children tend to be:
less likely to take credit for prosocial acts than U.S. children.
Psychologist Judith Harris argues that human behavior primarily is shaped by: -parents. -genetics. -siblings.
peer groups.
According to Judith Harris, _____ basically determine how children behave as adults.
peers (or "peer groups")
When the first-grade boys wrestle and hit each other as they are in line for lunch, they are engaging in _____ play.
rough-and-tumble
Prosocial behavior FIRST appears during _____.
toddlerhood
When his mom tosses the action figures into the toy box and slams the lid, Robbie cries, "No! They're scared of the dark!" Susie assumes that her grandma knows she went to the beach yesterday, even though she didn't tell her. Robbie's comment shows _____ and Susie's illustrates egocentrism.
animism
Mary Ann tells you that she plans to completely toilet train Kimbra by her second birthday. Based on this chapter, the main problem with this plan for Kimbra is that the: -motor cortex is just beginning to develop. -child is in the terrible twos. -child will not be able to sit on the toilet.
frontal lobes are just beginning to develop.
Worldwide, the greatest threat to children's physical development is _____.
inadequate nutrition
Autism spectrum disorders are typically:
incurable lifelong conditions.
Josh and Jairo, age 5, love to wrestle and hit each other. According to the text, this behavior: -is abnormal and needs to be stopped. -predicts the boys will be highly aggressive adults. -shows that Josh and Jairo don't like each other.
is normal.
Synaptogenesis refers to the process of:
making billions of connections between neurons.
Under-nutrition—or not having enough food—has all of the following effects EXCEPT: -impairing physical development. -compromising social relationships. -affecting play.
making children intensely angry.
Three-year-old Lola watches her mommy roll a ball of dough into a thin circle for a pie crust, and exclaims, "You made more dough!" Lola lacks an understanding of the conservation of _____.
mass
Child abuse is probably:
more common than the "objective" statistics show.
If Sunay is 21, his _____ has not fully developed.
myelin sheath
The MAIN basic philosophical difference between Piaget and Vygotsky is that Piaget believed: -in capitalism; Vygotsky believed in communism. -people only learn through being taught; Vygotsky believed people only learn through hands on experience. -in communism; Vygotsky believed in capitalism.
people learn through hands on experience; Vygotsky believed people only learn through being taught.
If Carmen is coaching a mixed-gender softball team, the boys will MOST likely have the clear-cut advantage: -knowing the rules of the game. -catching the ball. -not striking out when up at bat.
pitching faster and hitting the ball harder.
The following example that BEST illustrates Piaget's concept of egocentrism is a child who: -insists that the whole family must do what she wants. -has a tantrum when she doesn't get her way. -has trouble waiting his turn in line.
thinks that other people automatically know everything that's in his head.
A teacher wants her students to tackle challenging tasks. The BEST strategy is for the teacher to praise her students: -for being such wonderful kids. -for being so smart. -by giving out rewards for getting "A"s.
when they work hard.
A five-year-old who is incredibly talented at remembering and copying designs will MOST likely be _____ at a younger age.
writing well
Based on the text, what is the BEST advice to give a father who is considering leaving his spouse? -"Stay together, as divorcing is always a bad option." -"Let the children decide on which parent gets custody; after all, it's their choice." -"Split visitation, as that's always best for the children."
"Consider staying together, but only if you can keep from fighting a lot."
Which baby is MOST vulnerable to maltreatment? -Hank, who has an easy temperament -Minh, who lives with her grandmother -Jaime, who has five brothers and sisters
Cala, who was premature and cries a lot
Which is the BEST example of information that is currently in working memory? -Sadiq writes the number of his classroom down so he won't forget it. -Susan memorizes the number of her classroom so she can easily find it. -Seth forgets the number of his classroom.
Seki keeps the number of her classroom in her mind as she walks to class.
During dinner, a father, who is a psychologist, tells his 4 and 8-year-old sons, "Only pay attention to what I say," then later tests how much each boy remembers of his own and everyone else's conversation. Based on the selective-attention research, which are the MOST likely test results? -The 8-year-old will do better at remembering both his father's and everyone else's conversations. -Both boys will remember all conversations equally well. -The 4-year-old will do better at remembering all conversations.
The 8-year-old will do better at remembering his father's conversation, but each boy will remember everyone else's conversation equally well.
Fantasy play is absolutely essential to development.
False
In the United States, economically disadvantaged children are typically given special enriched services at school.
False
William expects instant obedience from his children when he tells them to do something, such as to clean up their rooms. Richard is typically willing to negotiate with his children regarding household chores. In terms of Diana Baumrind's parenting styles, William is _____, and Richard is _____.
authoritarian; authoritative
A sixth-grade child who is rejected for being very different from the group: -is set up to have emotional problems as an adult. -tends to get married at a younger age. -tends to have few friends as an adult.
can sometimes flourish as an adult.
Teachers, nurses, and health care professions must report suspected child abuse to _____.
child protective services
Gardner's multiple intelligences model spell out _____ separate types of "intelligences," plus one other possible form.
eight (or "8")
Working memory-bin space enlarges most dramatically during _____.
elementary school
An autobiographical memory refers to an individual's sense that he or she has a personal past history and is an ongoing "self." In general, humans begin to develop an autobiographical memory during:
elementary school.
Cyber-bullying is _____ than traditional bullying.
emotionally easier
When Mario says, "I feel your pain," he is expressing _____.
empathy
Tara feels incredibly frightened when she sees a highway crash; Tara is exhibiting _____. Halina feels terrible for the people who were hurt, and rushes to help; Halina is exhibiting _____.
empathy; sympathy
Regular spanking is MOST apt to be dangerous for a child who is: -shy and obedient. -behind academically and failing at school. -ahead of the rest of the class.
fearless and has trouble controlling her impulses.
Which of the following is NOT an ability that involves executive functions? -inhibiting a child's responses -planning and organizing a child's behavior -selectively attending to what a child needs to learn
freely expressing a child's emotions
The term for boys playing with boys and girls playing with girls is:
gender-segregated play.
With regard to sex differences in childhood motor skills:
girls appear to be superior at fine motor skills; boys at gross motor skills.
Lack of nourishment harms the development of various body systems and reduces activity. For these reasons, children who are undernourished tend to: -reach sexual maturity at an earlier age than well-nourished children. -develop physical skills at about the same rate as well-nourished children, but fail to utilize their skills. -develop unusual physical and mental abilities to compensate for a lack of nourishment.
have impaired physical and social skills.
All are important purposes of play EXCEPT: -helping children to cope with stress. -allowing children to practice adult roles. -teaching children to get along with each other.
helping children to learn to be creative.
A coach is using scaffolding in teaching baseball if she:
helps a child hold a bat, then, after that step has been mastered, moves on to hitting the ball.
The research linking prenatal hormones to sex-role behavior and interests suggests exposure to: -testosterone has no effect on behavior. -high levels of estrogen makes girls more "feminine." -high levels of testosterone makes boys more "masculine."
high levels of testosterone produces more "masculine" interests in girls.
The rejected fourth grader who has the WORST teenage and adult prognosis is a: -socially anxious kid. -child who has been rejected for being different. -child who doesn't fit traditional gender roles.
highly physically aggressive kid.
To promote prosocial behavior, caregivers should use _____ in order to get the child to imagine how the person he or she has hurt feels.
induction
When her brother gets up and starts to leave the room, Shara can't follow the instructions to sit still and listen to her mother. Shara is having trouble with:
inhibition and selective attention.
An 8-year-old is making negative comments such as, "I'm not that smart or pretty." Based on Harter's research, the child: -needs to go to therapy. -is developing externalizing issues. -is being bullied by her teachers and her peers.
is acting normally.
If a four-year-old says that she is the smartest, most beautiful person in the world, then that child: -needs therapy. -is overly narcissistic. -has overindulgent parents.
is acting normally.
If a parent has been abusing her preschool son, research suggests that over time the situation: -is apt to get better. -will teach the parent to control herself. -result in the child being removed from the home.
is apt to get worse.
Prosocial behavior: -goes against human biology. -is universal, but only in Western countries. -is universal, but only apparent in women.
is universal and built into the human genome.
Crystal and her husband are divorcing, and Crystal is worried about the impact of the divorce on her 10- and 13-year-old children. According to the text, all of the following tips would be good advice EXCEPT: -do not denigrate your former husband in front of the children. -give the children some input into custody decisions. -try to keep the children in the same neighborhood and school.
joint custody is always the best option.
Successful elementary schools usually have all of the following qualities EXCEPT: -high standards. -committed teachers. -a nurturing environment.
large athletic fields.
A child who believes that he will fail no matter how hard he tries has developed: -low self-esteem. -inferiority. -an industrial complex.
learned helplessness.
Vygotsky would believe that, as a student is responding to test items, that student is: -drawing only on memorization skills. -becoming uninterested, or "turned off," to school. -not learning while responding, but only showing what has already been learned.
learning the concepts better through making his or her responses.
In Western societies, all are qualities involved in "superior" scaffolding EXCEPT: -fostering a secure attachment and building in motivation. -entering a child's zone of proximal development. -breaking large cognitive challenges into smaller, easier-to-master steps.
letting children figure things out totally on their own.
It is illegal today to use corporal punishment in: -almost every nation. -Scandinavia alone. -very few nations.
many developed nations.
If you went to a preschool and watched pretend play, you would be MOST likely to find plots involving: -unfamiliar figures. -violent activities. -happy events.
mastering upsetting events.
Mr. Wilson, a kindergarten teacher, is worried about a student who is obsessed with playing very violently. Generalizing from the text, this kind of play: -is normal. -will change. -is likely in boys.
may predict later problems.
Adoncia has noticed that her son's speech has gone from "Juice," to "Me juice," to "Me want juice." Her son's _____ has expanded.
mean length of utterance
Typically, children's first "pretend partners" are _____.
moms
When asked to explain why Josie is her best friend, Samantha answers, "Because she makes me laugh and is nice to me." These girls are MOST likely _____ children, and Samantha is describing their friendships in terms of _____ qualities.
older; internal
Which children are NOT apt to develop theory of mind capacities at a younger than average age? -children with younger siblings -preschoolers who live in a Western individualistic culture -bilingual children
only children
Theory of mind refers to the understanding that: -each person knows his or her own mind. -children need to listen to and mind their parents. -life isn't fair.
other people have different perspectives and beliefs.
When 3-year-old Charlie's father came home one evening, he asked Charlie what he had done that day. Charlie replied, "I sawed two deer outside and goed to see them." Charlie has committed the language mistake known as:
overregularization.
Which skill would appear on a scale measuring Gardner's multiple intelligences but NOT on Sternberg's successful intelligence tests? -academic abilities -creative abilities -common sense
physical abilities
How can the author of this text make her book more intrinsically motivating? -Make the content so easy that all students can master it. -Make the book less expensive. -It's hopeless, as no text is inherently interesting.
Provide content relevant to students' lives.
If most of José's classmates rank him among the two or three fifth graders they most like, and no one labels him as disliked, then Jose is in the _____ group.
popular
According to Sternberg, the three types of intelligence are analytic, creative, and _____.
practical
Robinson is stranded on a tropical island, by himself. Which type of intelligence will be MOST beneficial to his survival on the island? -interpersonal intelligence -analytical intelligence -creative intelligence
practical intelligence
All are tips for teachers described in the text EXCEPT: -fostering student autonomy by providing children with choices. -developing a secure attachment with each child. -not relying on intelligence test scores, especially with low-income children.
praising children for brilliance in order to boost their self-esteem.
Children in the _____ stage of cognitive development focus on the way things immediately appear.
preoperational
Theresa, who is 4 years old, thinks that her sister is a princess when she wears a tiara in her hair, and a servant when she wears old clothes. Theresa MOST likely is in the _____ stage of development, and has not developed the Piagetian concept of _____.
preoperational; identity constancy
According to Vygotsky, fantasy play does NOT have the purpose of: -allowing children to practice adult roles. -giving children a sense of control in the face of upsetting situations. -encouraging children to understand and master social norms.
promoting creativity.
The sixth grader who is MOST apt to be well-liked, although not necessarily in the popular group, is a: -shy child. -child whose main agenda is to be cool. -child who is good at academics.
prosocial child.
Elementary schools that are exceeding expectations based on the socioeconomic status of their pupils tend to do all of the following EXCEPT: -offer high-level conceptual work. -have teachers who expect children to succeed. -do not "dumb down" the curriculum.
provide worksheet drills to help students pass state standardized tests.
All are treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) EXCEPT: -training parents. -teaching techniques to enhance working memory. -changing the child's diet.
providing strict rules.
Five-year-old Matthew kicked Jason when Jason threatened to take Matthew's snack. Matthew is demonstrating _____ aggression.
reactive
Which is MOST helpful in relieving the symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a school setting? -providing a noise-free environment -sitting in a classroom and learning to focus for long periods of time -power-assertion discipline
regular recess breaks and the presentation of tasks in a gaming format
Common Core tries to use which developmental principle in the development and implementation of educational materials? -extrinsic motivation -theory of mind -zone of proximal development
scaffolding
Mr. Tanaka tailors his teaching to the competence level of the children in his classroom—giving help when needed and then backing off as a student masters a given skill. Mr. Tanaka is using a process called:
scaffolding.
Fantasy play allows children to cope with _____.
stress (or "being upset")
All are school strategies to help children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) EXCEPT to give these children: -learning tasks in a gaming format. -regular physical activity. -small immediate rewards.
strict discipline.
All of the following strategies help children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to focus EXCEPT: -"white" background noise. -regular exercise. -providing small reinforcers for doing well, rather than having a child wait for a big prize.
strict discipline.
