Diet tech study guide

Employee retention

Ability to keep an employee

Fistula

Abnormal opening between organs Caused by birth defects, trauma Treat for fluid loss, electrolyte loss, aggressive nutritional support

Macrocyctic cell

Abnormally larger Term macrocytosis refers to enlargement of RBC and is defines by a mean corpuscular volume of greater than 100 femtolitres. Causes include bone marrow dysplasia, alcoholism, megaloblastosis, hypothyroidism, reticulocytosis, or liver disease

Elderly

Above 65 Young-old (65-74) Aged (75-84) Oldest (85 +)

FTE works 40 hours

Absolute: min # of employees needed to staff business (hours worked actually) Adjusted: accounts for benefit days and days off

Fructose

Absorbed by facilitated diffusion via GLUT 5

Vitamin D

Absorbed from intestine with aid of bile

Calcium

Absorbed only in water-soluble form * 70 to 80% remains unabsorbed and it is excreted in waste

Glucose and Galactose

Absorbed through active transport //taken into enterocyte by co transport with sodium using the same transporter GLUT 1

Water soluble nutrients

Absorbed through passive diffusion they attach to carriers no energy require

Some water and electrolytes

Absorbed through simple diffusion Example: absorption from intestine to blood to lymph nodes

Large intestine

Absorbs vitamin K sodium potassium on the first half of colon

Riboflavin (B2)

Absorption occurs in small intestine and is enhanced by presence of food in the G.I. tract

Phagocytosis

Absorptive cells actually surround and engulf nutrients

Ferrous

Absórbanle form of iron

Democratic

Accepts majority decision

SDS (Safety Data Sheet)

According to standard set forth by the United States department of labor, specifically OSHA, chemical manufacturers must produce a safety sheet for every chemical product. The safety sheet must be posted by employers for employee reference

Common gastric problems for elderly

Achlorydia Atrophic gastritis Gastroparesis Bezoar formation Treatment: small frequent meals, lured foods, high fiber avoidance, high fat avoidance

Adult aged college students teaching methos

Active learning and participation techniques

Curative

Active medical care and treatment where cure is achievable

Social marketing

Activities aimed at changing or maintaining people's behavior for the benefit of individuals and society as a whole

Marketing

Activity directed at satisfying the wants and needs of customers Cyclical function that requires planning implementation and evaluation

Calcium

Acts as a catalyst to the clotting factor prothrombin * allows normal blood clotting

Vit E

Acts as body's anyioxidant

Chron's and Ulcerative Colitis dietary

Acute flare ups: maintain fluid and electrolyte balance

Too prevent curdling

Add acid slowly and agitate at room temp

Function of cellulose

Add bulk in the diet

Delaney Clause

Added to 1958 food and drug act

Flavor enhancer

Added to foods to enhance their flavor profile without adding a recognizable flavor of its own Example: sugars, acids, salt, mono sodium glutamate (MSG)

Fat stores energy by

Adding more carbons to a fatty acid chain

Cooking scenario preventing curdling

Adding tomato sauce to cream at room temp

GRAS

Additives on this list are thought to be safe bcos of history before 1958

Fat

Adds tenderness by coating gluten molecules Example: butter, oil, egg yolk

Traditional or classical approach to management

Administers work in a scalar principle, where authority and responsibility flow in a one way direction from high to low Example: Ted organizes and administers his employees work in a scalar principle

Growth slows until..?

Adolescence

Who can benefit from calcium and iron supplementation

Adolescents

Cholesterol management

Adult treatment panel 3 (ATP) *guidelines for cholesterol testing and management *CHD prevention Increased LDL causes CHD TLC DIET * increased fiber (10-25g/day) *decreases sat fat <7% kcals * decreased cholesterol <200 mg/day * moderate physical activity * maintain body weight

Dysphagia level 3

Advanced: soft and bite size Bread slices, muffins, moistened cereals, pasta, casseroles, baked potato, soft ripe fruits, fish

Common pathogens in food products

Aeromonas hydrophilla Bacillus cereus Campylobacter jejuni Clostridium botulinum Clostridium perfringens Listeria monocytogenes Salmonella enteritidis Shigella toxin-producing escheria Coli Shigella Staphylococcus aureus Vibrio cholerae Vibrio parahaemolyticus Yersinia enterocolitica

Thyroxine

Affects protein metabolism by increasing the rate of metabolism in all cells

Kidney disease

Affects the body's ability to process and eliminate waste and extraneous fluid from body and bloodstream

rolling with resistance

Affirming the clients freedom of choice and telling the client reluctance is normal

External sources for hiring

Agencies Schools Labor unions Advertising

What is associated with decreased BMR?

Aging

Vitamin D

Aids absorption of calcium that does not naturally occur in many foods

Diarrhea treatment

Aim to manage underlying dissorder Acute: can become serious in infants — small body mass increased susceptibility to dehydration Oral rehydration solution Glucose electrolyte solution: recommended by WHO—made of specified # of glucose, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate in water

Low cholesterol diet

Aimed to limit cholesterol intake to 200-300 mg/day Lower 💖 disease risk Cholesterol found in animal products * limit animal product consumption * increase fruits/veggies/ whole grains

Mechanical Leavening

Air is incorporated into batter or dough as a result of mixing technique used

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

Airway obstruction develops as a result of chronic bronchitis /emphysema

Not appropriate base for sanitizing solution

Alcohol

Alanine

Aliphatic amino acid

During chlorophyll turns into chlorophyll in, what happens?

Alkaline often softens cellulose and hemicellulose breaks down and becomes mushy

Calcium

All cells need it to function

What needs to be available before protein being used as a structural component in the body?

