DHACP

The founding principle of all health professions is which of the following ethical principle and core values? A. Beneficence B. Nonmaleficence C. Veracity D. Confidentiality

B

What kind of study thoroughly examines a number of valid studies on a topic and combines the results using accepted statistical methodology to report the results as if they were one large study? A. Systematic review B. Meta-analysis C. The Cochrane Collaboration D. Randomization

B

What must a dental hygienist know to determine if an ethical dilemma or problem exists? A. Ethical principles, office rules, patient consent, societal trust, and legal regulations B. Ethical principles, codes of ethics, standards of care, professional liabilities, and legal regulations C. Codes of ethics, standards of care, professional liabilities, and justice D. Codes of ethics, ethical principles, beneficence, and nonmaleficence

B

What organization was created in 1932 for minority dental hygienists and to assist in providing access to oral care for underserved communities? A. ADHA B. NDHA C. IFDH D. ADAA

B

When "harm" is a side effect of a positive treatment, what is it considered? A. Beneficence B. Nonmaleficence C. Autonomy D. Veracity

B

When speaking with patients, which word(s) often indicates ambivalence on their part? A. Do not want to B. But C. Refuse D. Not sure

B

When using motivational interviewing with patients who use tobacco products, which question should the dental hygienist ask? A. "How long have you been using tobacco?" B. "Do you want to quit?" C. "Why did you start using tobacco?" D. "Why have you not quit?

B

Which ethical principle and core value is related to honesty? A. Beneficence B. Veracity C. Nonmaleficence D. Fiduciary

B

Which of the following is a type of experimental study that does not use human participants? A. Sans-human B. In vitro C. Literature review D. Evidence evaluation

B

Good oral care for different elderly populations is important, because the connection between systemic health and oral health takes on increasing significance as people age. A. Both the statement and reason are correct and related. B. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. C. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. D. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. E. Neither the statement NOR the reason is correct.

A

Hepatitis A and E are transmitted through contaminated food and water. Hepatitis B, C, and D are blood-borne and are transmitted through direct or indirect contact with infectious body fluids. A. Both statements are true. B. Both statements are false. C. The first statement is true; the second is false. D. The second statement is true; the first is false.

A

Identify the ethical principle and core value that allows patients to make decisions about their own health. A. Autonomy B. Beneficence C. Informed consent D. Respect

A

Which of the following statements describes decision-making in health care today? A. It is paternalistic. B. It is dentist-centric. C. It is maternalistic. D. It is shared.

?

A patient with self-efficacy often has an internal locus of control. He or she has developed the ability to take charge and make decisions about his or her own life. A. Both statements are true. B. Both statements are false. C. The first statement is true; the second is false. D. The second statement is true; the first is false.

A

An elderly patient who is hard of hearing appears to have an understanding of why he needs to brush twice a day, yet he does not improve his oral health care. All of the following breakdowns in communication may be the cause of this situation EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. Listening to the concerns of the patient and adjusting recommendations to meet his needs B. Providing a long explanation of the brushing technique C. Asking the patient "Do you understand?" or "Do you have any questions?" D. Recommending that the patient go online and review brushing techniques

A

Authors of scientific papers should disclose any conflicts of interest, because readers need to be aware of the potential for bias. A. Both the statement and reason are correct and related. B. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. C. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. D. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. E. Neither the statement NOR the reason is correct.

A

Children who have a dental home are more likely to receive regular preventive care. An infant should have a first dental appointment by his or her first birthday. A. Both statements are true. B. Both statements are false. C. The first statement is true; the second is false. D. The second statement is true; the first is false.

A

Dental hygienists should feel comfortable using the various models for health education and promotion, because they need to be able to help motivate patients and the community to incorporate positive health practices into their daily lives. A. Both the statement and reason are correct and related. B. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. C. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. D. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. E. Neither the statement NOR the reason is correct.