Taj's parents are taking Taj to see a psychiatrist known for helping children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The psychiatrist is likely to consider all of the following interventions EXCEPT recommending: -regular exercise or physical activity. -psycho-stimulant medications. -that Taj's parents expose him to white noise while studying.
that Taj should try to complete difficult processing tasks to practice concentration.
A 6-year-old and a 9-year-old both take the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and get exactly the same number of items correct. Who has the highest intelligence quotient (IQ)? -the 9-year-old -If both children got the same number of items correct, their IQs should be the same. -There is no way of telling, as the children are of different ages.
the 6-year-old
According to Judith Harris's theory, to predict how children will act as adults, people should look to: -the quality of their upbringing. -their genetics. -their socioeconomic status.
the norms of their peer group.
What should be the PRIMARY criterion in awarding custody after divorce? -a parent's gender -the parent's income or financial situation -preferences learned from directly asking the child
the quality of a particular spouse's parenting
What force is MOST important in predicting how well children adjust to divorce? -the economic status of the family -the age of the child when the breakup took place -whether the parents have joint custody
the quality of the custodial parent's child-rearing
All of these forces help explain the reasons that impoverished children tend to enter school academically behind their more affluent counterparts EXCEPT that: -they have fewer books at home. -they are less apt to have home computers. -they rarely go to museums.
their parents show them less affection.
Approximately two out of every _____ U.S. families with children are categorized as "two-parent" families.
three
Prosocial behavior usually begins in _____.
toddlerhood (or "the toddler years")
Three-year-old Clara keeps telling her friends they cannot have a grandma because "grandma" is the name for her grandmother only. Clara is making the mistake of:
underextension.
The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) is a good indicator of innate "genetic" ability for: -every elementary school child. -girls, not boys. -every preschool child.
upper-middle-class children.
Dr. McKinna is lecturing about U.S. spanking practices. He should state that corporal punishment is: -frequently used by most parents. -illegal in most states. -rare in the twenty-first century United States.
used more often by certain U.S. groups.
If a test measures what it is supposed to measure, the test is labeled _____.
valid
In the information-processing framework, _____ memory is the name for the process of transforming material into information that can later be remembered.
working
A social worker is constructing a questionnaire to measure the risk of child abuse. Which item should NOT appear on her scale? -Does this parent have serious personality problems? -Is this parent under severe life stress? -Is this parent socially isolated?
What is this parent's gender?
Magda admits, "I'm less loving with my son than with my daughter. I realize that a lot of what is called good parenting depends on the child." Magda would agree with _____ perspective on parenting.
a behavioral geneticist's
"Children's temperament shapes parenting styles." This statement would be made by a(n) _____.
behavioral-genetics researcher
What phrase BEST describes the academic fate of economically disadvantaged children? -behind at the "school starting gate," slowly catching up over time -equal at the "school starting gate," falling behind over time -equal at the "school starting gate," staying steady over time
behind at the "school starting gate," falling further behind over time
Relational aggression may help girls ascend into a popular group.
True
Successful schools nurture both students and teachers.
True
Pretend play is at its peak during _____.
preschool (or the "preschool years")
When Susan Harter asks, "What are you like as a person?," only a 10-year-old might answer: -"My favorite color is green." -"I'm always nice to everyone." -"I have long, straight hair."
"I am one of the best readers in my class, but I sometimes have trouble with long division."
Which adult's remark helps to promote prosocial behavior? -A father says, "Because you teased your little brother, you are grounded." -An aunt says, "I'll pay you if you are nice to your baby cousin." -A teacher says, "You are such a bad boy for acting mean in class!"
A mother says, "You are such a kind person to shovel the snow off Mrs. O'Connell's driveway!"
Which third grader is MOST likely to develop a hostile attributional bias? -Francine is anxious, but now she does well in school. -Guillermo has internalizing tendencies and only has a few friends. -Hannah was born with a difficult temperament; her father takes care to use induction when she misbehaves.
As a toddler, Elliott was fearless and disciplined harshly; now he is rejected by his peers.
What does the research on gender differences in prosocial behavior suggest? -Women are more prone to behave prosocially than are men. -Men are more prone to behave prosocially than are women. -There are no gender differences in prosocial behaviors.
Both genders are equally prosocial, but in different areas.
Children who believe that someone becomes a different person when he or she puts on a mask lack _____.
identity constancy
Which child is MOST likely to recover quickly from divorce? -Delaina, whose seriously depressed mother was awarded custody -Ephraim, who spends weekends at his drug-addicted dad's house -Fannie, who had to be uprooted from her friends at a suburban school
Casey, whose mother and father are able to stay civil with each other
Child #1 comes from a disadvantaged background and attends a "failing" public school. Child # 2 comes from an upper-middle-class family and attends an excellent private school. On the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), both children get identical scores. Based on the text discussion, what should the psychologist giving the test conclude? -Child 2 has higher intellectual potential. -Both children have equal intellectual potential, as they have identical IQs. -Both children probably are receiving similar grades in school.
Child 1 has higher intellectual potential.
Discuss autism spectrum disorders, describing their classic symptoms and other issues related to their diagnoses.
Classic symptoms of these disorders: Severe social deficits; lack of interest in people, repetitive and restricted behaviors such as rocking, hypersensitivity to sensory input, and a fixation on inanimate objects. Diagnoses are typically made in early childhood, and symptoms tend to persist throughout life. These conditions are still fairly rare, but have increased in prevalence (affecting about 1 in 88 children in the United States) and have multiple unknown biological and environmental causes. There are no very effective treatments for these diseases, although behavior therapy and medications may help ameliorate some of the intense symptoms.
Ms. Ramrod believes that the intelligence quotient (IQ) test is a good measure of her fourth graders genetically determined intellectual capacities. The school principal should advise caution, especially for: -Delphinia, whose family owns the local bank. -Eduardo, whose great-grandparents moved to the United States from Spain. -Farrah, who lives with her mother, a professor at the local community college.
Carlos, whose mother is living below the poverty line.
Which is NOT a behavior that indicates a child has internalizing tendencies? -Jordan has trouble making friends because he is so self-conscious and shy. -Judy is depressed and chronically dissatisfied with life. -Jebran is too anxious to complete most tasks.
Delfia prefers to hide her emotions rather than speak out.
Which example BEST illustrates a past-talk conversation? -Antonio discusses a phobia he has about whales. -Lara explains how many kinds of dolphins there are. -Nestor plans what to do next summer at the beach.
Delia talks about the terrific time she had last summer at the beach.
Edite was abused as a child. According to the text, which will NOT be a direct effect on Edite from that abuse? -As a mom, Edite may abuse her child. -Edite may decide never to hit her child in any way. -As a mom, Edite will be passionate to be the best possible parent.
Edite will decide to have many daughters and sons.
"Being popular" is the same thing as "having a friend."
False
Child maltreatment is caused only by parents' personality problems.
False
Currently, scientists believe that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is caused by environmental stress.
False
Developmentalists all agree that corporal punishment is NEVER acceptable.
False
Fantasy play has nothing in common with real life.
False
Describe the developmental changes in aggression that occur over childhood.
From its life peak at around age 2, as children get older, rates of aggression decline and wounds to "the self" become salient provocations for aggressive acts. Also, as children move into elementary school, overt aggression (hitting, yelling, and screaming) is replaced by more indirect modes. In particular, during late elementary school and middle school, relational aggression—such as spreading rumors, teasing, and acting to destroy relationships—becomes especially common.
Which of the following is an accurate finding in the study of 227 urban elementary school children with regard to relational aggression? -Boys with low levels of relational aggression were less popular than girls with low levels relational aggression. -Boys' level of relational aggression did not affect their popularity rating. -Girls with low levels of relational aggression had the highest ratings of popularity.
Girls with high levels of relational aggression had the highest ratings of popularity.
Jeremiah loves reading about psychology, so he took this class. Based on the research relating to giving external rewards for intrinsically motivating activities, how might Jeremiah's interest in psychology change now that he is getting a grade? -He will be more interested than before. -His motivation for psychology will be the same. -It depends on whether he has a good instructor.
He will become less interested.
Suzie is a shy 5-year-old. What should her parents do to reduce her social anxiety? -Nothing since she will outgrow her shyness as she moves through elementary school. -Expose her to large groups of children her own age. -Homeschool her until she overcomes her anxiety.
Help her to make a friend in kindergarten or first grade.
When Jared's 10-year-old daughter is given the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and gets a score of 130, Jared can't wait to tell his child her score. Give Jared the best reason NOT to take this step. -The score says little about Jared's daughter's school aptitude. -Jared's daughter's score is likely to change over the next several years. -Knowing her score won't give Jared's daughter any information about how she is likely to do in English and math this year.
If Jared tells his daughter her score, she may not feel she needs to study because she thinks, "I'll do well no matter how hard I work."
Generalizing from the discussion of Piaget, what is the best way to teach children math? -Give students extra drills and worksheets. -Give students prizes for performing well in math. -Push kids to learn math in kindergarten.
Illustrate mathematical principles through hands-on activities.
Which of the following statements best applies to the influence of culture on prosocial behavior? -In rural and non-industrialized cultures, people are more prosocial. -In rural and non-industrialized cultures, people are less prosocial. -There are no significant cultural differences in any aspect of prosocial behavior.
In rural and non-industrialized cultures, some prosocial behaviors, such as sacrificing for one's parents, are more of a norm.
Which eighth-grade girl ranks high on BOTH Sternberg's practical and creative intelligences? -Kelly, who just made over 1,000 dollars for the class by selling girl scout cookies -Laura, who gets the highest scores in the class on math and is good at sports -Latisha, who is incredibly artistic and also makes good grades
Lenore, who started a very successful paper route and writes beautiful poetry
Which eighth-grade girl ranks high on BOTH Sternberg's analytic and creative intelligences? -Kelly, who just made over 1,000 dollars for the class by selling cookies -Karina, who started a fabulously successful paper route and writes beautiful poetry -Lewa, who always gets the highest scores in the class on math and excels at sports
Makyla, who is incredibly artistic and also makes very good grades
Which of the following is NOT an example of the idea that young children use fantasy play to feel a sense of control? -Jessie pretends she is a superhero when she gets bossed around by her siblings. -Keith scolds his action figures for being messy after his mom punishes Keith for breaking a dish. -Leila retreats to the top of her castle and imagines that she is a queen, when she is feeling hurt.
Mayumi helps her father clean up after dinner and likes to tell him where to put the dishes away.
All of these teachers should be praising their children for working hard EXCEPT: -Mr. Quareshi, a worker in the toddler group. -Ms. Rendon, a preschool teacher. -Mr. Delores, a kindergarten teacher.
Ms. Jones, a worker in the infant group.
Nguyen is 2 years old; his brother Tien is 5 years old. On a family vacation, they spend time playing with their same-age cousins. How might Nguyen's play differ from Tien's play? What is the name for Tien's play?
Nguyen might just run around or fight over toys; at a minimum, he will play in a parallel universe from that of his cousins. Tien might make up pretend scenarios and truly relate to his cousins as he plays. Tien's play style is called collaborative pretend play.
Which fourth grader is LEAST likely to be rejected? -Pedro, who attends an upper-middle-class school even though his family is on food stamps -Paul, who likes to play with dolls -Payam, who is socially anxious
Patryk, who is relationally aggressive
Eliza gets angry with her 5-year-old son when he doesn't follow her rules for proper behavior. When, at a pizza restaurant, he leaves the table without permission to watch the chef toss the dough, she punishes him for being disobedient. Based on the text discussion about the developing brain, what might be the reason for this child's rule breaking? Again, based on the text, what should Eliza be doing as a parent?
Reasons for rule breaking by Eliza's son: The frontal lobes are still undergoing lavish synaptogenesis, and have not entered the pruning phase, making executive function abilities, such as inhibiting one's behavior, very difficult. Optimal child-rearing approach: Don't punish the child for skills that may be impossible, brain-wise, to master at this age. Strive for a better person-environment fit, such as avoiding restaurants, especially those with enticing and competing stimuli; or, better yet, Eliza might take her son for pizza to places that specialize in children, where it is fine for kids to run around.
Which is NOT a text suggestion for helping promote student success? -Teach to students' different intelligences. -Assign students creative, challenging work. -Believe that all students can succeed.
Rely heavily on intelligence quotient (IQ) scores.
Which child has probably entered the stage of concrete operations? -Saada, who can draw a face well -Sato, who can count to 100 -Sally, who knows the names of the kids in her class
Sobechi, who can follow the rules of a game
Discuss characteristics of successful schools.
Successful schools are incredibly nurturing to both students and teachers. Staff members collaborate with each other and believe that all students can succeed. These teachers give students high-quality creative work, rather than relying just on standard worksheets. The administration encourages teachers to be creative in how they teach. Successful schools also minimize ability groupings and try to embed every student into the academic life of the school.
Tiffany is a new third-grade teacher who needs advice on how to be the best possible teacher. Based on the text, what advice can you give her?
Tell Tiffany to try to teach to children's different intelligences and not to rely heavily on standardized test scores to define and label students. Tiffany should try to minimize competition for grades and give creative work to everyone, rather than simply using rote worksheets. To foster intrinsic motivation, she should teach to students' passions, give them choices (within reason) about how to do assignments and what to study or learn, and foster a secure attachment with every child. The children in her class should want to learn for the sake of learning and want to learn to make their teacher proud.
Which ex-spouses are engaged in parental alienation? -The Saville's constantly badmouth each other with friends. -The Pearlman's are alienated from one another emotionally. -The Garcia's are both alienated from their children.
The Jones's constantly badmouth each other in front of their children.
Rahul, a student teacher, is watching first-grade children at the playground. Which behavior is he LEAST likely to find? -The boys are playing roughly. -The boys are competing in groups. -The girls are negotiating and playing one-to-one.