All essential amino acid

ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act), EEO (equal employment opportunity), EEOC (equal employment opportunity commission)

All have to do with regulatory compliance

Treating Hyperlipidemia

Alphalinolenic (omega 3) should be recommended because they inhibit VLDL synthesis by decreasing hepatic production of triglycerides Omega 3 found in walnuts, flax seed, canola oil

Drugs increase weight gain by increasing appetite

Alprazolam (Xanax) —anxiety Papal—psychoactive Docusate—laxative Colace—laxative Zosyn—antibiotic Ativan—psychoactive Senna—laxative

Vit D

Also considered a hormone

Krebs cycle

Also known as TCA or citric acid cycle Takes place in mitochondria matrix

Anthoxanthins

Also known as flavones Water soluble white pigments Example: onion Colorless in acid and yellow in alkaline Aluminum is alkaline

Specificity

Also known as the true negative is the Proportion of non afflicted identified as non afflicted Example: % of healthy people who are correctly identified as not having diabetes

Sensitivity

Also known as the true positive. Proportion of afflicted individuals who test positive Example: % of healthy people who are correctly identified as having the condition

Human Relations approach to management

Also known as theory Z Preaches to their employees that everyone is involved in the decision making process and that employee involvement is key Example: Martha tells her employees that everyone is involved in decisions and that they are key to the company's productivity

Factor pricing method

Also known as traditional or mark up Mark up factor: 100 divided by food cost % =______ Selling price: raw food cost X mark up factor =_______

Functional foods

Altered versions of naturally occurring foods

Specific macros

Amino acids, mono saturated fats, poly saturated fats, fatty acids, fiber, starch, sugars

Liabilities

Amounts owed to others Includes accounts payable, accrued expenses, and mortgages payable

Amylose

Amylose content high in starch causes a starch to be prone to retrogradation

discovery teaching or learning

An approach to teaching that emphasizes encouraging students to learn concepts and principles through their own explorations and to solve problems on their own.

A patient who has disaccharide definciencies has

An increased osmotic load

Myoglobin

An oxygen-storing, pigmented protein in muscle cells.

Lactic acid

Anaerobic result of cori cycle .. pyruvic acid becomes lactic acid (reversible) due to oxygen debt

popularity index

Analyzes and predicts item sales and ranks their popularity in relation to other items

Glycogen

Animal starts with many branches in its structure

Selective breeding

Another term for cross breeding

Drugs treating GI ulcer

Antacids Cimetidine (Tagamet) Sucralfate

Triceps skin fold (TSF)

Anthropometric measurement used to estimate an individuals body fat *caliper used to pinch skin and fat w/o disturbing muscle

Epilepsy

Anticnvulsant drugs: phenorbital, phenytoin, promising * increase vit D metabolism decreasing calcium absorption of intestine * pt on such drugs is are increased risk of osteomalacia and rockets / vit D necessary

Warfarin (Coumadin)

Anticoagulant Works against vitamin k coagulation activity Intake of vit k must be moderated

Vasopressin

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Hormone involved in renal function that elevates blood pressure by increasing water reabsorption from distal and collecting tubules. Vasopressin works to retain more water and in turn increase blood pressure

Vit E

Antioxidant important for RBC formation

Vit K

Antioxidant important for blood clotting

What else isn't tangible

Appliances such as Dishwashers Consumer goods that are processed but not consumed

Total Quality Management (TQM)

Approach using all of an organizations resources to produce high quality products and services Getting the job done right the first time and every time reduces waste and results in satisfied customers 3 elements: customers, culture, counting

CHF (congestive heart failure)

Appropriate tools: diet history and upper arm circumference Patients experinece: decreased in circulation of kidneys (allowing sodium and fluid to accumulate in tissues

Mint berg management roles

Argues there are 10 primary roles that can be used to categorize a managers different functions to accomplish work and use skills

intensive sweeteners

Artificial sweeteners that are varying degrees sweeter than sucrose Used to sweeten beverages, candies and baked goods

Low sodium diet and fluid restriction

As cites are present

Eliciting Change Talk

Asking evocative questions: What worries you about your current situation? Using importance ruler- how important would you say___ is to you? On a scale of 0-10 with 10 being very important

National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA)

Assesses and reports on the quality of the nations managed care plans

BRFFS behavior risk factor surveillance system

Assesses prevalence of personal health practices related to leading causes of death and is used by stake health departments to plan, initiate and guide health promotion and disease prevention programs, and to monitor their progress over time

Rate based/comparative rate

Assesses what will happen with the best possible care and his threshold between one and 99%

FFQ (food frequency questionnaire)

Assessment method used to determine how often an item is consumed Community setting and quick

Organizational work schedule

Assignments by 30 mins increments for all employees Shows overall workload and it's division amongst employees

negative nitrogen balance

Associated with burns, fevers, wasting diseases and other serious injuries and during periods of fasting. Thai means that amount of nitrogen excreted from body is greater than amount of nitrogen ingested

delegating leadership style

Assumes employees have high competence and high commitment

Supporting Leadership Style

Assumes employees have high competence and variable commitment

coaching leadership style

Assumes employees have some competence and low commitment, low competence and high commitment

Theory Z

Assumes people accept responsibility when they understand the big picture

The purpose of OSHA is to:

Assure a safe and healthful workplace to working men and women by authorizing enforcement of standards developed under the act by by assisting and encouraging states in their efforts to assure safe and healthful working conditions by providing for research, information, education, and training in field of occupational safety and health...

