DHYG 286 - Pharmacology I-- Exam 1
Long-term systemic administration of corticosteroids can result in what type of event?
Interference with the body's natural defense mechanisms
An enteral route of drug administration that is good in the presence of nausea and vomiting or, if the patient is unconscious, is the __________ route.
rectal
Which enteral route of administration is indicated for patients unable to take oral medications?
rectal
A drug that acts at the location where a division of the ANS acts and blocks the action (acting as an antagonist) of the neurotransmitter has the suffix __________.
-lytic or blocker
A drug that has the suffix __________ has the same action as an agonist.
-mimetic
prequiz-- the distribution of a drug is determined by _______ presence of certain barriers plasma protein-binding capacity solubility of the drug blood flow to organ all of these
all of these
Which factors would make a medication more readily able to be absorbed and distributed? (1) Ionic form. (2) Nonionic form. (3) Lipid soluble. (4) Lipid insoluble. (5) Bound to plasma. (6) Unbound to plasma.
2,3 ,6
How many half-lives are required for a drug to be essentially removed from systemic circulation?
4-5 half lives
Drugs that undergo the first-pass effect are given by which route of administration?
oral
prequiz-- which of the following choices is considered the safest, least expensive, and most convenient route for administering drugs?
oral
Naloxone/Narcan is given to treat narcotic overdose. Naloxone binds to the body's opioid receptors, combines with the receptors, and blocks or reduces the effect of the narcotic drug. Which drug action does naloxone demonstrate?
antagonist
Where is the primary site of metabolism by hydrolysis?
blood plasma
The __________ of the prescription contains the symbol Rx, name and dose size or concentration (liquids) of the drug, the amount to be dispensed, and the directions to the patient.
body
A noncompetitive antagonist binds to
A different receptor site than the agonist, reducing the maximal response of the agonist.
All statements are true about drug distribution to the brain except: A nonlipid soluble, highly ionized compound will easily cross the blood-brain barrier. The drug's lipid solubility and degree of ionization affect distribution across the blood-brain barrier. A highly lipid-soluble, nonionized drug will easily penetrate the blood-brain barrier. For drugs to penetrate the central nervous system, they must cross the blood-brain barrier.
A highly lipid-soluble, nonionized drug will easily penetrate the blood-brain barrier.
Which statement is most correct concerning the sympathetic autonomic nervous system (SANS)?
A single preganglionic fiber often synapses with numerous postganglionic neurons to produce a diffuse effect.
What is the preganglionic neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system?
ACh
What is the principal neurotransmitter of the PANS?
ACh
The dental health professional should be familiar with autonomic nervous system (ANS) drugs for all reasons except: Members of other drug groups have similar effects to ANS drugs. Vasoconstrictors added to local anesthetic agents are ANS agents. Some ANS drugs produce oral adverse effects such as xerostomia. ANS drugs are used to treat oral infections. Some ANS drugs are used to increase salivary flow.
ANS drugs are used to treat oral infections.
When writing a prescription for opioids or other controlled substances, what is advisable to ensure correct dosage?
Add the number of tablets written in Roman numerals or longhand.
Applying drugs by sublingual and buccal routes offer which advantages?
Administration of drugs by sublingual and buccal routes provides a large absorption surface, rapid drug onset, ease of administration, and prevents breakdown by the first-pass effect.
Which statements are sometimes seen on drug inserts concerning drug safety during pregnancy?
Animal reproductive studies are not always indicative of human effects. Pregnant women should always weigh benefits versus possible risks and consult with their health care provider before taking any medication during pregnancy.
Produces dry field for oral surgery
Atropine
Which drug would have the longest half-life? Ampicillin 500 mg given two times a day Azithromycin 500 mg given once a day Penicillin 500 mg given two times a day Amoxicillin 500 mg given three times a day
Azithromycin 500 mg given once a day
All statements about generic drugs are true except: a.Generic drugs must be chemically equivalent with trade name drugs. b.All ingredients in the generic drug must be exactly the same as for the brand name. c.The active ingredient of the generic product must enter the bloodstream at the same rate as the trade name drug. d.Manufacturers who develop trade name drugs are allowed a 20-year patent.