The boys and the girls are all playing together.
A college student is a counselor at a coed summer day camp for children ages 6 to 10. What gender differences might this counselor expect to see in the children's play?
The boys may be more overtly competitive, bossy, and play in larger groups. They also may run around more (and really enjoy fighting with each other!) and play with classically male toys (such as toy cars or trucks). The girls may prefer quieter activities, relate more one-to-one, and tend to negotiate and interact in a more collaborative way. The girls may play with more classically female toys such as dolls. While some girls will enjoy "male" toys, if they try to cross the gender divide and join the all-boy groups, they may get a harsh reception. Moreover, if a boy enjoys "girl" toys and prefers to play mainly with girls, he may be socially scorned.
According to the text, which statement best reflects the "child's contribution to the risk of being abused"? -The child has no influence on the risk of being abused. -Children usually invite abuse. -The child's temperament is the main force predicting abuse.
The child's temperament can influence the risk of being abused.
Which parenting inconsistency is the WORST for children's well-being? -Mom is strict and dad is permissive (or vice versa). -Parents are strict in certain areas and permissive in others. -Each inconsistency is equally "bad" for children.
The parents' household rules unpredictably change.
Three fourth-grade children are in their school playground: a shy, anxious girl; a self-confident, happy child; and a child who has externalizing tendencies. All three children are shocked to see a classmate run past them with an angry bird pecking her on the head. The girl is frightened and injured by the bird. What reactions might you expect from each of the three children who witnessed the attack?
The shy, anxious child may run away or be paralyzed by fear, as excessive empathy and feelings of incompetence will prevent her from making a prosocial response. The self-confident, happy child may take action to comfort the classmate, and actively take steps to help, as she can feel sympathy, plus feel confident about her ability to act effectively. The child with externalizing tendencies may ignore or possibly laugh at the classmate, as she is unable to feel the empathy (and then muster the sympathetic reaction) crucial in deciding to act in a prosocial way.
Generally, gender-segregated play begins during preschool.
True
Howard Gardner believes that humans have eight or possibly nine distinct forms of intelligence.
True
Explain why theory of mind is vital. Chart the age when this ability really kicks in, and describe some forces that go along with developing an earlier appearance of theory of mind.
Theory of mind—knowing that other people are coming from a different mental place—is the basis of all human relationships and give-and-take interactions. This ability has allowed humans to evolve as a species. Typically, children attain this ability around age 4, although forces such as being bilingual and having older siblings predict the earlier emergence of this vital skill. Also, there is intriguing evidence that in collectivistic cultures that frown on "arguing," children may not realize that people have conflicting ideas until the children are at an older age than do children in individualistic cultures.
Which is NOT a valid criticism of Baumrind's parenting-styles framework? -Parenting styles can vary from child to child. -Parenting styles can differ by culture. -Authoritarian parenting styles are need more in dangerous environments.
There is no correlation between parenting styles and a child's success.
Which is NOT a true statement about autism spectrum disorders? -Their prevalence is increasing. -These conditions involve severe deficits in theory of mind. -They wreak havoc on a person's life.
These disorders often go away during adulthood.
Which is NOT true of a child who gets an intelligence quotient (IQ) score of 130? -This person scored at the 98th percentile for that age group. -The score falls in the top 2 percent of kids that age. -This score is considered "gifted."
This child is apt to be succeeding socially in class.
In a significant number of countries, spanking is illegal.
True
In general, boys are better at gross motor tasks, while girls excel at fine motor skills.
True
Incredibly sensitive parenting is vital when children are biologically at risk.
True
A child who has externalizing tendencies tends to be highly disruptive and argumentative.
True
A core quality that allowed human beings to advance as a species is language.
True
According to Judith Harris, peers are the main force determining how children turn out as adults.
True
According to Piaget's theory, children must be in concrete operations in order to really understand the rules of games such as soccer.
True
According to Spearman's "g," the intelligence quotient (IQ) test taps into a general intelligence that is apparent in all situations.
True
According to Sternberg, there are three basic types of intelligence, only one of which is measured by the standard intelligence quotient (IQ) test.
True
According to Vygotsky, children learn to monitor their behavior through inner speech.
True
Children decenter when they know that "the height makes up for the width."
True
Children with serious internalizing tendencies often are very anxious and depressed.
True
Exuberant toddler explorers (even those who have trouble during childhood) sometimes become prosocial heroes as adults.
True
Which behavior is NOT a sign that Wanda has developed a theory of mind? -Rather than assuming her uncle automatically knows, Wanda tells him where she and her mother bought her new shoes. -Wanda asks her uncle what he thinks of her new shoes. -Wanda lies about how much her mother paid for her new shoes.
Wanda shows her uncle her beautiful new shoes.
The Belsky Intelligence Test for Students (BITS) is reliable. What does this mean? -It accurately measures students' intellectual capacity. -It can be given to all students, regardless of ethnicity, gender, or place of residence. -It has been given for many years.
When it is given more than once, students get nearly the same score each time.
Prosocial behavior: -needs to be systematically taught at church and school. -appears when a child gets rewards for acting nicely. -usually appears with family members, but not with strangers.
appears spontaneously at very young ages.
Describe several "executive function" differences between younger and older children, and spell out what adults can do about this.
Young children cannot effectively use rehearsal to memorize material. They are not as able to selectively attend and to inhibit their immediate responses. Teachers and other adults should actively scaffold these skills, by teaching organizational and learning strategies. Adults also need to take a child-friendly approach—not expecting too much of young children in terms of listening or sitting skill—understanding that remembering "to do" several different tasks is problematic at any age, and realizing that executive functions naturally improve as the frontal lobes mature.
If 10-year-old Carlos is incredibly aggressive and unable to sit still, he MOST likely would have social problems: -only in the United States. -in individualistic cultures. -in collectivist cultures.
anywhere in the world.
Learning tasks that are inherently extrinsic (such as courses one "has" to take to graduate) can be made more intrinsic if instructors relate the material to students' _____.
basic interests (or "goals")
Fearless explorer toddlers:
can turn out to be a tremendous success as adults with the right person-environment fit.
Professor David is studying childhood cognitive abilities by watching children in her laboratory change the shape of a mound of clay. She then asks the children if the quantity of clay has changed. Professor David is investigating children's cognitive abilities using a _____ task.
conservation
To act prosocially, people need to do all of the following EXCEPT: -consider different alternatives and select an altruistic act. -use their emotion-regulating skills to mute empathy and turn it into sympathy. -feel confident that they can help.
decide who actually deserves their kindness.
Lina and Allita are swimming towards a raft when Lina roughly pushes Allita's head underwater, in order to get there first. As soon as Allita can speak, after coming up for air, she says, "Go find yourself another best friend!" (1) Lina is showing _____ aggression.
direct and proactive
According to Susan Harter, self-esteem first becomes an important issue for children:
during elementary school.
According to _____ theory, when children understand their gender label, they start to selectively observe and model their own sex.
gender schema
All are disasters for intrinsic motivation EXCEPT: -micromanaging students' work. -setting rigid time limits and giving classes no choice over assignments. -providing busy work, irrelevant to students' lives.
giving students challenging assignments.
Jumping is an example of a(n) _____ motor skill, whereas working a jigsaw puzzle requires fine motor skills.
gross
Three-year-old Mark spontaneously gives his favorite sticker to a preschool classmate who doesn't have any stickers of his own. According to the text, you might expect Mark to feel:
happy.
All these qualities predict that Danny will act prosocially EXCEPT that he: -is basically a happy kid. -feels confident of having the skills to help others. -has good executive functions.
has parents who take him to church every week.
If an 8-year-old child is beginning to make negative comments such as, "I'm not that smart or pretty," all of the following may be true EXCEPT that the child: -has reached concrete operations. -is beginning to realistically scan her abilities. -is acting normally.
has reached Erikson's stage of basic trust versus mistrust.
Researchers typically find the highest child maltreatment rates: -when asking teachers and school principals. -when surveying police reports of abuse. -in China and other collectivist societies.
if they ask adults to report on their own childhoods.
Gender-segregated play begins:
in preschool, but accelerates in elementary school.
Inez gets a terrific grade in math after studying for days. Based on the research, the MOST effective response is to tell Inez that she: -is a genius at math. -might not get that grade next semester. -should do better in English next time.
is wonderful for working very hard.
All of the following are true of obesity EXCEPT that: -it may be fostered by low or high birth weights. -it may be predicted by rapid weight gain during infancy. -its prevalence is higher among poor children than among wealthy children.
its prevalence is rapidly increasing, and at an accelerated rate.
The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) measures academic potential, while achievement tests measure: -overall academic potential. -knowledge of math alone. -reading and verbal skills.
knowledge of various school subjects.
Erikson labeled the developmental task of middle childhood "industry versus inferiority" because at this age children first: -get to know about different industries. -fully relate to peers. -go out in the world.
need to work to be successful.
Research suggests teachers are reluctant to report their suspicions to authorities when they think a student is being abused. All are reasons why EXCEPT: -worrying that if they make a mistake, they might ruin a family's life. -fearing retaliation from the parents. -believing that people in power won't take their reports seriously.
not knowing that it's their professional obligation to speak up.
To help a child with symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), parents need to: -get the child into therapy. -provide very high expectations. -use power assertion.
offer the best child-environment fit.
The "b" and "c" sounds of language are called _____.
phonemes
Research relating to prenatal testosterone and later gender-role behavior implies that the cause of homosexuality is: -genetic. -environmental. -totally unknown.
produced by hormone levels during prenatal development.
Claus and Jorge are candidates for president of their fifth-grade class. Jorge starts a rumor that, if elected, Claus plans to ask the teacher to shorten recess so that the class has more time for math. Juan's behavior is an example of _____ aggression.
relational
Eleven-year-old Sarah loves to tattle on her older sister. Last week, Sarah told her sister's boyfriend that her sister had kissed another boy. Sarah is demonstrating _____ aggression.
relational
During kindergarten, which physical ability suggests a child might be academically advanced at school?
reproducing designs the child has seen on a previous page
Talia grew up in an impoverished home and was abused as a child. Yet now, she has a loving, successful marriage, and a middle-class life. The developmental science label for Talia is _____.
resilient
Which strategy is LEAST effective at socializing prosocial behavior? -praising a child for being a caring person when she acts prosocially -getting a child to imagine how the other person will feel when he behaves hurtfully -giving a child a chance to make amends when he behaves hurtfully
taking a child to a religious retreat over the weekend
The three categories of problems that raise the risk of child maltreatment are parent personality problems, life stress and children's _____ difficulties.
temperament (or "temperamental")
Developmentalists use the false-belief task to measure _____, the understanding that other people have different points of view.
theory of mind
In the information-processing framework on memory, the executive processor:
transforms items in working memory bins into material to be remembered later.
Mary's son, Adam, is two years old. If Mary falls down and hurts herself, Adam MOST likely will then _____ her.
try to comfort
Collaborative pretend play involves _____, and develops around the age of _____.
two children fantasizing together; 4
Which preschoolers are MOST likely to be best friends? -a quiet child and one who loves to run around -two children who like to share feelings -a leader and a follower
two classmates who love to play with dolls
A teacher would refer all of these children for intelligence testing EXCEPT for a child who: -seems far ahead of his classmates and is bored with regular work. -seems far behind his classmates and is unable to master the work. -who is having serious trouble reading.
who receives moderate to good grades in all school subjects.
A fifth grader has an intelligence quotient (IQ) of 130. If the test is reliable and valid, at age 50, that person's IQ: -will be lower than 130. -will be higher than 130. -cannot be predicted, as IQ scores normally shift a good deal from childhood to adult life.
will still probably be about 130.
Which "aggression" statement is MOST accurate?
"Aggression is vitally important in life; it only becomes a serious problem when people make that behavior their main life mode."
According to recent data, which is the BEST advice for Mr. Academic, who decides to teach by using Sternberg's theory of multiple intelligences? -"Be cautious; traditional teaching seems just as effective." -"Go for it; Sternberg's approach is more effective than teaching the traditional way." -"I have no opinion; no studies have thoroughly tested the effectiveness of the theory."
"Avoid it; traditional teaching is more effective."
Dr. Smart is giving a talk on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). She would most likely make all of these statements EXCEPT: -"There are many (often unclear) causes for this condition." -"Lower than normal output of the neurotransmitter dopamine may be the cause of this condition." -"This condition involves deficits with executive functions."
"This condition only occurs during elementary school."
Using the false-belief task, researchers find that children under age _____ are not likely to have developed a "theory of mind."
4
Riley's intelligence quotient (IQ) score on the WISC is 100. What does this mean? -Riley answered 100 questions correctly. -This child's score ranked 100th among children that age who took the test. -Riley answered 100 percent of the questions correctly.
50 percent of children the same age as Riley scored lower than he did.
The second phase of childhood, called middle childhood, lasts between the ages of:
6 and 11.
Which child would Robert Sternberg classify as successfully intelligent? -Adam, who is talented at the violin, a terrific athlete, and a real nice kid -Ai, who is very practical, great at sports, and gets along well with the teachers -Aether, who is great at understanding himself and other people
Alisha, who gets "A"s in her classes, is incredibly talented at writing poetry, and has terrific street smarts
Which U.S. child is most likely to live in poverty? -Alicia, whose parents are gay -Audrea, who has a stepdad -Asli, whose parents had her relatively late in their lives
Andrew, who is being raised by a single mom
Which mother is NOT at higher risk of abusing her child? -Adrienne, who is incredibly stressed out by her baby's crying -Betty, who insists that her daughter be out of diapers by her first birthday -Cam, who is living in poverty and feels isolated from other people
Ashanti, who is raising her family on a farm
The _____ refer to a transformation in U.S. public school education that provide uniform learning standards and focus on creativity and problem solving rather than on rote memorization.