Materials should be written

At 5th or 6th grade level

Celiac disease

Attacks SI and creates sensitivity to gluten

Understanding questions

Attempt to "put yourself in someone else's shoes" by recreating or paraphrasing the persons message Most effective ways to respond to clients because it usually leads to more cooperation and acceptance on part of client

Disadvantage of lecture style format

Audience is passive, experts not always good teachers, learning is difficult to assess Advantages: factual info provided in a direct and logical way, useful for large groups, stimulate thinking to open discussion, contain experiences that inspire

Treatment for acid reflux and esophagitis

Avoid large, high fat meals, acidic meals, chocolate, alcohol, caffeine, tight fitting clothing & smoking

Cancer

Avoid raw and unpasteurized foods High kcal diet Try to add additional sugar/sweetener to enhance flavors

Cancer

Avoid raw, undercooked, unpasteurized foods Make food more flavorful

Withdrawal

Avoiding a frustrating situation

Pantothenic Acid

B5

sickle cell desease risk factor scoring

BMI >90% 0 points/ 81-90% 1 / <80% 2 Weight loss in >6 months Child: < 5% loss (infants 1%) 1/ 5-10% 2/ >10% 3 No gain: gained wt at 25% of normal 2/ Stayed the same for 6 mos. 2 Adults: 5-10% 1/ 11-20% 2/ >20% 3 Visceral protein scores (albumin g/dl) >3.5 0/ 3.2-3.5 1/ <3.2 2 Hemoglobin <9mg/dL 2 / <50% RDA in @ least 2 food groups 2 / ⬇️ growth percentile curve by 2 or more channels 2 Hospital visit for infection, fever or chest pain >2 times 2 Chronic disease 2

Obesity

BMI of 30 or higher

gestational diabetes

Babies born to diabetic mothers are large *result is over fed fetus * newborn may be hypoglycemic Screen women by using: 24 weeks glucose fast

Dental Caries (Tooth Decay)

Bacteria in oral cavity ferment carbs, especially sucrose causing acid formation

Listeria monocytogenes

Bacteria thrives in aerobic conditions Primarily affects older , pregnant, newborns, those w a weakened immune Symptoms: fever, muscle aches, diarrhea, Treatment: requires antibiotics

streptocococcus pyogenes

Bacterial infection causes soar throat Spreads via mucus

What fruits and vegetables do not need to be washed?

Bananas and mangos because the skin is not eaten

Grantt Chart

Bar chart showing what has to be done and when Used to show: -what activities are -when activities are -how long activity lasts -where activities overlap and by how much -start and end date of project

Convert from mEq to mg

Base equation: mEq= (mg/atomic wt) x valence

Zero-Based Budget

Based on estimating needs for coming year without using last years budget. Managers write it from scratch and justify every dollar

Incremental budget

Based on the previous year's budget and a predetermined increment for inflation, operating losses

Demand oriented method

Based prices on what customers precieve the value of the item/service to be and how much they are willing to pay for it Prices can be set as high as what the customer is willing to pay above raw-food costs

Prime cost method

Based selling price on raw food costs and labor costs

Conventional method

Based selling prices on raw food costs and mark up factor

Management Functions: planning

Basic and major function

Why would an employee desire delegation?

Because they desire added responsibility

Why should mushrooms and berries (strawberries, blackberries, raspberries) be washed just before serving?

Because they readily absorb water and become mushy

When should resistance to change be identified

Before goal setting

In a research study, when should a literature review be conducted ?

Before the actual study begins

cultural awareness

Begins with cultural self awareness, awareness of stereotypes and personal stereotypical beliefs, willingness to learn from others, and learning to value differences

Social learning

Behavior is explained by continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences

positive reinforcement

Behavior modification method that focuses on encouraging repetition of a certain behavior and provides meaningful attention from a superior

Anorexia Nervosa (AN)

Behavioral therapy is essential Dietary concern: address malnourishment * introduce healthy eating habits * > 3 meals per day * gradual increase caloric intake

Bulimia Nervosa (BN)

Behavioral therapy recommended Address malnourishment: gradually increase caloric intake

Calcium

Best absorbed in the acidic environment of the duodenum

Ferritin

Best assessment parameter for iron status

Iron deficiency

Best combated by introducing or increasing iron-rich foods Consumption of vit C rich foods will enhance absorption of nonheme iron

fixed budget

Best for organizations where revenue doesn't change

safflower oil

Best source of omega 6 (linoleic acid) Omega 6: replaces carbohydrates in the diet, LDL decreases and HDL increases

polymeric formula EN

Best when pt has functioning GI tract and does not have a disease state requiring a specialized formula Example: jevity

Parallel tray line

Best when space and # of employees is at a minimum

Perpendicular tray line

Best when there is ample # space and employees

Gallbladder

Bile helps absorption of fat vitamins, calcium, and iron

Emulsifiers

Binding substances used to slow down the destruction of the product

Bulimia Nervosa (BN)

Binging and purging Purging achieves by vomiting and laxatives Bulimia drains body of all nutrients & electrolytes Effects cardiac, endocrine, and nervous systems

Enteral nutrition (EN) formula

Blended: made from reg foods and contain additional fiber to help maintain bowel function Elemental: contain nutrients in predigested for pt with difficulty digesting regular food Complete: made from purified foods or natural foods. Used for pt with normally functioning GI Modular: provide specific supplementation of carbs, pro and fat

3 factors used to determine # of fluid and solute removed during peritoneal dialysis

Blood pressure Body weight Drain volumes

Good indicators of fluid retention

Blood pressure and body weight

Flavonoids

Bluish hue in an alkaline solution

To increase BMR

Body may increase body temp (hyperthermia), blood pressure (hypertension), heart rate (tachycardia), physical activity or thyroid hormone secretion

"Ebb and flow" response to injury

Body's reaction to psychological trauma, such as critical illness, injury, and/or sepsis. Associated with hypermatabolic and catabolic response

Vitamin D

Bound to protein for transport and stored in liver, skin, bone, and brain

FSIS (Food Safety and Inspection Service)

Branch of USDA that inspects meat for safe processing, labeling and packaging according to the federal meat inspection act

Cracker crumbs substitution

Bread crumbs

level 2 dysphagia diet foods not appropriate

Bread, nuts, raw fruit or sticky foods

Curdling

Breakdown of an emulsion that causes separation into lumps or curds, typically in milk and milk products

Liver

Breaks down triglycerides for use as energy

Phagocytosis

Breastmilk antibodies ingested by infants are absorbed this way

Tyramine

Broken with MAO inhibitors and will inhibit their action, resulting in excessive build-up of MAO inhibitors Diet monitored for tyramine intake