B
Actions of the sympathetic nervous system include all except:
Decrease in blood pressure and heart rate
Adverse reactions associated with the large doses of anticholinergics include all except: Central nervous system depression Central nervous system excitation Xerostomia Hyperpyrexia Photophobia
CNS depression
Package Inserts (PIs) contain information aboaut the drug that has been negotiated between the manufacturer and the FDA. What information about the drug must be provided?
Chemical makeup of the drug Drug interactions, dosage and administration FDA-approved indications for use, contraindications and warnings, and adverse reactions
The anticholinergic or parasympatholytic agents are often used therapeutically to treat which conditions?
Dilation of the pupils for ophthalmologic examinations Decrease salivation and secretions to produce a dry field in oral surgery bronchodilator for asthma
Examples of sympathomimetic adrenergic agonists include which drugs?
Epinephrine, phenylephrine, and norepinephrine
Animal experiments may elicit adverse reactions that could also occur in humans. The significance of animal experimentation is that
Drug reactions in animals do not always predict reactions in humans.
Actions initiated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and manufacturer to remove drug or products from the market
Drug recall
prequiz-- a dose of a drug that procedures a specified intensity of effect in 50% of experiemtnal animals is termed _____.
ED50
Which agency grants approval for drugs marketed in the United States after determining the safety and efficiency of the drugs?
FDA
Agency that regulates the trade practices of drug companies and prohibits false advertising
Federal Trade Commission
prequiz-- controlled substances in schedule _____ require a written prescription with the providers signature and do not permit refills
II only
Which immunoglobulin (Ig) antibodies are involved in a type I immediate hypersensitivity drug reaction?
IgE Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody is activated by the allergen to bind to mast cells and basophils via specialized receptors. When the activated antigen is encountered again, the IgE cross-links with the mast cells and basophil to degranulate and release histamine and other inflammatory mediators, producing a type I, or immediate hypersensitivity, reaction. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) are involved in type II, or cytotoxic/cytolytic, reactions that fix the antigen-antibody complex to a circulating red blood cell, destroying the cell by lysis. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is also involved in type III or Arthus reactions. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin D (IgD) are usually not involved in hypersensitivity reactions.
Erythromycin and cimetidine are examples of drugs that inhibit the metabolism of other drugs by inhibiting the microsomal enzymes in the liver. The effect of this inhibition on other drugs is to
Increase the plasma levels and actions of the other drugs
Mandates that pharmacists must provide patient counseling and prospective drug utilization review for Medicaid patients
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act
Encourages development and marketing of products for rare diseases affecting fewer than 200,000 people in the United States
Orphan Drug Program
The abbreviation that means "by mouth" is
PO
Small and then increasing doses administered to a limited number of health human volunteers
Phase I testing
Treatment of xerostomia
Pilocarpine (Salagen)
WHat 3 statements are true about the preganglionic fibers of the PANS?
Preganglionic fibers are relatively long and extend near to or into the innervated organ. A low ratio of synaptic connections between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons usually exists, leading to a discrete or more localized response when the PANS is stimulated. Postganglionic fibers are usually short and terminate on the innervated tissue.
Blocks action of β receptors in SANS
Propranolol
The two components of the ANS, the sympathetic autonomic nervous system (SANS) and the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system (PANS) together control regulation of which bodily functions?
Regulation of blood pressure and heart rate and smooth muscles of the gut and bronchi
Which schedule of controlled substances has the highest potential for abuse?
Schedule I
All are true of scheduled drugs except: Prescriptions for a controlled substance require a Drug Enforcement Administration number. Schedule II prescriptions cannot be refilled; the patient must obtain a new written prescription to obtain more medication. Prescriptions for schedule II drugs must be written in indelible ink or typed. All schedule II through IV drugs require a prescription. Schedule II prescriptions can be telephoned to the pharmacist.
Schedule II prescriptions can be telephoned to the pharmacist.
Tylenol with added codeine is listed in what schedule of controlled substances?