Common Core State Standards
Which child is showing animism? -Marta, who eats her lunch before she gets to school. -Chao, who thinks he has more juice than his sister, because his bottle is poured into a taller glass. -Hermia, who thinks her daddy is turned into a superhero when he puts on a costume.
Debare, who thinks that his toy bear is alive.
Gender-segregated play is at its peak during _____.
Elementary school (or the "elementary school years"; "grade school")
Which child is MOST likely to be resilient? -Francois, who frequently gets into fights, has alienated the class -Gemma, who has lived through a series of tragedies within a short time -Hasad, who has trouble managing his emotions, frequently changes schools
Eloise, whose parents abandoned her, but who has close, caring relationships with relatives
Leon is 8 years old; his brother Murph is 4 years old. Their Aunt Erica is taking a developmental psychology class, and will get credit if she administers Piaget's conservation of liquid task to her nephews. Describe Erica's procedure, and compare Leon and Murph's likely responses.
Erica will: (1) Get two identical glasses, fill them to the same level with a liquid, and ask each child, "Is there the same amount in each?"; (2) When the answer is "yes," she will pour one glass into a taller, narrower glass and ask, "Is there the same amount of liquid now?" Likely response of Murph: " No, now there is more in the other glass because it's taller." Likely response of Leon: "Are you crazy, of course it's the same! Yes, the second glass is taller, but your original glass was wider" (showing decentering). You could just pour it back and it would look identical" (illustrating reversibility).
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has clear-cut causes and a single "best" treatment.
False
Boys are more likely than girls to engage in relational aggression.
False
Efforts to reduce school bullying focus on helping bullied children stand up for themselves.
False
Experts in the field have made dramatic advances in treating autism spectrum disorders.
False
In most areas of study, children suddenly move from preoperational thinking to concrete operations.
False
A student is writing a paper on trends in corporal punishment. She should make all of these points EXCEPT: -Corporal punishment used to be "normal"; today, developed nations have turned against this practice. -Child corporal punishment is now condemned by the UN and the American Academy of Pediatrics. -Corporal punishment is against the law in day-care centers and schools in many U.S. states.
Few U.S. parents ever spank their children today.
Which is NOT a take-home message from the text's parenting-styles discussion? -Parents vary their styles from child to child. -Parenting styles vary, depending on the environment. -Understand the parents' situation and thinking before judging their child-rearing.
Never make judgments about parents' child-rearing styles.
Which situation involving an 8-year-old child would MOST likely take place in a toy store? -Diane is too embarrassed to go down the toy truck aisle to shop for her brother's birthday gift. -Andy and Janine like to shop together to make sure they get toys they both like. -Jared loves buying action figures along with dolls.
Paul would never carry a doll through the store, even though the toy is a present for his sister.
Which sixth grader is NOT at risk for being rejected?
Paulina, who did not make the soccer team
All are "take-home messages" from the resilience research EXCEPT: -People are genetically prone to be either more (or less) resilient. -Resilience depends on both internal qualities and the environment. -Resilience depends on having at least one loving attachment figure.
People can be resilient in the face of totally overwhelming life stress.
An evolutionary psychologist gives a talk in his psychology class on why humans are special compared to other species. Spell out his main messages.
People can capitalize on one another's thinking to advance as a species. Humans have a remarkable ability to "decode" other people's inner motivations. Humans are the only species that has infinitely elastic language capacities. People have huge, slow-growing frontal lobes.
According to Baumrind's framework, which parent has an authoritarian parenting style? -Malik allows his daughter free reign of the house. -Olivero rarely knows where his daughter is. -Sofia's rules vary, depending on the situation.
Ping has rigid household rules, and allows no exceptions.
_____ refers to the ability to filter out unnecessary stimuli and focus on what is important.
Selective attention
_____ refers to understanding word meanings.
Semantics
A third-grade girl is a rejected child. What might be causing her problems and how might her parents intervene?
This girl may be socially anxious, have externalizing problems, or may simply be very different from her group. If the child is socially anxious, connect her with a friend. If the child has externalizing problems, provide a nurturing environment and resist the tendency to spank, scream, or define the child as "bad." If the issue is simply being unlike the group, one possibility is to move this child to another school or a different class where she might be more in "sync" with her peers.
Animism refers to the idea that nonliving things, such as stuffed animals, have consciousness.
True
Resilient children thrive in the face of growing up in dysfunctional or difficult environments.
True
Which example BEST illustrates gender schema theory? -Marcie's dad calls her his little princess. -When Marcie says, "Let's play with trucks," her friends make fun of her. -Marcie gets interested in fashion at around age 10.
When Marcie learns she is a girl, she imitates and pays close attention to how her mom and other women dress.
According to Susan Harter, which child is MOST vulnerable to low self-esteem? -a 4-year-old, who gets teased by her older siblings for being "dumb" -a 4-year-old, whose passion is sports, but is too young to hit the ball -an 8-year-old, whose passion is sports, but is teased by her peers for being "dumb"
an 8-year-old, whose passion is sports, but isn't good enough to make the team
An information-processing researcher would state that learning:
and memory go through stages.
According to Piaget, a young child's belief that a stuffed teddy bear needs a drink of water is an example of _____.
animism
If 10-year-old Dallas has serious trouble controlling his anxiety, he MOST likely would have problems succeeding: -only in individualistic cultures such as the United States. -in elementary school. -only if he was aggressive.
anywhere in the world.
According to parenting-style theories, _____ parents set high standards for their children and provide plenty of warmth.
authoritative
Cedro and Margaret have clear rules and expectations. When a child breaks a rule, they listen to their son or daughter's side of the story before deciding on a consequence. According to Baumrind's parenting-style framework, Cedro and Margaret have a(n) _____ parenting style.
authoritative
Fiona is from a family of eight and lives in a low-income urban housing project. Her mother rules the household "with an iron fist." Fiona's mother is vigilant, highly rule-oriented, and tolerates no talking back from the children. According to the text, this mother may: -need to be confronted for being overly strict. -need to be reported to social services. -need to be taught to be kinder to her children.
be acting appropriately.
Although Sammy was rejected in fourth grade, he later became an incredible success. Generalizing from the text, in elementary school, Sammy was MOST likely rejected for: -being highly aggressive. -being incredibly shy. -having externalizing problems.
being different from his classmates.
All are signs that a child has entered the stage of concrete operations EXCEPT: -an interest in games, such as checkers, rather than playing "pretend." -an ability to "get" school by understanding basic addition and subtraction. -the capacity to be home alone for short periods of time, without the parents being worried.
being more scared of imaginary monsters than before.
According to Vygotsky, when a child talks to herself, it is normal and she is learning to:
control and monitor her behavior.
The term for physical discipline is _____.
corporal punishment
Infants who _____ are at high risk for child abuse.
cry excessively and have medical problems
When children can _____, they understand that "the height makes up for the width," and they have reached the concrete operational stage.
decenter
To improve self-esteem, caregivers must enhance _____, or children's feelings that they can be competent.
efficacy feelings (or "self-efficacy")
To promote realistic self-esteem, it is important to enhance children's self-efficacy and: -encourage good communications. -encourage age-appropriate skills. -shower children with compliments.
encourage accurate self-perceptions.
Drawing circles, or writing the letters of the alphabet, are _____ skills.
fine motor
Neural pruning begins around age 9 in the _____ lobes of the brain.
frontal
Three-year-old Meilin is unusually good at climbing, jumping, and catching a ball. Her parents should:
give her chances to exercise her skills, but not push her too hard.
Humans alone have certain abilities, but humans and other species share the ability to: -use language. -understand the motivations of others. -build on past insights and achievements.
grasp objects and walk.
Kim has a 3-year-old daughter. He can expect all of the following EXCEPT for his child to: -think she is the greatest person in the world. -try out her skills. -not evaluate her abilities realistically.
have low self-esteem.
Dorek is failing in school, and scores well below grade-level on achievement tests. When he takes the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), his intelligence quotient (IQ) score is 110. Dorek is classified as: -an underachiever. -dyslexic. -intellectually disabled.
having a specific learning disability.
In Vygotsky's theory, people learn to regulate and monitor their behavior through _____.
inner speech
One problem with Jean Piaget's ideas, addressed by Lev Vygotsky, is that Piaget's theory does not consider that _____ plays a major role in cognitive development.
instruction
Although Tim just turned 6, he tends to hide behind his mother every time he is in a social situation. His intense anxiety is sparked whenever others are around. Tim MOST likely suffers from _____ tendencies.
internalizing
Garth is extremely timid, and feels he is failing when he is doing just fine. Garth MOST likely has _____ tendencies and unrealistically low self-esteem.
internalizing
At age 7, Anthony is in the stage of _____ childhood.
middle
Paul, a 10-year-old, is the envy of his classmates because he does not have a set bedtime and is free to stay up as late as he wants on most nights, as long as he gets enough sleep. Paul is a well-adjusted child, who feels that his parents love him very much. Paul's parents are MOST likely to be considered _____ parents.
permissive
Which strategy would help make this course more intrinsically motivating? -providing a public list of everyone's grades -having students use flash cards to review key terms -testing with much easier test questions
providing choices about which sections of this book students want to study in depth
When Amelia says, "I feel so sorry for you," she is expressing _____.
sympathy
Jalili, age 4, is in preschool. According to Erikson, her MAIN challenge is to: -inhibit her behavior. -work for what she wants. -form letters.
test her skills in the wider world.
According to the research, which family is MOST likely to adopt a permissive parenting style? -the Smith's, whose child has a chronic disease -the Sullivan's, whose daughter has serous emotional problems -Mellissa, who is a single parent
the Raga's, who live in India
Children who are _____ tend most often to be bullied.
unassertive (or "anxious"; "shy"; "unable to fight back")
Taylor is 3-years old and has a cat named Rudy. At dinner, Taylor's mother says "Look! There is a cat." Taylor replies, "That not cat, cause that not Rudy!" Taylor's semantic mistake is called:
underextension.
Child abuse rates: -are accurate. -are inflated. -have risen dramatically around the world.
vary dramatically, depending on who is being surveyed.
The text points out that cyber-bullying is _____ than bullying of the face-to-face kind.
worse (or "more poisonous"; "more emotionally damaging")
According to Vygotsky, learning occurs within a person's _____.
zone of proximal development; ZPD
Sally is using induction in disciplining her child. After witnessing her daughter teasing a playmate, she will say: -"I am going to put you in your room." -"You are a bad girl." -"Now you are really going to be punished."
"Think of how terrible that child feels when you tease him."
Give each child a probable diagnosis: (1) Judy is extremely anxious and depressed; (2) Jane acts disruptively and regularly gets into fights.
(1) internalizing tendencies; (2) externalizing tendencies
Cindy and her father are talking about their trip to the zoo. Her father asks, "What animals did we see?" "Which one had babies?" To ask the type of questions the father is asking, Cindy MOST likely is about _____ old.
3 years
"Real world" school should probably begin at about age _____ because most children develop concrete operations around that time.
7
Hank has always had very high self-esteem. But recently he's begun to make negative comments about himself. Hank is MOST likely _____ years old.
9
Lately, Barbara has become intensely focused on being popular. Barbara MOST likely is _____ years old.
9
At roughly which age do the frontal lobes begin their pruning phase?
9 years
In the United States, children are labeled "obese" when their body mass index (BMI) is at or above the:
95th percentile for their age group in a 1960s national poll.
Bolek believes that he is a failure at everything he does. He is timid, anxious, and has given up trying, even when he could succeed. Bolek MOST likely is suffering from all of the following problems EXCEPT: -learned helplessness. -low self-efficacy. -internalizing issues.
Asperger's syndrome.
Which is NOT a bottom-line message of the text's parenting-styles discussion? -Parenting styles can vary from child to child. -Parenting styles differ, depending on the environment. -In the United States today, it's best to offer children lots of love.
Authoritarian parents are happy with their child-rearing.
Which is NOT a legitimate argument against spanking? -Corporal punishment models violence. -Spanking may turn into child abuse when it gets out of control. -Spanking is used most often with children who are difficult to control—the very boys and girls for whom this practice is most poisonous.
Corporal punishment can't ever stop dangerous behavior.
The Belsky Intelligence Test for Students (BITS) is valid. What does this mean? -It can be given to students, regardless of ethnicity, gender, or place of residence. -It has been given for many years. -When it is given more than once, students get nearly the same score each time.
It accurately measures the real-world abilities it is supposed to test.
Which child is MOST likely to recover from a blow to self-esteem? -Juana, whose father has high standards for success -Kent, whose mother abandoned him when he was three years old -Dominique, who has very few friends
Myron, who has a warm, close relationship with his parents
In her research on the developing self, Susan Harter draws on the ideas of _____.
Piaget
Who is LEAST likely to adopt an authoritarian parenting style? -Andrea, who is raising a child in a dangerous environment -Augustin, who is living in a harsh, dictatorial society -Shoichi, who is raising a child with ADHD
Pippa, who lives in a rural area of the United States
_____ aggression is hurtful behavior that people use to achieve a goal.
Proactive
Which behavior does NOT indicate that a child has externalizing tendencies? -Clint barges in and takes over social situations, so he has few friends. -Tino fights continually with his classmates and adults. -Sherise cannot stop running around the classroom when she needs to focus on work.
Sharon freely discusses her emotions.
Children's first experiences with fantasy play typically involve their mothers.
True
Collaborative pretend play helps children learn important social skills.
True
Theory of mind is the crucial ability that allows human beings to have a give-and-take conversation with other people.
True
There are important differences between intelligence tests and achievement tests.
