DHN212 Chapter 8 Metabolism

The alcohol dehydrogenase pathway metabolizes alcohol when a person drinks _____ amounts of alcohol.

low to moderate

What is the catabolic hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands?

Cortisol

Which of the following are catabolic hormones?

Cortisol, glucagon, epinephrine

Teh availability of carbon atoms in fatty acids increases the potential to form more

FADH2, NADH, acetyl CoA

True or False : Insulin is released in the post-absorptive state.

False

Human cells obtain energy by

Releasing chemical energy from macro-nutrients

During _____ metabolism, adequate oxygen is present allowing mitochondria to make lots of ATP.

Aerobic

Energy _______ involves the chemical pathways that enable the human body to obtain and use energy from macronutrients and alcohol.

Metabolism

Where does glucose go after it is degraded in the liver?

Bloodstream

What is the order of steps for citric acid cycle?

1. Acetyl CoA binds to oxaloacetate

A healthy liver can metabolize up to around ______g of alcohol per hour?

12-15

What is one serving of alcohol?

12oz beer 5oz wine 1.5oz liqour

What is the chemmical pathway that is involved in the catabolism of an activated fatty acid?

Beta-Oxidation

The citric acid cycle is a complex series of chemical reactions that converts the two-carbon acetyl CoA molecule into

CO2, H2O

___________ is a condition characterized by the accumulation of scar tissue in the liver leading to its irreversible damage.

Cirrhosis of the liver

What are examples of anabolic reactions?

Glucose -> glycogen, glycerol + free fatty acids -> triglycerides, amino acids -> proteins

_______________ is a chemical pathway that enables muscle cells and liver to store glucose as glycogen.

Glycogenesis

___________ is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose molecules.

Glycogenolysis

What is the order of stages of glucose breakdown?

Glycolysis, Pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain

____________ occurs in muscles cells and adipocytes because insulin receptors no longer function properly.

Insulin Resistance

What are the key hormones in the regulation of metabolic activities?

Insulin, cortisol, glucagon, epinephrine, thyroid hormone

True of False : Starvation is a highly catabolic state characterized by gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and ketogenesis.

True

True or False : Consuming excessive amounts of carbohydrates can lead to increased accumulation of body fat.

True

True or False : Consuming excessive amounts of protein can lead to increased accumulation of body fat.

True

True or False : Glucogenic amino acids, through metabolic pathways, are broken down into pyruvate or intermediates of the citric acid cycle.

True

True or False : The ability to metabolize alcohol is dependent on the activity of the aldehyde dehydrogenase.

True

True or False : The higher the number of carbon atoms in a fatty acid, the higher the number of acetyl CoA produced via beta-oxidation.

True

The availability of carbon atoms in fatty acids increases the potential to form more

acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH

The human body stores more energy in_____ than in ______.

fat cells; glycogen stores

The ______ is the primary site for metabolizing alcohol that has been absorbed by the digestive tract.

liver

Pyruvate is converted to a _____-carbon compound in the _______ when oxygen is present.

two, mitochondria