A

During an appointment with a regular patient, a hygienist asks him if he has had any change in his medical history. He states that there is no change from his last appointment, becomes very quiet, and the hygienist proceeds with the appointment. When the dentist comes in for the examination, the patient tells the dentist about his recent surgery and his new medications. The hygienist realizes that this patient has this dimension of culture. A. Power/Distance B. Individualism C. Masculinity D. Uncertainty/Avoidance Index E. Long Term Orientation

A

Each of the following is part of assessment in the dental hygiene process of care EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. Decision-making skills B. Information collection C. Information analysis D. Risk assessment

A

In a randomized controlled trial, one group of participants receives a placebo, because researchers want to compare the results with the group(s) receiving some sort of intervention. A. Both the statement and reason are correct and related. B. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. C. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. D. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. E. Neither the statement NOR the reason is correct.

A

It is unlikely that HIV would be transmitted through environmental surfaces, because HIV cannot reproduce outside of the host. A. Both the statement and reason are correct and related. B. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. C. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. D. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. E. Neither the statement NOR the reason is correct.

A

Licensure is intended to ensure A. the safety and well-being of the public for whom dental hygienists provide care. B. the reputation of schools where dental hygienists study and train for their profession. C. the protection of insurance companies. D. the reputation of the dentists for whom dental hygienists work.

A

Strong hierarchies is a characteristic of some A. PD cultures. B. IDV cultures. C. MAS cultures.

A

The issue of confidentiality of private health information became a matter of law in the United States when Congress enacted A. the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996. B. the HIPAA Privacy Rule in 2003. C. the HIPAA Security Rule in 2005. D. Minnesota Senate Bill 2083 in 2009.

A

What is the final step in the evidence-based process? A. Evaluate the applied care, patient's outcome, and clinical performance. B. Provide advice to patients on making good oral health choices. C. Improve patient confidence in making informed treatment decisions. D. Gain knowledge and understanding of evidence-based practice.

A

What is the main reason patients do not go to their dental appointment? A. They are unaware of its importance. B. They forget. C. They do not have insurance. D. They do not like the dental hygienist.

A

When working with patients, dental hygienists must be aware of their own body language. When working with patients, dental hygienists must choose their words carefully. A. Both statements are true. B. Both statements are false. C. The first statement is true; the second is false. D. The second statement is true; the first is false.

A

Which of the following are two types of a study control method? A. Blinding and randomization B. Open-label and nonblinded study C. Blinding and cohort study D. Case control and cohort study

A

Which of the following best describes a retrospective cohort study? A. The study starts with the outcome and goes back in time to the moment of exposure. B. The study starts with the exposure and follows patients forward to an outcome. C. The study observes two populations that differ in ways other than the variable being studied. D. Researchers or investigators look back in time to identify factors or exposures that might be associated with the illness.

A

Working in an office as a dental hygienist without a current license would be an example of what type of violation? A. Criminal law B. Civil law C. Tort law D. Negligence

A

Evidence-based clinical recommendations and best-practice guidelines should constitute standard of care. Oral health-care expertise is more important than the needs and preferences of the patient. A. Both statements are true. B. Both statements are false. C. The first statement is true; the second is false. D. The second statement is true; the first is false.

B

. The dental hygienist would perform quadrant scaling during which part of the process of care? A. Dental hygiene diagnosis B. Implementation C. Evaluation D. Planning

B

A female patient tells her hygienist that she is 8 weeks pregnant and that she is waiting to tell others about the pregnancy because a previous pregnancy ended in miscarriage. The hygienist sees the mother of this patient later in the week and congratulates her on becoming a grandmother. What type of violation has happened in this situation? A. Criminal and civil law B. Intentional tort C. Unintentional tort D. Malpractice

B

A patient with gum disease tells the dental hygienist that flossing would not prevent the problem because "gum disease runs in my family." The patient's statement exhibits A. an internal locus of control. B. an external locus of control. C. a sense of ambivalence. D. the need for paternalism.

B

All of the following are tenets of evidence-based care EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. A clinician's skill, judgment, and experience B. The practice of health education and promotion C. Consideration for the patient's needs, preferences, values, and beliefs D. The best available scientific evidence

B

Decision-making in health care today is a process that involves only the practitioner.Decision-making in health care today is a process that involves only the patient. A. Both statements are true. B. Both statements are false. C. The first statement is true; the second is false. D. The second statement is true; the first is false.

