deviance midterm

Henry and Short agree with Durkheim and say all those from below can lead to suicide except

Biological deficiencies that have developed while a developing fetus.

According to Jerry Jacobs' theory of the suicidal process, suicide victims overcome prohibitions against suicide through a series of events. What is the first stage of this process?

Finding themselves faced with unexpected and unsolvable problems.

According to Freud's theory of psychoanalysis, mental illnesses are the results of conflict between the:

Id and the Superego.

Which of the following statements is an accurate criticism of Burgess-Akers' social learning theory?

It cannot explain why a person initially commits a deviant act.

When it comes to religion, stats show that Jews have much lower rates of suicide than the Protestants. Why is this?

It more of has to do with the strength of their religion, for Jews are more integrated with their community, therefore have much more to live for.

Which of the following is NOT a myth about mental illness?

Most persons experience depression during the summer months.

Community Mental Hospitals have proven to be much more successful with ameliorating mental disorders, more so than psychiatric wards, because (highlight theinapplicable choice):

None of the provided options is true because the psychiatric ward is the only hope mentally ill people have. They haven't been always successful, but they really are the last resort.

Which of the following statements about the relationship between economic conditions and suicide is TRUE?

Suicide rates are higher in affluent societies than in poor ones.

Which of the following is a way suicide attempters differ from suicide committers?

They are more likely to be young.

According to the deterrence doctrine, certainty and swiftness of punishment are two ways crime can be reduced. T or F

True

According to the author, which statement about mental disorder is TRUE? Virtually all of us can be said to be mentally ill at one time or another Mental disorder is basically biological in origin. About one-half of us have symptoms that could be categorized as a mental disorder. Mental disorder is a relatively rare form of deviance.

Virtually all of us can be said to be mentally ill at one time or another

Which of the following statements is FALSE? The elderly have a higher suicide rate than the young. Women have a higher suicide rate than men. Residents in sparsely populated states have higher suicide rates than residents in densely populated states. Whites have a higher suicide rate than blacks.

Women have a higher suicide rate than men

The most prominent feature of a personality disorder is:

a blatant disregard for society's rules.

Why are some people mentally ill? The positivists from the medical model perspective have described mental illness as:

a chemical imbalance.

Voluntarism says that deviance is:

a choies made by a deviant

Which of the following are ways feminist theory shifts the focus of theories of deviance?

a focus on women as offenders and victims related to their subordinate roles.

The high rise in youthful suicide over the last twenty years has resulted from:

a great decline in social integration and regulation in teen life.

Relativism

a label defined by society, for when one believes in such labels one is likely to act the part. A self-fulfilling prophecy.

Positivist views deviance as

a real act that is easily distinguishable from conformist behavior, leaving most reasonable people without a concern for its methods.

Which of the following is NOT a cause of increased depression among the young in recent decades?

a shortage of psychiatric services

Subjectivism as a school of thought defines deviance as:

a socially constructed concept that changes from situation to situation

Official suicide statistics are relatively unreliable partly because:

a victim's relatives may conceal the evidence that the death was self-inflicted.

the 3 positivist ideologies

absolutism objectivism determinism

According to labeling theory, the final step leading to secondary deviation involves:

acceptance of, and adjustment to deviant social status by the deviant.

From the constructionist perspective, deviants are:

actively seeking meaning in deviant acts

College students in the United States have higher suicide rates than their noncollege peers because they:

are single and experience much stress.

Cohen's theory of status frustration closely resembles Merton's goal-means gap because they both:

assert that lower class people are more likely to engage in deviant actions.

Most positivist sociologists today continue to reject the idea of free will as an explanation of deviance because:

because it doesn't explain why some commit crimes and others don't

Determinism sees deviance as a(n);

caused by outside forces beyond the individual's control, for the deviant lacks the ability to make a choice, therefore not a willed behavior.

Majority of depressed Americans do not kill themselves; those who do commit suicide do so because they have been under the influence of:

certain social forces in their lives.

In the video Psychiatry: An Industry of Death it was argued that the ways in which psychiatry/ psychology has been trying to convince the masses that the:

connection between biological inconsistency in the brain and methods by which one would derive from such conclusions are discontinuous.