Schedule III
Treatment of motion sickness
Scopolamine
Used to facilitate intubation for general anesthetic
Succinylcholine
Which terms refer to the same groups of medications? Sympathomimetic, adrenergic Adrenergic, parasympathomimetic Sympathomimetic, cholinergic Cholinergic, parasympatholytic
Sympathomimetic, adrenergic
Metric units are used in prescription writing. All statements are true concerning metric measurements except: The basic metric unit for volume is the gram (g). The various units of the metric system are based on multiples of 10. Solid drugs are dispensed by weight, which is measured in grams, kilograms, and milligrams. All of the above Liquid drugs are dispensed by volume,which is measures in milliliters.
The basic metric unit for volume is the gram (g).
Which adrenergic drug is used to treat asthma?
albuterol
Which statements are most correct concerning the drug's affinity with a receptor site? Drugs with a stronger affinity for receptor sites are less potent than drugs with weaker affinities for the same site. The drug with the stronger affinity for the receptor will bind to more receptors than the drug with the weaker affinity. Less of the drug with the weaker affinity will be required to produce a pharmacologic response. Drugs cannot bind to a receptor site occupied by an agonist.
The drug with the stronger affinity for the receptor will bind to more receptors than the drug with the weaker affinity.
Which term best describes zero-order kinetics?
The liver enzymes that metabolize the drug become saturated at the usual therapeutic does.
For a drug to gain Food and Drug Administration approval, which is true concerning animal studies?
The median lethal dose is determined for several species of animals. Long-term animal studies continue, including a search for teratogenic effects. Animal studies measure both acute and chronic toxicity.
All of the statements about neurotransmitters in the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system (PANS) are true except: The postsynaptic tissue also responds to muscarine and is identified as muscarinic. When the synapse between the preganglionic and postganglionic nerves is also stimulated by nicotine, it is also called nicotinic in response. The neurotransmitter released from the postganglionic nerve terminal is norepinephrine and is called adrenergic. Nerves that release acetylcholine between the preganglionic and postganglionic nerves are called cholinergic.
The neurotransmitter released from the postganglionic nerve terminal is norepinephrine and is called adrenergic.
Which statement is most correct concerning the amount of drug absorption in relationship to the drug's pH and degree of ionization? The nonionized, or uncharged, portion acts as a nonpolar, lipid-soluble compound that poorly crosses body membranes The pH of the tissues at the site of administration and the dissociation characteristics (pKa) of the drug will determine the amount of drug present in the ionized and nonionized state. Weak acids are poorly absorbed when the pH is less than the pKa, whereas weak bases are better absorbed when the pH is greater than the pKa. Strong acids are poorly absorbed when the pH is lower than the pKa, whereas strong bases are better absorbed when the pH is higher than the pKa.
The pH of the tissues at the site of administration and the dissociation characteristics (pKa) of the drug will determine the amount of drug present in the ionized and nonionized state.
Preclinical testing by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is used to determine
Toxicity and pharmcokinetic properties Acute and chronic toxicity in animals Median lethal dose for several species
Drugs can modify ANS activity by altering neurotransmitter activity in which ways? Neurotransmitter storage Neurotransmitter release a, b, and d only Receptor interaction Neurotransmitter synthesis All of the above
all of the above
In a __________ reaction, inflammation is produced by sensitized T lymphocytes and macrophages coming in contact with an antigen, producing lymphokines and cytokines.
Type IV (delayed hypersensitivity) rxn
Which best describes an adverse drug reaction? Extension of the pharmacologic effect (i.e., overdose) Clinically desirable or intended effect of the drug Genetically related abnormal unpredictable drug response Undesirable effect occurring at usual therapeutic doses
Undesirable effect occurring at usual therapeutic doses
Which of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) pregnancy risk categories is absolutely contraindicated during pregnancy?
X FDA pregnancy category X is considered the most dangerous to the developing fetus and must never be used by someone who is or might become pregnant. Category A is considered the safest of the categories, with each succeeding letter being less safe, although no drug is completely safe.