Celiac disease allowed foods

Buckwheat, cornmeal, soybean, rice, potato, millet, flax and teff

Vit E

Buffers assault of free radicals on body by acting as an electron donor causing a more stable compound to form

Saturated fats

Butter: have low smoke points than unsaturated fats (canola oil)

Sorbitol

By product (ETOH) of glucose that is absorbed via passive diffusion

Best way to evaluate effectiveness of a program

By using quantitative variables that can change based on programs intervention goals

Cans

#10 12.96 c #5 7c #3 cylinder 5.75 c #2 1/2 3.56c #2 2.5c #303 1.95c #300 1.69c #211 cylinder 1.5c #1 picnic 1.3c 8oz 1.04c 6oz 0.72c

Scoops

#4 1c #5 0.8c #6 0.67c #8 0.5c #10 0.4c #12 0.32c #16 0.25c #20 0.2c #24 0.16c #30 0.13c #40 0.10c #60 0.06c

Estimating energy needs for 4-6 mos

(89 wt - 100) + 56

Estimating needs for 4-6 months old

(89 x weight kg - 100) +56

Nitrogen balance

(Protein (g) /6.25) - (UUN + 4) = answer

azotemia

(excessive) urea and nitrogenous substances in the blood

Nitrogen balance equation

(grams of protein intake/6.25) - UUN - 4

Acculturation

(n.) the modification of the social patterns, traits, or structures of one group or society by contact with those of another; the resultant blend Example: foreigners adopting eating habits of Americans

Enterogastrone

(secreted by the duodenum) inhibits secretion of gastric juices and stomach movement and slows down motility and gastric emptying. Secreted in response to fat

liver cirrhosis

* Final stage of liver disease * liver tissue is gradually destroyed and replaced by scar tissue * found in more than 15% of heavy drinkers * causes: poisoning, hepatitis, cystic fibrosis, biliary obstruction

Programs for low income women

* WIC * early and periodic screening, diagnosis, and treatment (EPSDT) * title V maternal and child health program

diabetes mellitus

* artificial sweeteners do not have an effect on blood sugar * advised to avoid trans and saturated fats and foods w high cholesterol

DM type 2

* develops gradually * often the result of poor diet and exercise habits * cells no longer respond to insulin and production of insulin begins to fail

Ways to protect ice from contamination

* ice in a covered bin * service ice with ice scoop only * in event of glass in ice bin, clean thoroughly * clean hands *clean/sanitize ice bin

DM type 1

* juvenile onset or insulin dependent * insulin production system is permanently disabled

Migrants and homeless individuals

* language and cultural barriers * storage of proper food prep is an issue

Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System (PNSS)

* looks at maternal health * results used to guide public health policy

Heart disease diet

* low sodium <2300mg/day * low cholesterol <300 mg/day * eliminate trans fats (veg oils, decrease sugar, fried foods) * only consume ER * increase veggies/ fruit intake * increase fiber intake

Diet history: interview

* not leading * not intimidating * translator if needed

Native Americans & Alaskan native

* obesity epidemic * baby bottle tooth decay—prolonged bottle use * high rate of alcohol abuse—liver disease

Liver functions

* storing and releasing blood * Filtering toxic elements * metabolize and store elements * regulate fluid and electrolyte balance

The elderly

* tooth decay or ill-fitting dentures may interfere w mastication * diminished salivary function * LI exhibits decreased motility —> constipation * financial difficulties

cystic fibrosis (CF)

*Enzyme replacement therapy offered to control nutrient malabsorption *Kcal requirements: 120 to 150% RDA *High kcal snacks and larger portions @ mealtime should be offered *fat malabsorption may require fat supplementation (vitamins) *NA intake should be liberal to compensate for excess # lost in sweat

Aging process of fruit

*Starch changes to sugar *protopectin changes to pectin (ripe fruit) To practice acid (overripe fruit)

Plumbing features that may protect potable water from contamination

*air-gaps *no cross-connections *appropriate air pressure

Critical Path Method (CPM) helps you keep your project on path by...

*helping indentify activities that must be complete on time to complete entire project on time * shows which tasks can be delayed and for how long w/o impacting the overall project schedule * calcs min. # of time it takes to complete the project * tells you the earliest and lasted dates each activity can start in order to maintain schedule

Hard water

*increased mineral content *difficult for surfactants to form lather *use more detergent to compensate and ensure clean dishes *adding drying agent helps prevent water spots *decreased temperature during wash cycle leads to greasy dishes *energy chemical dishwasher saves energy, requires even more detergent

My plate 2015-20 guidelines for Americans

*make half plate fruits and veggies (focus on whole fruits and veggies *make 1/2 grains whole grains *switch to low-fat and fat-free milk or yogurt *vary protein routine *drink/eat < sodium, sat fat, added sugars

In adults w metabolic syndrome impact of MNT reported what significant outcome improvements?

*⬇️ fasting blood glucose by 2.5 mg/dL (0.1 mmol/L to 0.5 mmol/L *⬇️ hemoglobin A1c by 0.12%-0.23% *⬇️ triglycerides by 21-35 mg/dL (0.2 mmol/L -0.4mmol/L) *⬆️ high density lipoprotein chol. by 2.4mg/dl (0.06mmol/L) *⬇️body wt by 2.5-4.1kg *⬇️waist circumference by 1.9-4.8cm *⬇️systolic bp by 4.9mmHg

Stature/length for age

-Defines shortness/ tallness -Reflects long term NTR status -Determines extent of stunting -Affected by long-term nutritional stress or chronic illness < 5th= short stature

Marketing mix: place

-Product availability where and when customers want them -All activities from raw materials to finished products -Ensure products arrive in usable condition at designated places when needed

2017 scope of practice revised to include

-changes in ethical billing practices -ordering privileges, delegated orders for RDNs -new practice areas of coaching -global health and telehealth