According to social stress theory, if persons do not have _____________, stress might lead to serious mental disorders.

coping resources such as social support and self-esteem

According to Cloward and Ohlin, lower-class boys experience different opportunities in the form of three subcultures, which are:

criminal, conflict, and retreatist.

Early in the twentieth century, criminologists believed that:

criminals are born, not made.

Hank is a sociologist investigating the causes of crime. He is interested in how some areas of the city have traditions of crime that persist over generations, and how individuals easily move into groups following those traditions. What theory of deviance is guiding Hank's research?

differential association theory

Burgess and Akers argued that before one becomes criminal, a process of __________ must occur where he or she is rewarded for continuing deviant behavior.

differential reinforcement

Which of the following groups has the highest suicide rates?

divorced people

One criticism of labeling theory is that it:

does not actually explain the causes of deviance.

All of the following are types of evidence that support the medical model of mental illness, EXCEPT for:

drugs' ability to eliminate the cause of mental illness

At what point is an inmate's stay at prison most likely to result in suicide?

during the initial phase of imprisonment.

The type of suicide that unmarried people are more likely than married ones to commit is called __________ suicide.

egoistic

According to Sutherland's differential association theory, a person becomes deviant or delinquent when there is a(n):

excess of deviant contacts favorable to violation of the law.

Some countries with developing economies like China have high suicide rates because they:

experience rapid social change.

According to the text, while DSM-IV can be reliable for describing symptoms of mental illness, it does not necessarily:

explain how disorders differ from each other in terms of their causes.

From notes left by successful suicides and from reports given by suicide attempters, we can discern several types of suicidal feelings. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

feeling excited about the prospect of seeing God

The sociologist Jack Katz studied a variety of murderers and armed robbers and discovered that they:

felt morally superior to their victims.

Cloward and Ohlin used the concept of differential illegitimate opportunity to mean that some members of the lower class have:

fewer oppurnirities for legit opportunities

reintegrative shaming only works on what kids of criminals ?

first time offenders

Positivists and Constructionists do appear in opposition to one another, but in reality, they complete one another in that positivists are better at explaining _____ deviant acts, while constructionists will better explain _________ deviance.

harmful and serious / less harmful

is murder low or high consensus deviance

high

Which of the following kinds of deviance is best understood through a positivist perspective?

higher-consensus deviance, that is, behavior most people would agree to is deviant.

William Chambliss pointed out that the law __________ is different from the laws on the books.

in action

Hirschi, an absolutist, suggests that we are all rational actors, given the opportunity we are all likely to deviate. By this, he means that:

in the absence of controlling forces like parents and well-meaning peers, we are all likely to feel weak by the rewards of deviant acts.

In Western societies today, higher suicide rates are due in part to:

increasingly permissive attitudes toward suicide.

One of the weaknesses of the __________ Theory is that it fails to answer what causes deviance in the first place.

labeling

When the language of the strong dominates the language of the weak, the weak experience _________.

linguistic domination

The greater the strength of religious identity and degree of religious conservatism, the __________ the suicide rate.

lower

According to labeling theory, being labeled deviant produces:

negative consequences

did Sutherland developed his theory of differential association in order to explain criminality as an individual, but not a group phenomenon?

no

In the last twenty years, during which the number of suicide prevention centers has increased tremendously, the suicide rate has

not declined substantially.

Objectivism defines deviance as a(n):

observable by the government, official stats, and self-reported data.

Social class is another socially constructed concept that shows a strong correlation with mental disorders. The poor are much more likely to be mentally ill versus the wealthy. Social causation theory says that this is because:

of stress from unemployment and divorce.

To argue how mental disorders are socially constructed sociologists say that gender is a common concept to look into. Men are likely to suffer from antisocial personality while women are likely to suffer from depression. This is because:

of their gender roles, where men are expected to be assertive and aggressive, whereas women, restrictive.