True
Boris looks at a bouquet of daisies and carnations, and knows that there are more flowers than daisies in the vase. Boris understands _____.
class inclusion
During childhood, girls' play is characterized by: -giving commands and pretending to be a warrior. -rough-and-tumble activities. -establishing dominance.
collaborating in small groups.
When 5-year-olds Mei and Lola imagine that they are friends serving tea to a group of dolls, they are engaging in _____.
collaborative pretend play
Which environmental influence does NOT promote increased obesity rates among children? -more time spent watching TV -less time spent playing outdoors -easy access to low-cost high-calorie food
conflict between parents
Children's mental health problems after divorce:
depend on the quality of the custodial parenting.
Erik Erikson labeled the early childhood task "initiative" because at this age children:
are passionate to test their abilities in the world.
Alicia is being raised in a blended family. This means that Alicia's parents:
divorced and remarried, so Alicia has step-siblings.
Nancy's preschooler has been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and she asks, "Will my son have this condition as he gets older?" Which is the BEST answer? -"No; these symptoms tend to go away with age." -"Yes; symptoms always persist." -"Over time, symptoms tend to get worse."
"It is unclear since symptoms can take many paths."
Which part of the brain develops last?
frontal lobes
According to the text, peer rejection is _____ in promoting reactive aggression and antisocial behavior.
very important
In contrasting the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) with end-of-year achievement tests, what should a psychologist say? -"The two tests measure basically the same skills." -"The WISC measures students' genetic gifts alone. Achievement tests measure knowledge of school subjects and the quality of teaching." -"The WISC has only one part; achievement tests measure different skills."
"All students take achievement tests, but children who take the WISC meet individually with a psychologist when there is a question about their academic work."
When a child fails in some important area, which statement is LEAST helpful? -"I still love you." -"If you work hard, you may be able to improve." -"If you did your best, that's what is most important."
"Don't worry. Some people just aren't naturally talented at that skill."
Which statement does NOT support Judith Harris's peer-power principle? -"Immigrant children tend to adopt U.S. customs rather than their parents' practices." -"Children model the behaviors of their peers more than those of their parents." -"Children act differently with their parents than they do with their friends."
"Genetics governs whether children succeed or fail."
Coach Odoyo catches Matt, age 9, peeking into the girls' locker room after gym. Which is the BEST reaction the coach can make to promote prosocial behavior in the child? -"I'm going to tell your parents that you are a danger to other students." -"Because you violated the girls' privacy, you will have to wear gym shorts and stand in front of the girls while they laugh at you." -"You cannot be trusted in the locker room, so you will spend gym in the principal's office for the rest of the term."
"I am disappointed that you would violate someone's privacy. I know you know better."
Which statement would Robert Sternberg definitely NOT make? -"I believe that standard intelligence tests only measure a limited set of skills." -"I believe that there are three basic kinds of intelligence, and only one of them is measured by standard intelligence tests." -"I believe that standard intelligence tests can be damaging to children."
"I believe that standard intelligence tests don't measure anything meaningful."
Dr. Scherman, a psychologist, is lecturing about the impact of divorce on children. Which statement should he make? -"No matter how conflict-ridden a marriage, it is best to stay together for the sake of the children." -"Parents who divorce are dooming their children to a lifetime of psychological problems." -"Children rarely suffer psychological damage due to their parents' divorce."
"If children are exposed to chronic marital conflict or domestic violence, divorce is the best option."
Professor Adachi is giving a lecture on the qualities that promote resilience. Which statement is she LEAST likely to make? -"It helps to be optimistic and be able to regulate your emotions." -"It helps to have a caring relationship with at least one adult." -"It helps to have superior intellectual skills or a special talent."
"It helps to have brothers and sisters."
With regard to taking this test, which is an example of intrinsic motivation? -"It's a terrific challenge to get the highest grade I can!" -"If I get a good grade on this test, I won't flunk out of school!" -"If I get a good grade on this test, I might get into graduate school!"
"It's a terrific challenge to figure out what I know!"
A child is making fun of a classmate. Which is the MOST effective response for socializing prosocial behavior? -"It's hurtful to tease, so I'm putting you in time out." -"You are a bad child, and you must stop teasing." -"It's hurtful to tease; you need to be punished."
"It's hurtful to tease; think of how that other child must feel."
A first-grade teacher—alarmed because her male students are constantly wrestling and shoving—asks Dr. Wen's advice. Based on the text, what would Dr. Wen advise? -"You have a budding youth gang on your hands; call the school psychologist." -"Offer strict rules to keep their aggression under control." -"Put these boys in regular time outs until their behavior improves."
"It's normal rough-and-tumble play. As long as no one gets hurt or bullied, it's best not to intervene."
If a child gets a terrible math grade, which statement is LEAST effective or helpful? -"Let's break this challenge into small steps, so you can succeed." -"Do the best you can. I'll be proud of you if you try very hard." -"If you start to lose confidence in your ability to do well in school, think of how well you are doing in Language Arts."
"Let's face it. Some people just aren't born to be good with numbers."
According to Susan Harter, how would a 4-year-old describe himself? -"I am sometimes nervous around new people." -"Although I am a good reader, I have trouble with numbers." -"I try to be nice to everyone, but sometimes it is hard."
"My hair is curly."
Dr. Hernandez is giving a lecture on prosocial behavior. Which statement is she LEAST likely to make? -"The impulse to act prosocially is built into being human." -"Parents should praise their children for acting prosocially." -"Parents should model prosocial behavior by acting prosocially in their own lives."
"Parents need to teach prosocial behavior by requiring children to volunteer for the homeless."
A psychologist who disagrees with the "g" concept of intelligence would make all of these statements about what she believes EXCEPT: -"People have unique intellectual talents and skills." -"An intelligence quotient (IQ) score measures aptitude for school, nothing else." -"A single test score cannot capture a person's intelligence."
"People can use the intelligence quotient (IQ) score to predict intellectual talents at life tasks."
Pree's son has just been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and she needs advice. A developmentalist can tell her all of the following EXCEPT: -"This condition always goes away after elementary school." -"There are many unclear causes for this condition." -"This condition always persists into adult life."
"Providing strict rules can help to improve this condition."
Dr. Perfectionist is criticizing some of Piaget's ideas. She can legitimately make all of the following statements EXCEPT: -"Rather than occurring all at once, the transition from preoperations to concrete operations takes place gradually." -"In other societies, children reach specific conservations earlier, showing that you can teach children to conserve." -"Children are far less egocentric than Piaget believed."
"There is no universal change from preoperational to concrete operational thought."
A teacher says that he's horrified that his fourth graders are always making comparisons among one another. A developmentalist should answer: -"Beginning in preschool, that's normal." -"That's a sign of a poorly run class." -"That's a sign that the children are having problems at home."
"When children reach concrete operations, that's normal."
Which response involves induction? -"You made fun of that kid, so I'm putting you in time out." -"You made fun of that kid, so you are a bad boy." -"You made fun of that kid, so I'm going to make fun of you now."
"You made fun of that kid, so think of how terrible he must feel."
Spearman called his general intelligence factor _____.
"g"
Contrast (1) Diana Baumrind's parenting styles framework, (2) the behavioral-genetic point of view, and (3) Judith Harris's peer group theory; then, (4) give your own ideas about how important "parenting" is in children's development.
(1) Baumrind believes that parents' "style of discipline" is vital in how children turn out as adults, with authoritative parents (those who provide high structure and lots of love) producing the most well-adjusted, successful adults. (2) Behavioral geneticists question Baumrind's assumption about parents, believing that children's personalities shape parenting styles. (3) Harris questions the whole parenting idea. She argues that peer groups and the requirements of the wider society are a far more powerful influence on development than what happens at home. (4) Students will then give their own opinions, but I'd bet, from personal experience, that they might agree with Baumrind, as it's hard to convince my classes that genetics and the wider world make a significant impact on development!
(1) Summarize the "g" concept and the ideas of Sternberg and Gardner; (2) offer a short critique of the latter two theories; and, finally, (3) explain which concept of intelligence is MOST appealing to you, and why.
(1) Proponents of "g" believe that the standard intelligence test taps into an all-encompassing (genetic) "intelligence" that applies to every life domain. Sternberg feels that these tests do damage because if you label someone as average or below average, you treat them as if they are "not so good," and their IQ really does decline. He also argues that intelligence tests are too narrow, only measuring analytic intelligence, not creativity or practical intelligence, and each of these intelligences are separate, important, and weigh heavily in being "successful in life." Gardner, in contrast, believes there are eight or nine separate "intelligences." (2) The problem is that these alternate ideas about intelligence are arbitrary, and they don't offer better information than standard tests about that all-important childhood criterion for being intelligent: school. (3) This is up to the students. Their answers will vary, but look for a cogent argument!
In Sternberg's framework, which label applies to each intelligence? (1) excels in school and on standard intelligence tests; (2) is incredibly innovative; (3) has terrific common sense
(1) analytic; (2) creative; (3) practical
Which terms BEST fit each reaction? (1) "You should be ashamed of yourself for being so mean"; (2) "I'm surprised at you since you are usually such a nice kid."
(1) shame inducing; (2) guilt inducing
In one study, male and female infants with high levels of testosterone in the first couple of months of life tended to engage in more typical "male" play behavior at _____ year(s) of age.
2
If a child can pass a false-belief task, this boy or girl is MOST likely to be at least _____ old.
4 years
Who is using the BEST strategy to stimulate a 4-year-old's autobiographical memory? -A dad takes his son to a farm; when they get home, the father gives the son paper and crayons to draw a picture of what they saw there. -A dad picks up his daughter at the farm and says, "How was your trip?" -After picking her son up at a farm, a mom checks her email and texts a few friends on the way home.
A mom and her daughter go to a farm. On the way home, mom asks, "Do you remember the baby goat we saw in the field . . . what did its fur feel like?"
Clara is in her local school's gifted program. Which is NOT a reasonable assumption about Clara? -This child has an intelligence quotient (IQ) of 130 or above. -Clara took the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WAIS) or a similar test. -This child is intellectually ahead of her classmates in the regular classes.
Clara has superb social skills.
Which parent is LEAST likely to spank her child? -Cora, who goes to Church every Wednesday and believes the Bible is literally true. -Calista, who lives in northern California near a mountain. -Caroline, who has several sons.
Clarissa, who felt that during her childhood, spanking got excessive and out of hand.
Which "high risk" school has the greatest chance of "beating the odds" and providing students with the best education? -Hawkins Elementary, where a discipline manual is distributed to each student and must be signed by parents -Sunshine Intermediate, where students are carefully grouped by ability level -Covenant Academy, where teachers provide a good deal of drill and worksheets
Denali School, where teachers hold high expectations for every student and offer creative work
Which is NOT a bottom-line message from the text's parenting-styles section? -Children's development depends on many forces, so parents don't have total control. -Parents should be flexible, adapting their child-rearing to the unique child and life situation. -Children today should be given lots of love.
Difficult children need firm rules and strict parenting.
Intelligence test scores are a good measure of genetic potential for all school-aged children.
False
Intrinsic motivation tends to increase as students move through school.
False
It's relatively easy for preschoolers to inhibit their responses.
False
Resilience is determined solely by the presence of a loving attachment figure.
False
Self-esteem problems first become an issue during early childhood.
False
Sternberg's ideas are proven to promote better learning.
False
The term rough-and-tumble play refers to physical games such as baseball or soccer.
False
The word sounds of language are called morphemes.
False
The worst kind of parenting inconsistency occurs when parents have different discipline styles.
False
Unpopular children almost always have trouble succeeding as adults.
False
Felix is a 10-year-old boy who is always in trouble for hurting other children, and has been labeled as an "antisocial child." Felix has decided that the world is out to get him, and he misreads even kind acts as insults. First, identify the developmental pathway that may have made Felix the person he is today, and then label his paranoid worldview.
Felix may have been an exuberant and/or difficult toddler; his inability to control himself may have provoked harsh discipline from his parents. Early in elementary school, Felix's aggressive, out-of-control behavior may have caused him to be rejected by his peers and teachers, further amplifying his hostility. This may have led to Felix being defined as an antisocial child, and possibly may have caused Felix to think, "The world is out to get me." The name for Felix's paranoid worldview is a hostile attributional bias.
A female friend has been in an unhappy marriage for years and is now contemplating divorce. She is concerned about possible effects of divorce on her two school-aged children. What advice and suggestions would you offer her, based on the text research?
First, she might consider staying married for the sake of the children ONLY if she and her husband are not chronically embroiled in fights. If she does decide to divorce, she should expect to feel guilty about breaking up the family and have trouble explaining the situation to the kids. Specifically, she might consider taking these steps: (1) Explain what has happened in a nondestructive way ("Daddy and I just haven't been getting along... We love you more than anything . . . ," and so forth); (2) consider giving the children some input into custody arrangements, but understand how emotionally difficult it may be to force them to choose to live with mom or dad; (3) strongly consider shared custody (and allowing liberal overnights with the dad) ONLY if her former spouse is a good parent. Most important, take care to NEVER badmouth her ex-husband and/or use the children as pawns to get revenge. Her job is to be the best possible caregiver, as the quality of her mothering is what matters most.
Which is NOT a strategy a professor should adopt to make this course intrinsically interesting? -Connect to students as people, and care about their well-being. -Make the material relevant to students' lives and careers. -Allow students some choice in the material to focus on and study.
Give easy tests.
Which 8-year-old child is MOST likely to be popular? -Hank, who has externalizing tendencies -Inez, who has short hair, wrestles with her brothers, and loves to play with boys -Ted, who likes to sketch flowers
Gloria, who carries a purse, and takes ballet lessons
Make the case against spanking. Then, give your own opinion on the subject.