Hunger free kids act benefits

-expanded after school meal program -created universal meal program allowing some children to get free food -increased wic coverage from 6 mos to 1 year -mandated electronic benefits be used by wic -provided new nutrition standards to school served foods

DM diet

-high complex carbs, fiber -low fat -bedtime snacks help prevent insulin rxs -snack before or during exercise - monitor carb intake / sugars exchanged for starches

SDS (Safety Data Sheet) must include:

-identity (label and list, some trade secrets may be exempt) -chemical and common names of product (if one ingredient) -if multiple, chemical and common names of hazardous ingredients -physical hazards of material -medical symptoms of exposure -manufacturers name and contact info

Thiazide diuretic

-meds used to treat HTN or ⬆️ potassium levels and/or ⬇️ fluid in body -works by ⬇️kidneys ability to reabsorb NA from H2O and into body, ⬆️ urine -side effect: hypokalemia, hypotension, hyponatremia, hypovolemia -HTN, hypernatremia, hypervolemia symptoms solved with thiazide

PKU (phenylketonuria)

-missing enzyme = phenylalanine hydroxylase (convert phenylalanine to tyrosine)PHE to TYR -PHE & metabolites accumulate --> poor intellectual function -detected: Guthrie blood test -supplement TYR and avoid aspartame

Entitlement programs

-require payment and services to all eligible people -SNAP -NSLP -Medicare -SFSP -SBP

EDEMA pitting levels

0 No pitting 1 Mild pitting, 2mm deep, quick 2 Moderate pitting, 4mm deep, 10-15 sev 3 Moderate severe, 6mm deep, 1 min 4 Severe, 8mm deep, >2 min

10% amino acid solution

0.10 g/ml

# 300 can holds...

1 1/4 cups

1 cup granulated sugar is equivalent to?

1 c brown sugar or 2 cups powdered sugar

1 c packed brown sugar is equivalent to?

1 c granulated sugar and 1tbsp molasses

1 c corn syrup is equivalent to?

1 c granulated sugar and water

Late childhood protein

1 g/kg

Conversions to know

1 oz = 2 Tbsp = 29.5 ml 1 QT = 32oz

1 c. buttermilk substitution

1 tbsp lemon juice or vinegar and 1 c milk or plain yogurt

Low fat milk

1% fat

Calcitriol

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D 3 is the active form of vitamin D

Storage time for refrigerated poultry

1-2 days Freezer: 1 year

Sections of a research report are organized as

1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Review of existing literature 4. Methodology 5. Results 6. Discussion 7. Conclusion 8. Implications

4 types commonly used cleaning products

1. Alkaline detergents 2. Abrasive cleaners 3. Acid products 4. Solvent cleaners/degreasers

HACCP records should include ...

1. Analysis summary outlining and justifying hazards and control points 2. HACCP plan, including info about team and responsibilities of each person, description of foods and services, flow diagram of process and a plan summary ( seven principles) 3. Supporting documents 4. Info logged during implementation of plan

7 steps to effective education

1. Assess learning needs of groups/individual 2. Write performance objectives in 3 domains of learning (cognitive, affective, psychomotor) 3. Determine content based on assessment and objective 4. Select methods, techniques, materials, and resources 5. Implement learning and allow practice 6. Evaluate progress and outcomes 7. Document outcomes and results

FDA new nutrition facts label for packaging : key changes

1. CALORIES: larger & bolder 2. CALORIES FROM FAT: removed 3. ADDED SUGAR: required

Nutrition diagnosis should be

1. Clear and concise 2. Specific to the patient 3. Related to one problem 4. Related to one etiology 5. Based on reliable and accurate assessment data

2015-2020 dietary guidelines key recommendations

1. Consume <10% kcal/day from added sugar 2. Consume <10% kcal/day from sat fat 3. Consume <2,300 mg/day of sodium 4. If alcohol is consumed, consume in moderation (1 drink for women and 2 drinks for men)

Procurement Process

1. Create Purchase Requisition 2. Create & Send purchase order 3. Receive Goods 4. Receive Invoice from supplier 5. Send payment to supplier

POMR (problem oriented medical record)

1. Data base - admission data; laboratory data, diet history. 2.Problem list - predetermined problems, allergies, dietary concerns based on data base. 3.Plans - includes therapy and education based on problem list. 4.Continuing care record - list is ongoing and updated.(progress notes) 1. Narrative 2. Flow sheets 3. Discharge summary

Research process steps

1. Define the research problem and establish research objectives 2. Determine the sources of information to fulfill the research objectives 3. Consider the costs and benefits of the research effort 4. Gather relevant data from secondary or primary sources, or both 5. Analyze, interpret, and summarize the results 6. Effectively communicate the results to decision makers

Main type of formal communication within a business

1. Downward where info travels from higher management to subordinate employees 2. Upwards where info travels from employees to management 3. Horizontal where info is shared within peers

Nutrition Intervention terminologies domain

1. Food and/or nutrient deliveries 2. Nutrition education 3. Nutrition counseling 4. Coordination of nutrient care by a professional (dietitian communication h with another Heath professional about client nutrition care) 5. Population based nutrition action

Nutrition intervention terminology categories

1. Food and/or nutrient delivery 2. Nutrient education 3. Nutrition counseling 4. Coordination of nutrition care by a profesional 5. Population base nutrition action

Research process steps

1. Identify a relevant and important topic 2. Develop research question 3. Hypothesis 4. Prepare research protocol 5. Organize methods and materials 6. Collet and analyze data 7. Study results

Steps in education program development

1. Identify scope/purpose of program 2. Survey potential clients with a needs assessment 3. Develop a budget 4. Secure funding (may include applying for grants)

10 steps orientation

1. Intro to company 2. Policies review and practices 3. Benefits and services review 4. Benefit plan enrollment 5. Completion of employment doc. 6. Employee expectations review 7. Setting employee expectations 8. Intro to fellow workers 9. Intro to facility 10. Intro to job