Which statements are true concerning metabolism or biotransformation? Most drugs undergo metabolic transformation in the liver. All of the above a and b only Drug metabolism is an enzyme-dependent process. It is the process of changing a drug so that the kidneys can more easily excrete it.
all of the above
prequiz-- knowledge of pharmacology aids the dental professional in _______ obtaining a patients HHX handling emergency situations administering drugs in office all of these selection of a nonprescription medication
all of these
When reviewing the product information on a drug, the dental hygienist notes that it is teratogenic. This drug would be contraindicated for which patient?
a pregnant pt
The abbreviation that means "before meals" is
ac
The action of the released acetylcholine is terminated by hydrolysis by the enzyme
acetylcholinerase
Drugs can be metabolized in what ways?
active to active active to inactive inactive to active NOT inactive to inactive
Which are methods of excretion or elimination by the kidney?
active tubular secretion passive tubular diffusion glomerular filtration
When the sympathetic autonomic nervous system is stimulated, the __________ releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, acting as a large sympathetic ganglion.
adrenal medulla
A drug that acts at the location where norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter released would be termed
adrenergic
The sensory components of ANS are the __________ fibers, and the motor component of the ANS are the __________ fibers.
afferent, efferent
All are required on a prescription labels except: Age of the patient Directions for use Name of the medication and its strength Name, address, and telephone number of the pharmacy Patient's and dentist's names Quantity of medication dispensed Original date and the date filled
age of patient not required on prescription but required on prescription LABEL
A drug that has an affinity for a receptor combines with the receptor and produces an effect is termed a(n)
agonist
The direct-acting cholinergic or parasympathomimetic (PANS) agents include which drugs? b and c only a. Physostigmine b. Bethanechol c. Pilocarpine All of these agents Neostigmine
b and c only
Which conditions must be met for a drug to be approved as a generic substitution for the patented trade name drug?
biologically and chemically equivalent
Specific warning to make sure prescriber and patient understand the serious safety concerns associated with that drug
black box
A drug may have more than one generic name, but only one trade or propriety name. both statements true, false, one of each?
both are false
A type IV (delayed-hypersensitivity) reaction is antibody mediated. Examples of a type IV reaction are an Arthus (serum-sickness) reaction. both statements are true, false, one of each?
both are false
All off-label uses of drugs must contain a Black Box warning. The Black Box Warning must contain the FDA indications for the use of the drug, contraindications, warnings, adverse reactions, drug interactions, dose and administrtion, and how the drug is supplied. both statements are true, false, or one of each?
both are false
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is involved with, and is usually termed, the fight-or-flight response and is designed to cope with sudden emergencies. The sympathetic division of the ANS is involved with conservation of the body processes and is often termed the rest-and-digest response. both statements are true, false, one of each
both are false
The placenta acts as a selective barrier against the passage of most drugs. Most drugs cannot pass easily across the placental barrier. both statements are true, false, one of each?
both are false
When a generic drug is prescribed, then the generic name of the drug and the company that manufactures it are not required on the label. If the trade drug is used, the trade name and the name of the company that manufactures the drug are required on the label. statements are both false, true, one of each?
both are false
Drug interactions can produce either harmful or beneficial effects. Increasing the number of drugs prescribed to a patient increases the chances of drug interactions. both statements are true, false, one of each?
both are true
Drugs act on biologic systems to accomplish a desired effect, and they are specific in the organs or tissues they affect. This specificity is the reason for undesirable or adverse drug reactions. both statements are true, false, one of each?
both false
In the autonomic nervous system, the preganglionic neuron originates in the __________ and passes out to form the ganglia at the __________ with the postganglionic neuron. The postganglionic neuron originates in the __________ and innervates the __________.
central nervous system, ganglia, synapse, effector organ
prequiz-- The acronym SLUD denotes adverse reactions associated with administration of ____ agents.
cholinergic
Type II (cytotoxic/cytolytic) reactions are characterized by destruction to what organ, tissue, or cell type?
circulating blood cells
If enterohepatic circulation is blocked, what will happen to the serum level of the circulating drug in the serum?
decrease
The presence of infection in the tissue causes a(n) __________ in the pH of the tissue, __________ the effect of local anesthetics.