B

Dental hygienists work only with other dental professionals.Dental hygiene has changed little in its more than 100 years of existence, continuing its focus solely on public health. A. Both statements are true. B. Both statements are false. C. The first statement is true; the second is false. D. The first statement is false; the second is true.

B

HIV can be transmitted through each of the following EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. An HIV-infected woman breastfeeding a baby B. Exposure to saliva, tears, and sweat of an HIV-infected person C. Sharing needles and/or syringes (primarily for drug injection) with someone who is infected D. Sexual contact with an infected person

B

In the dental hygiene process of care, during assessment, the dental hygienist identifies existing or potential oral health problems.During implementation, the dental hygienist identifies recommended treatment and outcomes related to the assessment. A. Both statements are true. B. Both statements are false. C. The first statement is true; the second is false. D. The first statement is false; the second is true.

B

In the infectious process, a reservoir is A. the mode of escape from the host. B. where an infectious organism lives and multiplies. C. a droplet from an infected individual to a susceptible host. D. an access site for the infectious agent to pass through open skin or mucous membranes of the host.

B

Oral health professionals may find it difficult to keep abreast of current research findings, because evidence-based dental hygiene care requires the skills of efficient, systematic literature searches. A. Both the statement and reason are correct and related. B. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. C. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. D. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. E. Neither the statement NOR the reason is correct.

B

. Which of the following is the second stage of disease? A. Incubation B. Latent C. Prodrome D. Decline

C

A dental hygienist becomes frustrated when patients make excuses for not practicing proper oral care. When confronted with such a patient, the hygienist speaks in a very authoritative voice and tells the patient exactly what to do. In this scenario, the hygienist is engaging in what? A. Collaboration B. Health promotion C. Paternalism D. Perceived severity

C

A female patient comes to the clinic for an examination and a dental prophylaxis. Her husband is with her and does all of the talking. When the hygienist asks questions, the husband provides the answers. The wife speaks English and understands what the hygienist is saying. Which of the five key dimensions of culture might this scenario demonstrate? A. Power/Distance B. Individualism C. Masculinity D. Uncertainty/Avoidance Index E. Long Term Orientation

C

A profession is identified by the knowledge or concentration in one academic field of study.Dental hygiene has its own body of knowledge. A. Both statements are true. B. Both statements are false. C. The first statement is true; the second is false. D. The first statement is false; the second is true.

C

According to the transtheoretical model, relapse is common for the dental patient in stage 5, or the maintenance stage. When relapse happens, it is important for the dental hygienist to tell the patient that he or she will have to go back to stage 1 and repeat the process until the final stage is complete. A. Both statements are true. B. Both statements are false. C. The first statement is true; the second is false. D. The second statement is true; the first is false.

C

Body language is an important part of communication. Culture does not play a role in communication. A. Both statements are true. B. Both statements are false. C. The first statement is true; the second is false. D. The second statement is true; the first is false.

C

Changing our habits and reprogramming ourselves with new habits take discipline.To change behavior, we have to ignore the cues that trigger the behavior and the reward. A. Both statements are true. B. Both statements are false. C. The first statement is true; the second is false. D. The second statement is true; the first is false.

C

Dental hygienists may be essential in eliminating barriers to dental care access in underserved and vulnerable populations by all ways listed below EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. Expanded place of practice B. Expanded scope of practice C. Graduating more dentists D. New professional certifications

C

Each of the following is a step in the evidence-based process EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXECPTION? A. Assess B. Ask C. Accommodate D. Appraise E. Apply

C

Each of the following questions is used in the process of evidence evaluation EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. Are the results of the study valid and reliable? B. What are the results, and are they statistically and clinically significant? C. How can I apply these results in practice? D. Will the results help in caring for my patient? E. Does my patient meet the inclusion criteria of the study?