ACEND: programs min. 7 additional competencies to support emphasis area

1. Literature review and global environmental scan of NTR and dietetics competencies 2. Development of competencies' framework and outline 3. Competencies writing sessions 4. Stakeholder consultations 5. Mapping of competencies to CDR professional development portfolios existing learning need codes (LNCs) 6. National validation study of essential practice competencies by CDRs credentialed NTR & dietetics practitioners 7. Finalization and CDR approval

3 types of informational roles in managers

1. Monitor 2. Spokesperson 3. Disseminator

NSLP regulations

1. Must provide on average 1/3 of daily recommended levels of protein, Ca, Fe, vit A&C 2. No more than 1/2 of fruit requirement may be met by 100% fruit juice 3. One vegetable serving is considered 3/4 cup

Steps of program planning and development

1. Needs assessment 2. Goals and objectives 3. Program plan 4. Funding sources 5. Support from stakeholders

To metabolize vitamin D by Sunlight

1. Our skin absorbs previtamin D in form of 7 dehydrocholesterol to become precalciferol (previtamin D3). Thermal isomerization occurs to produce cholecalciferol (vitamin D3). Then cholecalciferol goes to liver to become 25-OH2-D3 (calcidiol), which is storage form of vitamin D. This form travels to kidneys to become 1,25-OH2-D3 (calcitriol), which is the active form of vitamin D

Seven Principles of HACCP

1. Perform a hazard analysis. 2. Decide on the Critical Control Points. 3. Determine the critical limits. 4. Establish procedures to monitor the critical control points. 5. Establish corrective actions. 6. Establish verification procedures. 7. Establish a record keeping system.

CQI (continuous quality improvement) 5 dimensions

1. Process focus 2. Customer focus 3. Data based decision making 4. Employee empowerment 5. Organization wide impact

Procurement Process

1. Purchase planning 2. Standards determination 3. Specifications development 4. Supplier research and selection 5. Value analysis 6. Financing 7. Price negotiation 8. Making the purchase 9. Supply contract administration 10. Inventory control and stores 11. Disposal

GI ulcers causes

1. Pyloric sphincter malfunction * allows duodenum (alkaline) contents back into stomach (acidic) 2. Taking NSAID drugs and having an H.pylori bacteria infection

SOPP 6 domains for RDN

1. Quality in practice 2. Competence and accountability 3. Provision of services 4. Application of research 5. Communication and application of knowledge 6. Utilization and management of resources

USDA Automated Multiple Pass Method steps

1. Quick step: collects food and beverages consumed previous day 2. Forgotten foods: probes for food and beverages forgotten during step 1 3. Time and occasion list: collects time and occasion of each food 4. Detailed cycle: collects detailed info on description info on the description and amount of food consumed 5. Final review: reviews 24hr recall

10% lipid solution

1.1 kcal/ml

Early childhood protein

1.2 g/kg

"One drink" of HARD LIQUOR

1.5 oz

1 tbsp baking powder is equivalent to?

1/2 tsp cream of tartar and 1/4 tsp baking soda

Scoop 12 is equivalent to?

1/3 c, 2-3/4 oz, 79 ml

1 c milk is equivalent to

1/4 c to 1/3 c dried milk and 1 c water OR 1/2 c evaporated milk and 1 c water

Lipid calculation information

10% lipid : 1.1 20% lipid : 2.0 Multiply volume by % lipid 1.1 or 2.0 and then by 9 to find # of kcals

To compensate for hidden losses in preparation, cooking, and serving, many foodservice managers add ...

10% to recipe cost prior to mark up * raw food cost X 0.10 = A * A + raw food cost = B * B + markup = final answer

Average employee remembers

10-15% he/she hears 15-30% hears and sees 30-50% says 50-70% does

DRI protein

10-35% 0.8-1 g/kg

boiling point of water

100 degrees Celsius, 212 degrees Fahrenheit, 373 Kelvin

Recommended caffeine limit per day for children

100 mg

RDA for calcium age 4 to 8

1000 mg

How long should canned tomatoes be stored

12 months

one drink of beer

12 oz

RDA for calcium age 51 above

1200 mg

#10 can

13 cups

RDA for calcium age 14 to 18 and during pregnancy

1300 mg

Tea should be served at

140-150 F

Recommended fiber for CD

15-20g

minimum cooking temperature for ground beef

160 F

Pounds to oz

16oz in 1 pound

Coffee should be served at

180-190 F

A healthy daily meal plan includes: __ servings fruit

2

# 2 can

2 1/2 cups

protein pairings or complementary proteins

2 incomplete proteins that when eaten in same meal or over the course of the day; provide adequate amounts of all essential amino acids

Healthy daily meal plan includes: __ servings of milk

2 servings low fat/fat free milk SMALL AMOUNT OF SUGAR!

Reduced milk

2% fat

DRI fat

20-35%

FTE

2080 hrs per year 1040 hours per 6 mos 173.33 hours per mo 40 hours per week

Reduced fat

25% less fat than original

high fiber diet

25-35g/day

AI daily fiber for females 9-13

26 g

A healthy daily meal plan includes: __ servings vegetables

3

# 2 1/2 can

3 1/2 cups

Katz Skills Theory

3 main managerial skills Technical & human & conceptual

Recommended caffeine limit per day for 5-12 yo

3 mg/kg

metabolic acidosis

3 or more symptoms •Hyperglycemia (diabetes) •Abdominal Obesity (overweight) •Hypertriglyceridemia (high cholesterol) •Reduced HDL cholesterol < 40 •Hypertension >130/80 mm hg (high blood pressure)

Freezer time for hamburger/ground meat

3-4 months

Storage time for refrigerated beef, veal, lamb, pork

3-5 days

Whole milk

3.25% fat

Incubation time for staphylococcus aureus

30 minutes to 8 hours

Healthy nonstressed adult ratio of nonprotein kcals to nitrogen

300 to 1

AI daily fiber for males 9-13

31 g

scoop size

32/scoop number=ounces ladle: 1 ounce=1/8 cu 32 oz = 1 quart

Label regulation for very low sodium

35 mg/ serving

age for preterm infants

40 weeks - gestational age= answer Chronological age - answer = ANSWER

DRI carbohydrates

45-65%

#3 can

5 3/4 cups

1 lb dried beans is equivalent to?