decreasing, decreasing
The passage of drugs into various body fluid compartments such as plasma, interstitial fluids, and intracellular fluids is called
distribution
Used in treatment of shock
dopamine
Drug A has a therapeutic index (TI) of 2. Drug B has a TI of 10. Which drug has greater potential for toxicity?
drug A
prequiz-- a drug effect that is neither predictable nor dose related is called a _______-
drug allergy
Which federal regulation requires manufacturers to demonstrate drug effectiveness through strict testing, and submit reports of adverse drug effects of drugs already on the market to the FDA?
drug amendment of 1962
prequiz-- which of the following statements is true concerning the mechanism of action of drugs?
drugs either produce the same action as a endogenous agent or block the action of an endogenous agent
prequiz-- the half life of a drug is most related to its _____.
duration
prequiz-- phase 1 clinical trials involve all of the following except which one? safe dose range toxic effects of the drug effectiveness metabolism
effectiveness
__________ is maximal intensity of effect or response that a drug produces.
efficacy
The term catecholamine refers to which agent?
epinephrine
Vasoconstrictor in local anesthetics
epinephrine
Which terms can be used to measure drug response or action? a.efficacy b.distribution c.dose-response curve d. potency e. all of the above f. a, c, d
f. a, c ,d
prequiz-- which federal regulatory agency decides which drugs require a prescription and which drugs may be sold over the counter?
fda
Absorption is the process by which drug molecules are transferred from the site of metabolism to the circulating blood. This process requires the drug to pass through biologic membranes. both statements false, true, one of each?
first false second true
Insecticides and chemical warfare agents are usually sympathetic autonomic nervous system drugs called reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. Members of this drug group include parathion, Malathion, and sarin. both statements true, false, one of each
first false, second true
Potency is the maximal intensity of effect or response that can be produced by a drug. Administering more of the drug will not increase the efficacy of the drug but can often increase the probability of an adverse reaction. both statements true, false, one of each
first false, second true
Topical drug applications for systemic effect include transdermal patches and sublingual spray or tablet administration. Drugs that often produce allergic reactions should be administered topically because sensitization rarely occurs when applied topically. both statements are true, false, one of each?
first true second false
A PANS drug, succinylcholine, attaches to the nicotinic receptor and results in flaccid paralysis of the skeletal muscle. This drug is commonly used to treat seizure disorders. both statements true, false, one of each
first true, second false
Cell membranes are composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. The membrane lipids make the membrane relatively permeable to ions and polar molecules. both statements are true, false, one of each
first true, second false
Certain states require the use of triplicate or duplicate prescription blanks for schedule II drugs. Prescriptions for schedule III and IV drugs may be telephoned to the pharmacist and may not be refilled. both statements true, false, or one of each?
first true, second false
Few drugs can be considered completely safe for administration to a pregnant woman. Many of the drugs used in dentistry are considered to be among the most dangerous to the developing fetus. both statements true, false, one of each
first true, second false
Marijuana is a schedule I drug. This designation means that dentists may prescribe it if a dental indication exists. both statements true, false, one of each?
first true, second false
Patients frequently report that they are allergic to a medication, because allergic or hypersensitivity adverse reactions are the most common type of adverse drug reactions. both statements are true, false, one of each?
first true, second false
Penicillins, ester local anesthetics, and aspirin are drugs used in dentistry that have produced fatal anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is more common when penicillin is given by the oral route rather than by injection. both statements are true, false, one of each
first true, second false
Stimulation of β1 receptors of the SANS by adrenergic agents causes stimulation of the heart muscle, resulting in increased heart rate and strength of contraction. Stimulation of the β2 receptors of the SANS by adrenergic agents causes stimulation of the smooth muscles of the bronchioles, resulting in bronchoconstriction. both statements are true, false, one of each?
first true, second false
The inhalation route may be used in the administration of which of the following forms of gaseous, microcrystalline, liquid, or powdered form of drugs for either local or systemic effects?
gaseous, microcrystalline, liquid, or powdered forms of drugs. *Crystals would be too large to administer by the inhalation route.
prequiz-- which of the following is least likely to be a true allergic rxn?
gastric upset
Which name is considered the official name of a new drug?
generic
prequiz-- which type of drug name usually begins with a lowercase letter
generic
The metabolism of an ingested drug to a reactive metabolite produces a(n):
hapten An ingested drug that has been metabolized into a reactive metabolite produces a hapten. The hapten may act as an antigen after combining with proteins in the body, triggering the production of an antibody. On the next exposure to the drug, the formed antibodies will react with the hapten/antigen to produce a hypersensitivity reaction.