Hitting a child models violence; it's a shame-inducing technique that impairs conscience development; it's better to provide positive reinforcement for good behavior than any punishment; also, spanking can get out of hand and lead to child abuse. Finally, the very children most likely to be spanked (exuberant, active kids) are those most at risk of having serious acting-out problems when corporal punishment is used. (With regard to students' giving their own opinions, my classes are heavily in favor of "selective" spanking. But it might be interesting to poll your particular classes.)
What does Howard Gardner believe? -Conventional intelligence tests measure life skills. -There are three different types of intelligence. -Being successfully intelligent depends on having a balance of skills.
Human abilities come in eight (or nine) forms.
Which child is NOT at higher risk of being maltreated? -Ilia, whose mom feels isolated and is under incredible stress -Irena, an 8-month-old, whose parents are determined not to spoil her -Isabel, who has a difficult temperament
Iris, who is being raised by her grandmother
Based on the research, in determining how often a teenager should sleep over at his divorced dad's house, which is the MOST relevant question to ask? -Does the father live far away? -Does the father have a new wife? -Is the father upper-middle class?
Is the father a good parent?
In determining a person's parenting style, all of these questions are relevant EXCEPT: -What is this child's temperament? -Is this child growing up in a dangerous society? -Is this child growing up in India?
Is this child growing up in a two-parent family?
Which is NOT a statement that is true about proactive aggression? -This behavior allows people to get what they want, and is important in gaining status. -This behavior is more carefully planned than other forms of aggression. -It occurs at every age.
It is always bad and needs to be stopped.
With regard to cleaning house, which is an example of extrinsic motivation? -Jane cleans her house because she thinks it's terrific exercise. -Juaneta cleans her house because she loves looking at a neat house. -Jordan cleans his house because he wants to find all those items that he lost.
Jorman cleans his house because if he leaves a mess, his "neat freak" wife will complain.
A group of fifth graders is upsetting a first grader by playing "Keep Away" with his backpack. Which parent is using induction to deal with this misbehavior? -Alice says to her son, "That's the last straw! No video games for a week!" -Obi says to his daughter, "Because you damaged that little boy's backpack, you will buy him a new one with the birthday money you got from Aunt Juba." -Darren thinks: Kids will be kids; besides, that little child probably did something to annoy the other kids.
Kalinda says to her daughter, "It is unkind to tease someone and snatch away his backpack. Think how frightened that little boy felt when you kids ganged up on him."
Which fifth grader is MOST vulnerable to low self-esteem? -Jerry, who is not doing well at academics, but doesn't worry because he is a star at baseball -Liam, the "class clown," who doesn't worry when he gets into trouble because he has so many friends -Marlena, who is overweight, but whose mom gives her plenty of love
Kayla, who is a terrific student, but isn't performing well in her top priority—art
List the language challenges children face, and then spell out the language mistakes young children make.
Language challenges: to articulate word sounds correctly (phonemic issues), form grammatical (use correct syntax) and more complex sentences (increase the MLU), and master the actual meanings of words (semantics). In addition to having sound-articulating issues, using incorrect grammar or defining words incorrectly, children may tend to overregularize (putting irregular past tenses into regular forms) and use overextensions and underextensions (applying verbal labels too broadly or narrowly).
Which represents Howard Gardner's main agenda in developing his concept of multiple intelligences? -Standard intelligence tests are not accurate; let's get rid of them. -A person's intelligence can be encapsulated by a single number. -There are three types of intelligences: analytic, creative, and practical.
Let's focus on measuring a child's unique talents and gifts.
Maria is strongly opposed to the current emphasis on diagnosing U.S. children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), while Chilo argues that this category is valid and lifesaving. First, make Maria's case, and then make Chilo's case.
Maria's possible points: Why are rates of ADHD now so incredibly high, especially in males? Since symptoms arise on a continuum, is it right to diagnose ADHD as a specific condition—and isn't the current cutting point for that diagnosis too low, since selective attention and issues with inhibition are normal during the elementary school years (and later)? To bolster these arguments, Maria might cite the research indicating that fostering a better child-environment fit, such as increasing recess time or providing high intensity gaming, is helpful at alleviating "symptoms." Chilo's possible points: ADHD does have a neurological basis, as it may be caused by a deficit in dopamine production, and brain-imaging studies show these children with abnormal neural activation patterns when involved in learning tasks. Also, medications can be effective at reducing symptoms. Is it right to have children suffer the emotional consequences of being rejected by their peers, or having their school performance suffer, when they can be diagnosed with a specific condition and provided with treatments that really help?
Nadia's intelligence quotient (IQ) score is 130 in second grade. Which is NOT a true statement about Nadia's IQ score? -Nadia is eligible for the gifted class. -This child is probably doing exceptionally well in school. -Nadia will probably have about the same IQ score in fifth grade unless she undergoes a major life stress.
Nadia is gifted in every real-world talent.
Compare and contrast the perspectives on cognitive development from Piaget, Vygotsky, and the information-processing approach.
Piaget's passion was to understand the structure of unfolding cognition. He found that preschoolers focus on how objects immediately appear and have other strange ideas about the world. According to Piaget, adults can't talk children out of these qualitatively different perceptions and hurry up a child's inner cognitive timetable. Children come to think in more adult ways when they are developmentally ready, through simply acting in the world. Vygotsky, in contrast, believed that teaching is vital to cognitive growth, and he focused on targeting the activities that foster learning: entering a child's zone of proximal development (ZPD) and scaffolding. Information theorists have their own agenda: to decode the specific steps by which cognition—memory, learning, self-control or the ability to reason—take place. Information-processing theorists heavily focus on executive functions, such as inhibition and selective attention, and conduct experiments to find out how these abilities gradually develop over time.
Discuss the likely reasons for poor school achievement among low-income children in the United States.
Possible causes for poor school achievement: Parents who are stressed out and have to work too hard; lack of access to computers, books, and other learning experiences; going to low-quality preschools (or no preschools); being more likely to have immigrant parents who don't know the language or know it imperfectly and cannot help children with their homework; and, possibly, genetic differences too (sorry)!
Twelve-year-old Rachel is getting ready to see her aunt for the first time since she was 2 years old. Rachel's aunt is most likely to notice that: -Rachel has tripled in height and weight. -Rachel has sharpened her visual abilities. -Rachel's hearing abilities have improved.
Rachel has doubled in height and weight.
Neither Ramona nor Judy, both age 8, are able to get along with their classmates, although these girls have very different personalities. The school counselor has told the teacher that Ramona has externalizing tendencies, while Judy has internalizing tendencies. What behaviors would you expect from Ramona and Judy? What is the self-esteem risk for each girl?
Ramona may be excessively aggressive, impulsive, and have trouble listening and sitting still. She might take over social situations and boss her peers around. The self-esteem danger for Ramona is that she might ignore her flaws and pass off any failure as other people's fault, producing unrealistically high self-esteem. Judy may be anxious, shy, and depressed. Judy might hang back in social situations and be too timid to socially interact. The self-esteem danger for Judy is that she might exaggerate her flaws or see deficiencies where none exists, producing unrealistically low self-esteem. Judy, in particular, is at risk of "learned helplessness"—that is, deciding she is totally incompetent and, as a result, not trying in important areas of life.
The school counselor told Ricardo and Deanna that their 9-year-old daughter Samantha scored 135 on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). Although they both are very pleased to hear this, they disagree about whether to tell Samantha her score: Deanna wants to tell her daughter, and Ricardo does not. Give Ricardo's argument, using research findings cited in the text, along with your own ideas.
Ricardo's argument: If Samantha learns her intelligence quotient (IQ), she might decide she is so smart that she doesn't need to work, thereby ensuring that she won't do well. Or, Samantha might be afraid to work because if she does try and doesn't get all "A"s, she might believe the score is "wrong." The idea here is that it's vitally important to convey the message that the key to any achievement in life lies in working hard (as the saying goes, "Genius is 99 percent perspiration and 1 percent inspiration"). Finally, telling Samantha she is a genius may make her feel that she is superior to the other kids, potentially wreaking havoc on her personality and/or social relationships.
Sam and Estevan, both fifth graders, are best friends. Describe the main characteristics or qualities that made them "best buddies" and the developmental functions of their relationship.
Sam and Estevan are apt to have similar interests, shared values, enjoy each other as people, and also support and be loyal to one another. This friendship is teaching the boys the importance of loyalty and support, as well as how to negotiate and get along as equals. Friendship is training them in the core skills involved in having adult relationships and offering them protection as they venture out into life.
Which is NOT an example of the frustration-aggression hypothesis? -Joe is cut off in traffic, so he gets out of his car and curses at the other driver. -Ola gets a bad grade on this test, so he goes home and kicks the dog. -Arianna loses her job, so she begins to regularly yell at her children.
Sunita wants to get a good grade, so she tells the teacher that her classmates are cheating.
Young rhesus monkeys segregate themselves by gender and play in "male" and "female" ways, just as human children do.
True
Developmentalists agree that child maltreatment is caused by: -serious life stress alone. -parent personality problems alone. -a child's difficult temperament alone.
a combination of factors.
Shane interprets offhand remarks in the MOST negative way possible. When a classmate asks him, "What grade did you get on the spelling test?," Shane's response is, "You want to know if I'm stupid!" Shane is showing:
a hostile attributional bias.
Who is LEAST likely to be prosocial in elementary school? -a child who was extremely prosocial in preschool -someone who is happy -a self-confident person
a person who gets overwhelmed by anxiety
Which behavior is an elementary school teacher LEAST likely to observe in a class? -four 9-year-old boys who enjoy playing a board game together -a group of fourth-grade boys and girls who play soccer during recess -four girls who are best friends
a third-grade boy and girl who are best friends
Who would be LEAST likely to use corporal punishment? -an eighteenth-century upper-class parent -a nineteenth-century upper-class parent -a twenty-first century developing-world parent
a twenty-first century developed-world parent
A college student says, "I can't remember anything about my childhood." Generalizing from the text, the BEST conclusion is that this person had: -a terrific childhood. -a poor working memory. -great parents.
a very unhappy childhood.
Jorge's family moved to the United States from Mexico when he was age 6. Jorge now speaks more English than both of his parents and is becoming similar in attitudes and practices to his friends in the United States. Jorge is undergoing: -migration. -immigration. -encroachment.
acculturation.
The annual tests children take to measure knowledge of school subjects are called _____ tests.
achievement
Which disorder is defined by serious theory-of-mind impairments?
autism spectrum disorders
Controlling or micromanaging learning tasks is particularly poisonous to intrinsic motivation, because this practice interferes with students' basic need for _____.
autonomy (or "independence"; "control")
When the fifth grade ranks their classmates, a few people put Dakota on "my favorite person" list, and a few rank him as "most disliked"; but, typically, Dakota doesn't appear in either category. Dakota's social status is:
average.
All are true about childhood rejection EXCEPT: -being rejected for being highly aggressive is a risk factor for later problems. -some qualities that get kids rejected by their peers can promote a successful adult life. -a rejected child's fate depends on the reasons why that child is unpopular with his peers.
being rejected for being different is a risk factor for later problems.
All of the following have been linked to a child's developing an autism spectrum disorder EXCEPT: -genetic predispositions. -premature births. -environmental insults such as air pollution or maternal abuse.
being upper-middle class.
Teachers in high-risk schools that "beat the odds" and provide a good education: -strictly follow the state-mandated curriculum. -encourage competition by posting student grades. -offer extensive drills to their classes.
believe that every student can succeed.
Gender-stereotyped play tends to have both _____ and environmental causes.
biological (or "genetic"; "hereditary")
The ratio of a person's height to weight is called that individual's _____.
body mass index; BMI
Gender-stereotyped behavior is MAINLY:
both biologically built-in and shaped by environmental forces.
"Stick to your own gender." This rule is MOST rigid for?
boys
Sarah, a new third grade teacher, wants her male and female students to play together and have best friends of the opposite sex. Sarah needs to be told that: -boys and girls never mix in elementary school. -boys and girls prefer to play in mixed-sex groups. -boys are more willing than girls to "cross the gender divide" and have opposite-sex friends.
boys and girls may play together, but best friends typically stick to the same gender.
Children typically decide that they are a girl or boy and model the activities of their own sex:
by age 4.
The text author believes that having children testify in divorce court about whether they prefer to live with a mom or dad: -is always a good thing. -is always a bad thing. -is becoming far less common today.
can be a good thing, but also has serious potential downsides.
Self-esteem tends to decline during elementary school because children: -have reached the preoperational stage and are scared. -are exposed to more discipline. -have developed learned helplessness.
can realistically compare their abilities to their peers.
Reaching concrete operations tends to produce "self-esteem" issues because children: -can fully express their feelings. -are now getting disciplined for the first time. -are expected to do homework.
can realistically compare their abilities with those of their peers.
According to Piaget, young children who focus on the MOST striking feature of an object, ignoring its other features, are _____.
centering
Jean Piaget described the tendency for a young child to fixate on the most visually striking feature of whatever she or he is looking at; Piaget called this:
centering.
When Ernesto sees his mommy roll the thick ball of dough into a thin circle for a pie crust, he says, "Now there is more dough, because it's bigger." His sister Lara tells Ernesto, "No, it's the same amount because Mommy could just roll it back again and it would look the same." According to Piaget's framework, Ernesto can't conserve and Lara can _____.
conserve
According to the text, the phrase that BEST fits the Common Core Standards is: -exciting, but not yet proven to be effective. -worthless. -incredibly effective.
discriminatory.
When are children typically able to produce grammatically correct sentences?
during late elementary school
Marjorie has been diagnosed with a learning disability that involves difficulty in reading, lack of fluency, and poor word recognition. Marjorie's mother reports that her grandmother had the same disability. Marjorie MOST likely has been diagnosed with: -attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). -mental retardation. -a low intelligence test score.
dyslexia.