C

Each of the following terms are rungs of the learning ladder EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. Unawareness B. Awareness C. Self-efficacy D. Involvement E. Action

C

Effective communication between the practitioner and the patient can potentially create all of the following situations EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. Autonomy B. Evocation C. Ambivalence D. Collaboration

C

Evaluation is a component of the Ethical Decision Making Model. It involves evaluating the outcomes of the decision. Follow-up is a component of the Ethical Decision Making Model. It involves meeting with the parties involved in the ethical dilemma to make sure that they understand what the problem was and how to avoid repeating it in the future. A. Both statements are true. B. Both statements are false. C. The first statement is true; the second is false. D. The second statement is true; the first is false.

C

Identify the ethical principle and core value concerned with providing individuals or groups what is owed, due, or deserved. A. Beneficence B. Veracity C. Justice D. Disparity

C

In which standard of the dental hygiene process of care does the dental hygienist identify recommended treatment and outcomes? A. Diagnosis B. Assessment C. Planning D. Evaluation E. Implementation

C

It is an ethical responsibility of dental hygienists to treat all patients without discrimination. This does not include those patients who may have a transmissible disease. A. Both statements are true. B. Both statements are false. C. The first statement is true; the second is false. D. The second statement is true; the first is false.

C

Licensure for a dental hygienist includes A. successful completion of the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination and proof of licensure in a different state than the one in which licensure is being sought. B. graduation from an accredited dental hygiene program, successful completion of the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination, and passing the state jurisprudence examination. C. successful completion of the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination, passing a clinical licensure examination, and taking a jurisprudence examination on the laws of the particular state in which one is seeking licensure. D. passing a clinical licensure examination and taking the jurisprudence examination for the particular state in which one is seeking licensure.

C

Raquel is a recent immigrant to the United States. She lives in a rural farming community and speaks little English. No one in her family has visited a dentist before, but Raquel wants to take her children to the dentist. The closest dental office with Spanish-speaking staff is 50 miles away and is open only on weekdays. She works a minimum wage job at 10 hours a day during the week and does not own a car. She is hesitant to ask her employer for time off from work to take her kids to the dentist because she is afraid that she will lose her job. All of the following are barriers to health care in this situation EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. Lack of transportation B. Language C. Peer pressure D. Inability to take time off from work

C

Risk management may include all of the following EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. Good documentation B. Personal liability insurance C. Coverage under the dentist's liability insurance D. A thorough understanding of the law

C

Scientific writing must clearly convey the intended message. Well-written paragraphs may include popular colloquial terms, which are more pleasing to the reader than are repetitive sounding sentences of similar lengths and styles. A. Both statements are true. B. Both statements are false. C. The first statement is true; the second is false. D. The second statement is true; the first is false.

C

Several qualities affect oral communication. Which of the following is the most influential cue to interpreting what a speaker is trying to convey? A. Tone of voice B. Volume of voice C. Body language D. Content of spoken words

C

Standard precautions to prevent the spread of transmissible diseases apply to each of the following EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. All body fluids, secretions, and excretions excluding sweat B. Contact with blood C. Perspiration D. Nonintact skin E. Mucous membranes

C

The Standards of Clinical Dental Hygiene Practice published by the American Dental Hygienist's Association provides a framework for patient care.Each state has the same rules concerning the scope of practice for dental hygienists. A. Both statements are true. B. Both statements are false. C. The first statement is true; the second statement is false. D. The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

C

Understanding the differences among research study designs will bolster critical appraisal skills. The levels of evidence pyramid places the stronger level of evidence at the base of the pyramidal hierarchy. A. Both statements are true. B. Both statements are false. C. The first statement is true; the second is false. D. The second statement is true; the first is false.

C

What are the three pillars of MI? A. Authority, education, communication B. Asking, repeating, writing C. Autonomy, collaboration, evocation D. Inquire, admire, share

C

What is the purpose of the PICO mnemonic? A. To help clinicians mine scientific and biomedical databases B. To find an evidence-based association between HCV and OLP C. To formulate a good clinical question pertaining to a problem D. To help clinicians remember how to apply patient-based interventions

C

When a hygienist meets a patient for the first time, the most comfortable distance for the patient from the dental hygienist would most likely be A. an intimate distance. B. a personal distance. C. a social distance. D. a public distance.