Signs and symptoms of type I anaphylactic shock include all except? Hypertension Hypotension Laryngeal edema Cardiac arrhythmias Bronchospasm
hypertension
A nervous patient is given a sedative in the usual therapeutic dose before receiving dental hygiene care. The patient becomes agitated and upset and reports feeling heart palpitations. She begins to cry hysterically when the dental hygienist enters the room. What kind of adverse drug event is happening to this client?
idiosyncratic rxn
A person who has an abnormal response to a medication based on a genetic component is said to have what type of event?
idiosyncratic rxn
What is the primary mechanism of action for the indirect-acting parasympathomimetic agents?
inhibiting the enzyme cholinesterase
Which route of administration of penicillin is most likely to cause an anaphylactic reaction?
intravenous
All are parenteral routes of drug administration except:
intravenous, intramuscular, sublingual
Which is the fastest and most predictable method of administering a drug?
intravenously
prequiz-- if the value of the TI is larger (wide TI) for drug A compared to drug B, then the toxicity for drug A ___________
is less likely than for drug B
The primary organ involved in excretion or elimination is
kidneys
Drugs with a high first-pass effect must have a __________ oral-to-parenteral dose ratio if they are given orally.
larger
All are trade names of drugs except which of the following? a) lidocaine b) Septocaine c) Octocaine d) Xylocaine
lidocaine
Which properties affect a drug's ability to pass across the biologic membrane of the cell? a.Lipid solubility b.Carbohydrate solubility c.Degree of ionization d.Molecular size and shape All of the above A, c, and D
lipid solubility degree of ionization molecular size and shape
The primary organ involved in metabolism or biotransformation is
liver
An exaggerated drug effect on a target tissue or organ could be caused by which condition? (pick 3) Respiratory disease Liver disease Cardiovascular disease Kidney disease Patient sensitivity
liver, kidney, patient sensitivity
Which abbreviation stands for every?
q
Tissue necrosis at the site of an injection is an example of which type of adverse drug reaction?
local effect Local reactions are characterized by local tissue irrigation, pain, and tissue necrosis at the site of the injection. Topically applied agents can also produce irritation at the injection site. A drug interaction can occur when the effect of one drug is altered by another drug. A hypersensitivity reaction is an immunologic response to a drug resulting in rash or anaphylaxis. A teratogenic effect is a relationship between drugs and congenital abnormalities. An idiosyncratic reaction is a genetically related abnormal drug response that makes some populations more susceptible to certain adverse reactions to specific drugs.
Stimulation or induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes by a drug will have what effect on other drugs that the patient is taking?
metabolize more quickly decreased response
Treatment of ADD and ADHD
methamphetamine
prequiz-- when diff drugs compete for the same receptor sites, the drug with the stronger affinity for the receptor will bind to _____.
more receptors than the drug with the weaker affinity
prequiz-- the direct effect of the neurotransmitter ACh on the heart is ____ chronotropic ( heart rate and rhythm) and the inotropic (force of heart muscle contraction) action.
negative, negative
What is the primary postsynaptic neurotransmitters between the postsynaptic nerve and the effector tissue for the sympathetic nervous system?
norepinephrine
Use of a drug outside of the labeled indications approved by the FDA
off-label use
Which statements accurately describe the cell bodies that give origin to the preganglionic fibers of the SANS, compared with the PANS? reganglionic fibers have a less diffuse effect. Only b, c, and d are true. The postganglionic fibers also terminate at the effector organ or tissues. A single SANS preganglionic fiber often synapses with numerous postganglionic neurons. None of these statements are true. Preganglionic fibers form multiple synaptic connections with postganglionic cell bodies. All of these statements are true in comparison with the PANS.