5 cups cooked beans

one drink of wine

5 oz

D5W

5% dextrose in water or 5g dextrose in 100 ml or 50 g in 1 L 3.4 kcals dectrose /gram 3.4 X 50 = 170 170 kcals/ liter X 3 liters = 510 kcals

Restricted-fiber diet:

5-10g/day

500ml of 10% amino acid solution

500 x 0.10 = 50g PRO

A healthy daily meal plan includes: __ oz meat

6

Healthy daily meal plan includes: __ servings starch /grains/ beans

6

Recommended time for new borns to be exclusively breastfed

6 months followed by continued breastfeeding with appropriate complementary foods

6-17 yo physical activity

60 min. Of physical activity per day

RDA of Vitamin C

60mg

Temp protein coagulates

62-70F (approx room temp)

Low literacy reading level

6th grade

Number of days before a dietitian assesses a patient with a negative nutrition screen ?

7

pH of blood

7.35-7.45

RDA for calcium age 1 to 3

700 mg

12-oz can of cola has how many mg/ serving of caffeine?

71 mg/serving

Fecal fat test

72 hours stool test 5-7 grams in 24hours is normal

Nutritive value of an egg

80 kcals 6 g pro 6g fat Vit A,D, riboflavin

Most susceptible to vitamin A toxicity

86 yo Caucasian male Vitamin A liver storage and plasma levels increase with age Due to increased clearance of vitamin A from blood, elderly are more susceptible to toxicity

General population reading level

8th grade

Normal body temperature

98.6 F

label regulation for low cholesterol

< 20 mg/serving

liver failure

< 30% of function lost

Skim milk

<.5% fat or also known as o% fat

Label regulation for low saturated fat

<1 g

Label regulation for low sodium

<140 msg/serving

Label regulation for gluten free

<20 mg gluten

Ground chuck

<25% fat

Label regulation for low fat

<3 g/serving

fasting blood glucose (FBG)

> or = 126mg/dL is diagnosed with diabetes Normal 70-99mg/dL

18-64 yo physical activity

>150 min. (2.5 hours) per week or moderate intensity OR 75 min (1.25 hours) of vigorous intensity

Patient is at risk if they have experienced significant weight change of....

>2% per week >5% per month >7.5% per 3 months >10% per 6 months

Calcium

>99% of calcium in body works to form and maintain bones and teeth

Sublimation

A change directly from the solid to the gaseous state without becoming liquid. Used to prepare high quality preserved foods using freeze drying.

Closed shop

A company with a labor agreement under which union membership can be a condition of employment. Illegal in public sector

USDA Automated Multiple Pass Method

A computerized interactive method for 24hr recall used in government sponsored nutritional studies

ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

A condition in which a person not only has great difficulty concentrating for more than a few moments but also is inattentive, impulsive, and overactive.

Delphi Technique

A decision-making technique in which group members do not meet face-to-face but respond in writing to questions posed by the group leader.

nominal group technique

A decision-making technique in which group members write down ideas and solutions, read their suggestions to the whole group, and discuss and then rank the alternatives. Creative and prioritized form of brainstorming, yet yields more ideas

Homocystinuria

A disorder of methionine metabolism, leading to an abnormal accumulation of homocysteine and its metabolites (homocystine, homocysteine-cysteine complex, and others) in blood and urine. Disorder associated with low levels of folate, B6, B12

Anorexia Nervosa (AN)

A disorder with both psychologic and physiologic components that begins with dieting to lose weight and manifests into an inappropriate self-control behavior; continued restrictive eating may lead to starvation and eventually death.

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

A document that explains how to properly handle substances such as chemical solvents; it includes information such as physical data, toxicity, health effects, first aid, storage, disposal, and spill procedures.

Medicaid

A federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them.

Cystic fibrosis

A genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems.

Chlorophyll

A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria

Medical record

A legal document that organizes all the information about care of a single resident in one document and allows each discipline involved in the care to know what all disciplines are doing

What is a critical control point?

A limit set in order to ensure food safety. At this limit, controls can be applied such that food hazards are eliminated and/or are reduced to a level within the acceptable parameters. Most common application is in cooking. Temps assigned to determine safety of food must be held fro 4-15 seconds

SMOG index

A measure of readability that estimates the years of education needed to understand a piece of writing

PERT

A method for analyzing the tasks involved in completing a given project, estimating the time needed to complete each task, and identifying the minimum time needed to complete the total project. Commonly used in conjunction with critical path method (CMP)

sous vide

A method of packaging where the food is cooked or partially cooked and then vacuum packed in individual pouches and then chilled. Later the food may be heated for service in the establishment. Frozen, precooked meals are typically packaged this way. Sealed airtight (anaerobic) bags in a water bath

Daily cleaning schedule

A method to ensure upkeep of the equipment and food service areas by requiring employees to initial the schedule upon completion of cleaning, it also holds employees accountable for their daily duties

Blanching

A moist-heat method of cooking that involves cooking in a liquid or with steam just long enough to cook the outer portion of the food.

Lecithin

A phospholipid manufactured by the liver and also found in many foods; a major constituent of cell membranes. Helps yolk act as emulsifier

coercive power

A power base that is dependent on fear of the negative results from failing to comply

Healthy People 2020

A program of nationwide health-promotion and disease-prevention goals set by the United States Department of Health and Human Services.