"I'll go to class today, even though I'd rather sleep." "I'll conquer my shyness and ask the teacher that question." Which is the correct term for these challenges? -cognitive control -externalization -internal tenacity
emotion regulation
All are core benefits of older children's friendships EXCEPT: -teaching one another how to handle conflicts. -teaching one another to manage emotions. -supporting one another emotionally.
encouraging positive behavior.
All qualities are true of best friends EXCEPT: -teaching one another to manage emotions. -having similar interests and attitudes. -lending support to one another in the wider world.
encouraging prosocial behavior.
For low-income children, intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are MORE likely to reflect _____ causes or influences than for middle- and higher-income children.
environmental
Children who are highly aggressive and disruptive have _____ tendencies.
externalizing
Children who act on their immediate emotions and behave aggressively have: -neutral tendencies. -emotion regulation issues. -internalizing tendencies.
externalizing tendencies.
Studying only in order to raise your grade point average is an example of: -intrinsic motivation. -physiological reinforcement. -psychological manipulation.
extrinsic motivation.
Jeremy was administered the WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) and received a score of 65. According to this test, he should be classified as: -gifted. -dyslexic. -within the normal range.
having an intellectual developmental disability.
A person who sees a threat in a benign social situations has a(n) _____.
hostile attributional bias
Jason, a three-year-old, is continually testing his abilities in the wider world. Ng, a second grader, is learning that he has to work for what he wants. According to Erik Erikson. Jason is in the _____ stage, and Ng is in the _____ stage.
initiative vs. guilt; industry vs. inferiority
Raquel seems to have a natural ability to understand other people. Howard Gardner would label Raquel as high in _____ intelligence.
interpersonal
Which kinds of intelligences would be measured on a test devised by Howard Gardner? -vocabulary, creativity, practical, and success-orientation -social skills, creativity, practical, and analytic -spiritual, social, artistic, and historical
interpersonal, intrapersonal, musical, and kinesthetic
Victor enjoys playing the guitar and practices for hours at a time. He says that practicing is a very pleasurable activity for him, and he does not do it for any tangible reward. Regarding his guitar playing, Victor is: -extrinsically motivated. -identity foreclosed. -unmotivated.
intrinsically motivated.
According to Vygotsky beliefs, when a professor teaches, that professor: -is the boss. -should let her students try to figure out the material on their own. -should reinforce the class by giving out mostly "A"s.
is learning as much from interacting with his students as they are from him.
Mousa tells his 3-year-old, "Don't go outside until Daddy says," and later overhears the child saying, "Mark no go outside till Daddy says." Based on Vygotsky's ideas about language, this parent should feel that his son: -is learning to express himself. -may be developing a mental disorder. -has to learn not to speak about things out loud that are on his mind.
is learning to monitor his behavior and internalize rules.
Cyber-bullying is worse than traditional bullying because it:
is more public and anonymous.
At what age do children typically begin to initiate past-talk conversations?
late preschool and/or kindergarten
Nick is very self-critical, feels powerless to affect what happens to him, and doesn't try to improve himself. Nick suffers from: -learned helplessness, and probably has externalizing tendencies. -both internalizing and externalizing tendencies. -excessive emotion regulation and learned helplessness.
learned helplessness, and probably has internalizing tendencies.
Children who believe they are powerless to affect their fate, and so give up, feeling that they should not try to succeed, have developed: -externalizing tendencies. -compensatory surrender. -discounting.
learned helplessness.
Today, being raised in a traditional two-parent family is _____ in the United States.
less common than before
In treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), psychologists MOST often advocate: -psychoanalysis. -psycho-stimulant medication, such as Ritalin. -strict discipline.
medication combined with therapeutic interventions.
Typically, as children move through school, they care: -more about studying, only because they enjoy the material. -less about studying and about grades. -less about their teachers.
more about studying, but only to get a good grade.
The mean length of utterance (MLU) refers to the average number of:
morphemes per sentence.
Young children can run and jump well before they can follow the rules of games because the: -frontal lobes develop before the motor cortex. -frontal lobes are not fully mature until middle childhood. -motor cortex is not fully mature until middle childhood.
motor cortex develops before the frontal lobes.
All explain why children dislike elementary school EXCEPT: -being given work that is often boring, rote, and uncreative. -being forced to learn what the teacher says, rather than choosing what they are interested in. -having their performance constantly compared to their peers.
needing to stay with their own age group even when they have friends of other ages.
In general, children do BEST when: -parents adopt a single discipline style. -dads leave the disciplining to moms. -moms leave the disciplining to dads.
parents have consistent rules.
Which U.S. group is NOT at high risk of frequently using corporal punishment? -Evangelical Christians, especially those who strongly prioritize obedience -African Americans -people who were spanked as children and felt this discipline helped
people who live in the western states
According to statistics, all of these U.S. parents are MORE likely to spank their children compared to the average U.S. adult EXCEPT: -African Americans. -evangelical Protestants. -people who were spanked as children and feel it helped them.
people who report having been abused as children.
All are characteristic of high-performing schools serving low-income students EXCEPT: -having high expectations for all kids. -reaching out to parents. -offering a nurturing environment.
ranking students by ability and giving out prizes for good work.
Dante wants a cupcake, so he shoves Tom aside. Tom reacts by bopping Dante over the head. Tom is showing _____ aggression.
reactive
Sara's son has just been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A developmentalist can predict all of the following EXCEPT that Sara's son probably: -is in elementary school. -has trouble focusing. -has trouble getting ready for school.
receives a low intelligence test score.
Brittany gets lost as she is driving to visit a friend. Brittany does not have a pen or paper when she calls her friend to get driving directions, so she memorizes the directions by repeating the turns and street names in her mind over and over again. Brittany is using a learning strategy called:
rehearsal.
Carlo is the MOST aggressive "out of control" child in kindergarten. In elementary school, Carlo will probably be:
rejected by his teachers and his peers.
Four-year-old Rachel has parents who provide no rules and are not very affectionate. According to Diana Baumrind, Rachel's parents have a(n) _____ parenting style.
rejecting-neglecting
Spreading rumors, tattling, and acting to destroy relationships is called _____ aggression.
relational
Simon and his classmate, Rhonda, are both 8-years-old. Based on gender development statistics, Simon MOST likely is: -bigger than Rhonda. -smaller than Rhonda. -obese, and Rhonda is not obese.
roughly the same size as Rhonda.
Teaching each new skill by providing just the right amount of support and then backing off when a child has mastered that challenge describes the process called _____.
scaffolding
When taking this test, which activity is NOT heavily programmed by the frontal lobes? -understanding the test items -deciding to take this test -remembering what had been studied
seeing the print on this page
All are core symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) EXCEPT for: -difficulties with selective attention. -problems with inhibition. -difficulties performing a sequence of tasks.
serious depression.
Children tend to choose friends who are _____ to themselves.
similar (or "loyal")
The sentence, "The boys ran home," contains _____ mean length of utterances (MLUs).
six
Who tends to be bullied MOST often? -aggressive children -girls -boys
socially anxious children who do not fight back
In surveys, most U.S. parents report spanking their children: -frequently. -never. -with joy.
sometimes.
Barbara has recently shown interest in helping her mother with chores. She asks to put the dishes away and water the plants. Her mother notices that she seems to really enjoy doing these things, and decides to give Barbara one dollar for every chore she completes. According to the research on extrinsic rewards, you may predict that Barbara: -will like doing the chores even more because she is getting paid. -will feel much more competent at the chores than before. -will really love doing the chores for their own sake if she receives money for more than a month.
soon will not like doing chores, and will only perform them if she receives money.
Natalie and Joyce are fifth graders who are best friends. One day in the school cafeteria, an older girl trips Natalie, causing her to fall. Based on the text, if Natalie and Joyce are truly best friends, then Joyce might: -laugh at Natalie. -not take any action. -run away.
stand up to the bully so it doesn't happen again.
Children who are rejected either may have emotional problems or are _____ from the group.
very different (or "different")
A child has been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Which ability or abilities are LEAST likely to be affected? -selective attention -inhibition -social relationships
vision and hearing
The Flynn effect refers to the: -worldwide decline in intelligence quotient (IQ) scores over the previous century. -worldwide stability in intelligence quotient (IQ) scores over the previous century. -fact that children in collectivist societies now have higher intelligence quotient (IQ) scores than do children in individualistic societies.
worldwide rise in intelligence quotient (IQ) scores over the previous century.
Low-income children entering kindergarten tend to score lower on school readiness tests and go to _____ schools than do their more affluent peers.
worse (or "poorer")
Sibyl, age 3, is an exuberant child who has trouble controlling herself. Due to an evocative process, when Sibyl misbehaves, her parents may be likely to: -ignore her. -use induction. -employ time out.
yell, shame, and hit her.
The BEST age to start praising kids for working very hard is during _____.
toddlerhood
Dr. Cognition is lecturing on Vygotsky's ideas. Which is NOT a statement Dr. Cognition should make? -"People develop intellectually through social interactions." -"Learning is bidirectional—teachers learn from their students while they teach." -"Learning takes place within a child's zone of proximal development."
"Learning occurs on our own inner timetable."
If Celinez gets an "A" on her science test, which is the MOST helpful response? -"I'm thrilled because you are brilliant in science!" -"I'm thrilled because you will probably do well in anything you do!" -"You probably have a high intelligence test score!"
"You have been trying so hard, so I'm thrilled!"
Identify which theorist/perspective provides the best answers for the following situations: (1) exploring children's different ideas about the world; (2) developing a general strategy for teaching; (3) understanding how memory operates.
(1) Piaget; (2) Vygotsky; (3) information processing
Link each statement with the relevant parenting perspective: (1) A child's personality shapes parenting; (2) children model their peer group rather than what they learn at home; (3) having firm rules and being loving produces a successful child.
(1) behavioral genetics; (2) Harris's peer group theory; (3) Baumrind's styles framework
Which is an example of a (1) gross motor talent and (2) a fine motor talent?
(1) climbing a tree; (2) forming letters
Link the language issues involved: (1) Janek, says, "I saw some gooses." (2) Jana says, "I no like gooses." (3) Tommy refers to every bird as a "goose."
(1) overregulation; (2) problem with syntax; (3) overextension
Identify each parenting style: (1) The Smith's provide incredible love, but no discipline; (2) The Jones's are very strict, and don't allow deviations from the rules; (3) The Johnson's home is chaotic, with parents absent in their children's lives.
(1) permissive; (2) authoritarian; (3) rejecting-neglecting
Link the correct language term to the following: (1) the "b" sound in "boy"; (2) the definition of "boy"; (3) the units of meaning conveyed by the word "boy":
(1) phoneme; (2) semantics; (3) morpheme
In order, which are examples of studying by using (1) rehearsal, (2) selective attention, and (3) inhibition?
(1) repeating the chapter definitions; (2) focusing only on material that needs to be known; (3) deciding to keep studying even though there is a party to go to
Bettina says, "Lindy is my best friend because she's always there when I need to talk to someone." Bettina is probably about _____ years old.
10
Heather is being raised by a single mother. Heather's odds of living in poverty are roughly _____ times greater than for Hillary, who is growing up in a married two-parent family.
4
Molly wants to stay up after her bed time to go to a party where she will meet a famous athlete. Provide a likely answer if Molly's parents are (1) authoritative, (2) authoritarian, (3) permissive, and (4) rejecting-neglecting.
Authoritative parent: "Sure, because it's a special occasion; but call me at 10"; Authoritarian parent: "No, a rule is a rule." Permissive parent—"You have no bed time, honey." Rejecting-neglecting parent: "Oh, I didn't notice you were away!"
To determine if a parent is at high risk of abusing a child, a health-care worker should consider all of these questions EXCEPT: -Is there a problem in the attachment relationship? -Does this parent have unrealistic expectations, such as believing a 1-year-old should always be "good"? -Does this parent have a hostile attributional bias, believing her child is purposely being "bad" when she runs around?
Does this parent have a permissive child-rearing style?
Parents should never allow children to provide input into custody arrangements, as it would be too stressful for the children.
False
The Common Core State Standards are now proven to enhance student learning.
False
The key to getting children to tackle challenging tasks is to tell them that they are incredibly intelligent.
False
The key to helping children raise their self-esteem is to continually tell them that they are special and wonderful.
False
The prevalence of preschool obesity rose during the past decade.
False
_____ benefit(s) MOST in popularity from being relationally aggressive in inner-city elementary schools.
Girls
Philippa wants to socialize her son to be prosocial. Which is NOT a helpful suggestion for Philippa? -Pay attention to prosocial behavior and praise your child for being kind. -Model prosocial behavior in your own life. -Provide the child with chances to spontaneously act prosocially.
Give your child prizes for acting in a caring way.
Akin is an exuberant child who has a very high opinion of himself and always seems to be in the center of any activity, whether or not his teacher wants him to be there. Minnie thinks very little of herself and has given up trying to make good grades. What steps might the teacher take to promote realistic self-esteem in Akin and Minnie?
Intervention for Akin: Gently point out where he is having trouble—"It's not working for you to barge in and take over. The kids become upset when you always must be center stage." Then, work to foster self-efficacy by praising Akin for working to control himself in these crucial areas. Intervention for Minnie: Once again, work to enhance reality—"You are doing well in areas X, Y, and Z. Here is where you really are a success." Then, try to foster self-efficacy by breaking school challenges into small steps and then pointing out successes. For both children, emphasize that you care and, most importantly, drum in the idea that, "You can succeed, if you work."