only b, c,and d are true
Literature about a drug that is negotiated between the manufacturer and the FDA
package inserts (PI)
The combination of anticholinergic agents and levodopa is sometimes used for the treatment of __________.
parkinson's disease
Lipid-soluble substances move across the lipoprotein cell membrane by what type of mechanism?
passive transfer by simple diffusion
Which criteria must be met before a dentist can prescribe a medication?
patient must be pt of record prescription for condition dental related
prequiz-- which of the following is "safe" to administer to a pregnant pt?
penicillin
The study of the action of drugs on living organisms.
pharmacodynamics
The study of what the body does to a drug: the measurement of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drug from the body.
pharmacokinetics
The practice of compounding, preparing, dispensing, and counseling patients about their medications.
pharmacy
The use of medications to treat different disease states
pharmcotherapy
A black box warning is most likely to be issued for a drug during which Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clinical phase?
phase 4
Which naturally occurring cholinergic agents is given to stimulate saliva flow?
pilocarpine
Treatment of glaucoma
pilocarpine (IsoptoCarpine)
prequiz-- Anticholinergic (parasympathetic) agents prevent the action of ACh at the _____
postganglionic parasympathetic
All are components of pharmacokinetics except: potency absorption distribution excretion/elimination metabolism/biotransformation
potency
All are important reasons for a dental hygienist to have knowledge of pharmacology except: Obtaining a health history Prescribing drugs to the dental patient Planning appointments Handling medical emergencies Administering drugs in the office
prescribing drugs to patient
When an active drug is metabolized into a second active metabolite, how is the action of that drug affected?
prolong
OTC cold and allergy medication
pseudoephedrine
Factors that may alter drug effects include all except Route of excretion Gender a, b, c, d Psychologic factors Tolerance Genetic variance a, b, d, e
psychologic factors
Indications for adrenergic drugs include all except: Over-the-counter cold and cough products Asthma bronchodilator Vasoconstrictors for local anesthetics Treatments for hypotension and shock Salivary stimulants
salivary stimulants
Which categories of drugs refer to those with the potential for abuse?
schedule drugs
All are routes of excretion except which of the following? a) Lungs b) Kidneys c) Biliary d) Breast milk e) Sweat f ) Sebum g) Saliva, gingival crevicular fluid
sebum
Which conditions are contraindications for PANS agents? a.Xerostomia b.Gastrointestinal or urinary tract obstruction c.Peptic ulcer d. Hyperthyroidism e. Severe cardiac disease b, c, d, and e only
severe cardiac disease peptic ulcer hyperthyroidism obstruction of GI/UI tracts
When a drug is distributed into systemic circulation, the biologic activity of the drug is related to the
solubility of the drug
Which drugs commonly used in dentistry are contraindicated during pregnancy? Tetracycline Lidocaine Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents Metronidazole Benzodiazepines
tetracycline, metronidazole, benxodiazepines Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAIDS) should be avoided. Lidocaine is considered a category B drug, which means that it could be administered safely if there is a clear need.
When a drug that is highly bound to the plasma is displaced by another administered drug that is also highly bound, what happens to the drug effect of the first drug administered?
the drug effect increases
The desired pharmacologic action of a drug is termed the
therapeutic effect
An adverse drug reaction that is an extension of the pharmacologic effect resulting from a drugs effect on target organs is termed a(n):
toxic rxn
The study of the the harmful effects of drugs on living tissues
toxicology
prequiz-- Indications for the use of anticholinergic agents include ___
tx incombination with levadopa for patients with Parkinson disease
Indications for parasympathetic autonomic nervous system (PANS) drugs include all except: Treatment of urinary retention Treatment of bronchial asthma Stimulation of salivary flow Treatment of glaucoma Treatment of myasthenia gravis
tx of bronchial asthma
prequiz-- a-Adrenergic agonists cause
vasonconstriction
The clinic dentist can write a prescription for all situations except...?
xanax for fear of flying
All are adverse reactions of cholinergic agents except: Neuromuscular paralysis in large doses Defecation Xerostomia Salivation Lacrimation
xerostomia