C

When talking about tobacco use with teenagers, dental hygienists should avoid preaching and making judgmental statements, because teenagers who smoke have high academic achievement. A. Both the statement and reason are correct and related. B. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. C. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. D. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. E. Neither the statement NOR the reason is correct.

C

Which of the following is NOT a conceptual model that has been proposed for the profession of dental hygiene? A. The Oral Health-Related Quality of Life Model B. The Human Needs Conceptual Model C. The Positive Patient Model D. The Client Self-Care Commitment Model

C

Which of the following is NOT part of the dental hygiene process of care? A. Assessment B. Dental hygiene diagnosis C. Dental examination D. Documentation E. Evaluation

C

Which of the following is a result of the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA)? A. Medical and dental costs have increased by 28%. B. Health disparities across racial and ethnic groups have increased. C. Dental coverage is available to all children, even if parents do not enroll their children in dental coverage. D. The United States ranks 37th in the world in quality of health care.

C

Which of the following is an example of open-ended dialogue? A. "Have you had any changes in your health history since your last appointment?" B. "Do you floss every day?" C. "Tell me about your daily dental routine." D. "Are you using the fluoride that the dentist prescribed?"

C

Which proximal distance is approximately 4 to 12 feet? A. Intimate B. Personal C. Social D. Public

C

A patient seeing a hygienist for a routine prophylaxis admits that he has not been flossing very much. He explains, "I know it is important to floss more often, but work has been extremely busy and I cannot seem to find the time." This type of statement is an example of A. reflection. B. confrontation. C. collaboration. D. ambivalence.

D

A patient's negative behavior will most likely start to change after A. he or she sees the hygienist more frequently. B. the hygienist gives the patient all of the information about the negative behavior and warns him or her about possible health consequences. C. about 6 weeks of adhering to a new oral hygiene routine. D. the patient openly talks about solutions to change his or her negative behavior.

D

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, all people begin to take care of their oral health when they are at the safety level, because this is the level in which general health is a priority. A. Both the statement and reason are correct and related. B. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. C. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. D. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. E. Neither the statement NOR the reason is correct.

D

Albert is a patient with several dental caries. The hygienist asks Albert about his dietary habits and discovers that he drinks three to four cans of soda every day. The hygienist explains the detrimental effects of these drinks on a person's health; Albert asks for suggestions to help him change this habit. Together, Albert and the hygienist make a plan for him to quit drinking soda and to increase brushing and flossing frequency. Which of the following statements is most accurate about this scenario? A. The dental hygienist helped the patient understand his hierarchy of needs. B. The dental hygienist implemented five steps of the learning ladder. C. The dental hygienist helped the patient change his locus of control. D. The dental hygienist provided holistic care. Correct

D

All of the following statements about plagiarism are true EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. Plagiarism is dishonest and fraudulent behavior; it is severely punished. B. Plagiarism is using another's work or ideas without giving credit to that person. C. Plagiarism is a serious breach of academic and personal ethics. D. Paraphrasing by substituting words and/or word order is not plagiarism as long as the source material is cited.

D

All states require dental hygienists to graduate from an accredited dental hygiene program.All states require dental hygienists to pass a national written examination and a regional clinical examination. A. Both statements are true. B. Both statements are false. C. The first statement is true; the second is false. D. The first statement is false; the second is true.

D

Covered entities under HIPAA include A. health-care providers who transmit health information in electronic form in connection with a transaction covered by the rule, such as billing. B. health plans that assume the risk of paying for medical and dental treatments. C. health-care clearinghouses D. all of the above.

D

Dental hygienists do not have to be concerned with proximity between themselves and their patients of different cultures, because getting very close to a patient is required to work in a patient's mouth. A. Both the statement and reason are correct and related. B. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. C. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. D. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. E. Neither the statement NOR the reason is correct.

D

For patients to change behavior A. the dental hygienist has to tell them what to change. B. they need to be told that things will get worse. C. they must hear the advice from their doctor or dentist. D. they must feel a connection with the dental hygienist.