If deviant behavior cannot be classified as psychotic or neurotic, a psychiatrist will classify it as a __________ disorder

personality

_______________ say that in order to understand deviance you have to get into the subjective mind of the "deviant."

phenomenologist

Absolutists say that deviance itself is:

real and is confirmed by society

what are the 3 constructionist theories?

relativism subjectivism voluntarism

Recent developments in anomie-strain theory have located new sources of strain that might push individuals toward deviance. name 3 of those newly identified strains?

removal of positively valued stimuli such as the death of a friend. presentation of negative stimuli, such as the experience of child abuse or criminal victimization. American culture's "anything goes" mentality in the pursuit of success.

3 of the following are the results of capitalism's creation of economic marginality and coercive control of the workers

resentment. loss of self-esteem. a sense of powerlessness and alienation.

Phenomenological theory says that the suicidal person must rationalize the negative meanings attached to suicide and make it more positive for:

s/he must feel that s/he is faced with an intolerable problem, where death is the only solution. S/he increasingly become isolated, feeling others won't understand him. Making him freer to act on it, he attaches individual meanings.

If someone is considered a deviant by others and comes to see him or herself in the same way, that person is called a __________ deviant.

secondary

The main purpose of the positivist approach to deviance is:

seek out the cause of deviance

Chambliss' analysis of the English legal system showed that the vagrancy laws:

served the interests of the influential members of society.

Suicide is the most individualistic behavior anyone can ever engage in. Sociologists who study such an act will say that suicide is a _________.

social act

According to the power theory, the types of deviance and the types of persons who commit deviant acts are strongly influenced by:

social inequality

Cohen agrees with Merton but ads that lower class youths fail when held up against middle-class standards, as a result, join others of same experiences, rejecting the middle-class standard and replace them with deviance. This theory is known as:

status frustration theory.

3 reasons the powerful are more prone to deviance

stronger deviant motivation. the weaker application of social controls. greater deviant opportunity.

Durkheim, who studied suicide, found that:

suicide becomes possible in the extremes of integration and/or regulation by a group.

Suicide prevention centers cannot substantially reduce suicide rates because:

suicide is basically a sociological problem

According to labeling theory, the focus of sociological research should be on:

the interaction between the supposed deviant and conventional people.

The Mental hospital has, for the most part, NOT been very successful at bettering the conditions of the mentally ill. All of the choices from below contribute to this failure except:

the mentally ill are still given lobotomies. When their brains are mutilated, they remain in a retarded and vegetative state.

Objectivists like Robert Merton say that deviance is a cultural matter observable by the :

the strain of material success advocated by the American dream encourages those without the proper means and/or goals to deviate.

One of the reasons why recently diagnosed, less-sick, HIV-infected patients are more suicidal than those dying of AIDS-related illnesses is:

the sudden transformation from being a totally healthy person to a seriously ill person.

Research has documented that the greater the airtime given to country music, the higher the suicide rate. Which of the following is a possible reason?

the themes of country music, many of which are suicide-related.

Because of the way the medical model describes mental disorders, their methods to ameliorate the condition of the mentally ill has been by way of:

the use of pills

subjectivism says

to only be understood with sympathy to the deviant as we attempt to think like one in order to see their personal view.

One criticism of the DSM-IV classification system is that it defines too many ordinary problems as mental disorders. t or f

true

Phenomenological theory focuses on people's subjectivity, including consciousness, perception, and opinions about deviance. T or F

true

Psychosis is typified by a loss of touch with reality, and neurosis by an inability to face reality. t or f

true

The definition of mental illness is relative and is contingent on the social norms of the society in question. t or f

true

Two reasons why the powerful are likely to commit profitable deviance is a greater deviant opportunity and a strong deviant motivation. T or F

true

Generally, whites commit suicide:

twice as often as blacks

Which of the following is one reason why, for U.S. citizens, deviant behavior is more or less, rather than completely, deviant?

us society is more pluralistic

Insanity as super sanity theory says that the mentally ill are more perceptive than the normals. They support this claim by asking.

what's so sane about the normals who have killed 100's of millions and are armed with doomsday devices?

do Constructionists tend to present deviants as basically the same as conventional people?

yes

is One essential part of differential association theory is the assertion that the process of learning to become a criminal is the same as the process of learning to become a normal person?

yes