Which child is most at risk of being labeled "highly aggressive" in elementary school? -Jamal, a shy toddler, who was shamed by his parents -Jiao, an exuberant toddler, who was catered to by his parents -James, a shy toddler, who was regularly spanked
Jaidyn, an exuberant toddler, who was regularly spanked
Which is the BEST example of selective attention? -Tania keeps going over the information she needs to know for a test. -Tara decides not to go to a party, and instead stays at home to study for a test. -Keith decides that he is going to fail an upcoming test.
Kanesha highlights material she needs to know for a test and studies that information.
Lael's friend is thinking of getting pregnant and tells her, "Obesity runs in my family. So, I'm worried that my child will have this problem." Based on this chapter, how might Lael respond to her friend? What suggestions might she give her friend, based on the latest epigenetic research?
Lael might tell her friend that she is right to have this concern, as the best predictor of a child's weight is a mom's weight, suggesting that genetics does strongly influence a child's tendency to put on pounds. Still, there are interesting pre- and post-birth steps Lael can take. She could limit her pregnancy weight gain, but take care of her health so that she avoids giving birth prematurely or minimizing the chance of having a very large child. She could avoid overfeeding her child during infancy, as weight gain very early in life may also set up the human body, epigenetically, to add excess pounds.
Obesity rates in the United States are highest among:
Latino and African American boys and girls.
Joanne's baby was born 6 weeks early and weighed 4 pounds. But during her first year of life, the baby very rapidly gained weight. Based on the text, what should a person think? -Great; this shows that the baby is healthy. -It depends on the baby's weight during elementary school. -It depends on whether the baby is a girl or a boy.
Not so great; this might predict the baby will have issues with obesity.
According to Baumrind's framework, which parent is LEAST likely to have a well-adjusted child? -Morty allows his daughter complete freedom, but offers unconditional love. -Nadine is extremely strict, allowing no deviation from "the rules." -Daphne requires her son to call if he is going to be home late, and wants homework done before dinner.
Oswald rarely knows where his 9-year-old daughter is; when she comes home, he doesn't care.
Based on the text discussion, offer a list of child-rearing principles that a developmental psychologist might give as parenting advice.
Overall, it's best to be authoritative, offering firm rules but lots of love. Following this optimal strategy, however, may be difficult with a "high maintenance child" or a child moving into the difficult life stage of adolescence. During the teen years, or when raising any child who is biologically at risk, sensitive parenting is absolutely required. In general, it's important to adapt one's child-rearing to the needs of each unique child. It may be best to become a bit more authoritarian, if living in a dangerous environment, in order to keep a child safe. Still, what's really crucial is to offer consistent rules and lots of love. Finally, understand, because so many forces affect development, a parent cannot micromanage a son or daughter into having a successful life. So, parents should relax and enjoy the fleeting childhood years!
Which child raised under difficult conditions is most likely to have a successful adult life? -Oscar experienced a series of tragedies; his mother died, then his family lost all their money within a few years. -Quincy's parents give all their attention to their eldest daughter, so they have very little time for Quincy. -Rhonda doesn't handle stress well and she gets very upset with change. Now that she is in fourth grade, Rhonda, has attended a total of eight schools.
Petronella's parents are alcoholic. But Petronella is a mellow, optimistic child who spends her days with a loving grandmother.
According to Baumrind's parenting-styles framework, which is the authoritative parent? -Martin allows his daughter to set her own bedtime, interrupt conversations, and to take a bath only when she "feels dirty." -Ning sets firm rules, makes no exceptions, and wears a shirt that says, "Because I'm the mommy." -Salil rarely knows where his 10-year-old daughter is; when she comes home, he doesn't care.
Petula insists on bedtime at 10; but she relaxes the rules for special occasions, and offers lots of love.
Which person is showing pro-social behavior? -Oscar, who is an outgoing, people person -Patty, who would rather go to a party than be alone -Rosa, who believes that money makes people greedy
Quentin, who goes out of his way to be nice to the new boy in class
If a school nurse believes that a first grader is being abused, what does the law require him to do? -Invite the parents in to discuss the situation. -Inform the principal and the child's teacher. -Send home a brochure giving information about parenting classes.
Report his suspicions to child protective services.
_____ children thrive despite growing up in terrible environments.
Resilient
Hernando was only average in his school abilities, but has become a huge success in life because he has terrific street smarts. Hernando's life story MOST closely fits: -the "g" concept of intelligence. -Howard Gardner's ideas about intelligence. -any teacher's ideas about intelligence.
Robert Sternberg's theory of intelligence.
The memory stage in which people transform material into information they later remember is called _____ memory.
working
Which student is LEAST likely to find this class intrinsically rewarding? -Sam, who is planning a career as a teacher or developmentalist -Sara, who adores the teacher -Socha, who loves learning about human development
Sven, who has been promised a cash reward for receiving an "A" on these tests
Which is NOT an argument Halim can make in support of the Common Core State Standards? -These standards offer consistent learning experiences to students at all schools. -The Common Core stresses creativity and thinking rather than rote memorization. -Benchmarks structure learning experiences to fit where students are "at" intellectually.
The Common Core has been proven to be effective at enhancing student learning.
All are true of relational aggression EXCEPT that it: -appears strongly in later elementary school. -involves activities such as spreading rumors in order to destroy a person's relationships. -is characteristic of political attack ads.
is more common in girls than boys at every age.
A child who has developed a theory of mind does NOT have the new capacity to: -have a real two-way, give-and-take conversation. -understand that other people have different points of view. -realize that other people may lie.
memorize information better.
With temperamentally "at risk" children, it's _____ difficult to maintain an authoritative parenting style.
more
Rafael, who just turned 4, is not only terrific at hitting a ball and scaling monkey bars, but he's also incredibly well coordinated in most areas when compared to his friends. Suggest tips for Rafael's mom to help her son nurture his abilities, then (2) speculate about Rafael's school performance.
Tips to mom: She should give her son plenty of chances to exercise his motor skills, but not prematurely pressure him into joining in organized activities such as sports. The only ability that is apt to predict school performance is whether Rafael can copy images he has previously seen. Unless Rafael excels at this capacity, the mom cannot predict anything about her son's academic performance.
When Ada studies for this test rather than going out to a party, she is employing an executive function skill.
True
When parents provide consistent rules, children tend to thrive.
True
Bully prevention programs: -teach bullied kids to stand up for themselves. -train kids to tell their teachers when they are being bullied. -train bullied kids in karate or another skill that allows them to effectively retaliate.
change the classroom norms, so bullying becomes unacceptable among the group.
If a family is moving to a dangerous area of the world, the text suggests that it is be BEST to: -adopt a more laid back, permissive parenting style. -keep one's parenting style the same. -change one's parenting style with daughters, but not with sons.
adopt a more rigid, rule-oriented parenting style.
All are true of children who have serious problems regulating their emotions EXCEPT that they: -have trouble succeeding with their peers. -may be excessively aggressive. -may be excessively anxious.
always have inadequate parents.
Guilt helps socialize prosocial behavior because it allows people to: -distance themselves from people. -feel superior. -experience low self-esteem.
apologize and make amends.
Popularity FIRST becomes an absorbing concern at what age?
around 9 or 10
Sternberg believes that intelligence tests can _____ to students.
do damage (or "harm")
A child says, "The moon goes to sleep because I go to sleep." Which two types of preoperational thought does this statement illustrate?
egocentrism and animism
From the age of 3, Sam has been raised by his mother who works 50 hours per week at a minimum-wage job. Sam goes to a "failing" school. According to statistics, Sam's intelligence test scores MOST likely will reflect _____ more than _____.
environmental forces; genetically based abilities
Which part of the brain is responsible for thinking through and inhibiting actions?
frontal lobes
The basic units of meaning in a language, such as "boy" and "s" for "boys" are called _____.
morphemes
All are epigenetic forces that predict later obesity EXCEPT: -being born excessively large. -being born excessively small. -rapidly gaining weight during the first year of life.
having a slim mom.
All may cause attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms EXCEPT: -genetic predispositions. -delayed brain maturation. -low dopamine output.
permissive parenting.
Mick and Katsumi require their children to do homework right after school. If a child asks, "Can you make an exception today, as I have a party?," they always say "No." According to Baumrind's parenting styles framework, Mick and Katsumi have a(n) _____ parenting style.
authoritarian
All are good suggestions for controlling childhood obesity EXCEPT: -preventing excessive weight gain during pregnancy. -limiting excessive feeding during infancy. -making parents and children collaborators in obesity control interventions.
putting children on strict diets.
The best predictor of a 5-year-old's weight is: -the amount of food the child eats. -access to fast foods in the child's neighborhood. -being breast-fed.
the mother's weight.
Based on Harter's and Erikson's ideas, a normal, well-adjusted 9-year-old should do all of the following EXCEPT: -constantly compare herself to other kids. -realistically discuss the areas in which she isn't doing well. -control herself and work hard for what she wants.
think she is the greatest person in the world.
Based on the text's information-processing section, parents can help children "remember" by doing all of the following EXCEPT: -teaching organizational strategies. -understanding that simultaneously completing different tasks will be especially difficult. -keeping children "on task" by keeping them away from tempting distractions.
using power assertion.
Dr. Large wants to summarize a few obesity statistics as of 2015. Which is NOT a statement he should make? -"Obesity 'took off' in the United States during the 1980s." -"Obesity rates differ by ethnic group." -"Obesity rates differ from nation to nation."
"Adolescent obesity in the United States has declined significantly."
Identify each boy's type of preoperational thought: (1) thinks his daddy made the moon; (2) believes his stuffed bear is alive; (3) thinks his sister turned into a boy when she got a haircut.
(1) artificialism; (2) animism; (3) no identity constancy
Which term describes each of the following concrete operational skills? (1) Putting objects in order by their size; (2) understanding that changing the shape of a substance doesn't change its amount; (3) realizing that candy is the name for both chocolate and gummy bears.
(1) seriation; (2) conservation of mass; (3) class inclusion
Which child has emotion regulation problems? -Dana becomes angry when her mom serves food she doesn't like. -Delun sometimes becomes anxious at school. -Stephanos freely discusses his emotions.
Brighton barges in and takes over every social situation, so he has few friends.
A preschool teacher's class gets angry when she pours identical cartons of juice into different shaped glasses. According to Piaget's theory, in which way should the teacher BEST react to the class?
Buy the same-sized glasses, as children at this age can't understand conservation.
Which situation shows that the child can't conserve? -Marta thinks she should eat her lunch before she gets to school. -Hermia thinks her daddy has turned into a superhero when he puts on a costume. -Debare thinks that his toy bear is alive.
Chao thinks he has more juice than his sister, because his bottle is poured into a taller glass.
Which statement about gender and play is accurate? -The play patterns of girls and boys are very similar. -Girls' play is more competitive than that of boys. -Boys play in smaller groups than do girls.
Compared to that of girls, boys' play is more physical and rambunctious.
Which situation shows a child's lack of an understanding of identity constancy? -Marta thinks she should eat lunch before she gets to school. -Chao thinks he has more juice than his sister, because his bottle is poured into a taller glass. -Debare thinks that his toy bear is alive.
Hermia thinks her daddy is turned into a superhero when he puts on a costume.
Which teacher is using Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding in teaching math? -Mr. Shepherd, who drills his students in long division, and then gives a multiple-choice test to see what the class has learned. -Mr. Olinksy, who tries to get his students to figure out long division on their own. -Ms. Lahod, who goes over long division in a single class period.
Mr. Chen, who makes sure his students have mastered each step in learning long division, and then gradually backs off and allows the class to practice on their own.
Which person is teaching by using Vygotsky's zone of proximal development (ZPD)? -Ms. Trong, who spaces the desks in a classroom so that every student can see the board. -Mrs. Banda, who makes sure that every student learns at the same pace. -Mr. Doud, who has the class do individual projects.
Mr. Smith, who figures out what each child knows now and then determines what that child is capable of understanding through instruction.
During childhood a child's: -head and body grow at the same rate. -limbs and body become more rounded. -hands and arms grow more rapidly than the limbs.
body thins out and the limbs get longer.
The BEST strategy to prevent bullying is to: -severely punish bullies. -deprive children of the Internet. -offer lectures on the evils of bullying.
change the classroom norms so peers don't reinforce this behavior.
All are signs that a child has entered the stage of concrete operations EXCEPT: -following the rules of a game. -understanding simple math. -understanding that when juice is poured into a different shaped container, the amount of juice hasn't changed.
cleaning up toys.
The core difference between friendships and popularity is that friendships are:
close one-to-one relationships; popularity refers to group status.
In Jean Piaget's theory, _____ refers to a child's knowledge that a substance remains the same despite outward changes in its shape or form.
conservation
Which statement currently describes childhood obesity rates in the United States? -declining at every age, but still unacceptably high -rising at young ages -rising at every age
declining at young ages, but still unacceptably high
Unusually rapid weight gain _____ is a good predictor of later obesity.
during infancy and early childhood
In choosing the best baseball players for an elementary school baseball team, and with all things being equal, would a coach choose Sandra or Sam to play on the team? -Sandra—she may be able to hit the ball more easily. -Sam—he will be able to run faster. -either child—Sandra will be able to run faster, but Sam will be able to hit the ball more easily.
either child—Sandra may be able to connect with the ball more easily, but Sam will be able to run faster.
The bottom-line message of the bullying discussion is that this behavior:
exists at every age—because it helps children (and people) gain social status—but we can reduce its frequency by changing the social norms.
According to the text, cell phones, cities, and technological advances are caused by the exceptional ability of humans to:
grasp other people's inner motivations and intentions.
All are true about working memory EXCEPT that it: -processes information into "real memory," or a more permanent store. -consists of limited capacity holding bins. -grows in capacity as children move from preschool to elementary school.
has an infinite capacity.
According to Vygotsky, girls play house and boys play soldier because they are:
rehearsing adult roles.