D

Oral health promotion might be more effective for teenagers if it emphasized A. the consequences of risk-taking behavior. B. the importance of developing good habits during adolescence. C. the reality of their vulnerability to disease. D. social consequences, such as attractiveness, rather than health consequences.

D

Periodontal probing and taking radiographs when indicated for diagnosis of dental disease is considered the standard of care in dentistry and dental hygiene. Neither of these is performed when they are indicated for a patient and advanced periodontal disease is not diagnosed because of this omission. What is this an example of? A. Intentional criminal offense B. Unintentional criminal offense C. Intentional tort D. Unintentional tort

D

The most important step in the Ethical Decision Making Model is A. gathering credible resources and facts about an ethical dilemma or problem. B. finding possible actions or options and alternatives to help see the ethical dilemma or problem through multiple lenses. C. implementing the solution to the problem. D. identifying whether an ethical problem exists.

D

The systematic review focuses on a clinical topic to A. reject studies with competing methodologies. B. eliminate bias and conflicts of interest. C. determine the proper statistical interpretation. D. answer a specific question.

D

Understanding cultural differences is not important in dental hygiene, because all patients need to care for their teeth and gums, regardless of culture. A. Both the statement and reason are correct and related. B. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. C. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. D. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. E. Neither the statement NOR the reason is correct.

D

Vaccination used to prevent a disease from occurring is A. secondary prevention. B. tertiary prevention. C. standard precautions. D. primary prevention.

D

When using motivational interviewing to elicit positive change from a patient, which of the following must the practitioner do? A. Use closed-ended questions. B. Tell the patient why his or her behavior is detrimental to his or her health. C. Use confrontational questions to scare the patient. D. Use open-ended question.

D

Which of the following best describes a case control study? A. In the carefully planned study, groups of participants receive the latest intervention, or treatment, for their disease. B. The study compiles and analyzes collections of reports on the treatment of individual patients. C. In the study, participants' outcomes are compared to a similar population that has not been exposed to or affected by the treatment being studied. D. In the study, participants are selected based on their disease and compared with people who do not have the disease.

D

Which of the following does informed consent include? A. Disclosing the nature of the condition and the potential hazards of the treatment, confirming patient understanding, and discussing the cost of the procedure B. Confirming the competency of the patient, using understandable language, offering alternatives to treatment, and discussing the cost of the procedure C. Advising the patient of the potential hazards of the treatment and the results if left untreated, discussing the cost of the procedure, and using understandable language D. Confirming the competency of the patient, using understandable language, disclosing the nature of the condition, and advising the patient of the inherent and potential hazards of the proposed treatment

D

Which of the following is NOT a way for dental hygiene to grow as a professional discipline? A. Research done by dental hygienists to link the profession to a theoretical framework B. Linking theories and concepts to the dental hygiene process of care C. Studying the effects of dental hygiene recommendations and procedures on subjects D. The state dental boards will determine when hygiene is a true professional discipline.

D

Which of the following is NOT an instance of permitted use and disclosure of protected health information (PHI) without authorization by the individual? A. For victims of abuse, neglect, or domestic violence B. For law enforcement purposes (pursuant to a court order) C. For research after de-identification D. For spouses during divorce proceedings

D

Which of the following is NOT one of the "5 As" of tobacco cessation? A. Ask B. Advise C. Assess D. Authorize E. Arrange

D

Which of the following parts of a scientific paper identifies the type of study design? A. References B. Discussion C. Introduction D. Materials/Methods

D

Which of the following statements describes decision-making in health care today? A. It is paternalistic. B. It is dentist-centric. C. It is maternalistic. D. It is shared.

D

Case control studies are often considered more reliable than randomized controlled trials and cohort studies, because they show a statistical relationship and establish causality. A. Both the statement and reason are correct and related. B. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. C. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. D. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. E. Neither the statement NOR the reason is correct.

E

Each of the following constructs are included in the latest version of the Health Belief Model EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. Perceived severity B. Cues to action C. Perceived barriers D. Perceived susceptibility E. Termination

E