Descriptive test

A time-consuming sensory test that provides detailed quantitative information using 8-12 trained panelists who were screened for their acuity and answers the question of how products differ in sensory attributes

job description

A written statement of the minimum standards that must be met by an applicant. Includes job title, statement, major/minor duties, relationships Most job descriptions will say that the job requires such duties but is not limited to these duties and tasks

Fat soluble vitamins are

A, D, E, K

Fire extinguisher classes

A,B,C, D, K

Hemoglobin A1c

ADA recommends <7.0% W/o diabetes a typical A1C is 4-6%

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)

AKA transtryretin or pre-albumin : helps distinguish iron deficiency anemia

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

CO2 May be increased In feeding as well CO2 May be decreased in DKA, thiazide diuretics

Marketing mix: price ex

Cafeteria manager offering soda at reduced price in hopes of customers making an additional purchase

Gluten in flour (least to most)

Cake flour Pastry flour All purpose flour Bread flour

Calciphylaxis

Calcification of blood vessels, blood clots, and skin necrosis, typically seen in stage 5 CKD Occurs when excess calcium phosphate begins to deposit in soft tissues

Mineral absorption

Calcium require an acid, vitamin D and lactose Iron requires HCL and calcium to bind oxalates

Specific macrominerals

Calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium

how to avoid refeeding syndrome

Calories need to be increased slowly. Starting feeding quickly can cause receding syndrome

Calcitriol (Vitamin D)

Can be absorbed and metabolized through sunlight and/or dietary intake. Cholesterol is a precursor for vitamin D metabolism

Pancreatitis

Can be acute or chronic, mild or severe enough to cause total loss of function

Closed question

Can be answered by a simple response, gives control, and takes little time or effort

Quantitative food pattern

Can be used as a standard to evaluate food and beverage intakes against target levels Mediterranean, DASH, and diabetic exchange meal patterns define quantifiable amounts and types of foods to be consumed

Phenylalanine

Can convert to tyrosine

relief worker

Can cover 2.5 FTE AdJusted FTE? # of FTE X 0.55 =___

diverticular disease

Can lead to: infection, inflammation, ulceration, rupture of colon wall

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Can occur in patients w COPD when respiratory muscle is no longer strong enough to enable lungs to exchange gasses to blood O2 @ functioning levels

Vitamin D deficiency

Can occur through a lack of sunlight or vitamin D in diet. In adults: osteomalacia Which results in demineralization Nd reduction of bone density In kids: rickets Results in soft bones

Inflammation (cholecystitis)

Can occur when gallstones block duct opening, causing bile to back up into gallbladder Oregon turns red, swollen and possibly infected

Ripening

Can take weeks, months, years

Poultry

Can vary in appearance from white to yellowish-white to bluish-white

Leukemia

Cancer of blood forming tissue that hinders body's ability to fight infections.

Sunk costs

Cannot be recovered

Krebs cycle is a series of chemical reactions used to generate energy from which nutrients?

Carbohydrates, lipids, protein

Major source of calories on enteral products

Carbohydrates: prevents Ketosis and spares protein

Recommended intake of fat, pro, carbs

Carbs (CHO) 45-65% (200-400g/day) Fat 25-35% (50-100g/day) Pro 15-20%

LDL

Carries greatest percentage of cholesterol of all carriers

Market segmentation

Categorizes customers based on demographic, geographic, psychographic and behavioristic variables. During this process, the market is divided into groups of people with similar product needs

Health Impact Pyramid

Categorizes factors that affect an individuals health from least impact (tip of pyramid) to greatest impact (base of pyramid) Socioeconomic favors are at bottom

Ripening agents

Cause Protein, fat, lactose to break down

Pressure ulcers

Cause immobility, incontinence * sores act as warning signs of malnourishment

GI Ulcer

Caused by factors leading to mucosal layer impairment

Dehydration

Caused by poor water intake, excessive water output, heavy solute load (BUN)

Tooth decay

Caused by repeated purging exposing teeth to stomach acid

Aspirin

Causes bleeding in GI tract and promotes iron loss Decreases uptake of ascorbic acid and increases excreted ascorbic acid in urine

Dehydration

Causes by decreased water intake, excessive water output and heavy solute (BUN) load

AIDS

Causes by hiv Destroys t lymphocyte function causing severe immune deficiency Virus transmitted by breastmilk to babies (physical contact)

Anorexia Nervosa (AN)

Causes extreme malnourishment Symptoms: weight loss, sunken eyes, protruding skeletal structure, amenorrhea, constipation, fatigue, low energy, downy hair

Vit D

Causes kidneys to reabsorb calcium

Cholecystokinin

Causes release of enzyme rich pancreatic juices and bicarbonate rich pancreatic juices from pancreas

liver

Center of lipid metabolism

Antidepressants (lithium carbonate)

Changes sodium distribution Possibly increases sodium excretion

Classical management approach

Charachterized by the traditional bureaucratic structure of top down authority. Places value in hierarchy Embraces scalar principle (authority flows in vertical line)

Ebb phase

Characterized by hypovolemia, shock, tissue hypoxia, and decreased metabolic rate

Pancreatitis diagnostic test

Checking for serum amylase levels 72 hour stool fat test Glucose tolerance test

Soft cheese

Cheese such as Brie should be avoided by individuals with compromised immune systems (hiv/aids/cancer) due to live mold in cheese

Example of non-cariogenic foods

Cheese, egg, fish, poultry, nuts, meat, sugarless gum t

Ammonia (NH3)

Chemical often used as a base of sanitizing solution. Advantages: nontoxic, odorless, colorless, non corrosive, nonirritating, stable to heat, relatively stable in presence of organic matter; Disadvantages: destroys some microorganisms slowly and it is not compatible with some detergents and hard water

GRAS

Chemicals on list have not been tested bcos they are expensive

By adolescence

Children gain 20% height and 50% weight

In one year

Children triple their birthweight and increase length by 50%

Low albumin levels indicate

Chronic liver disease, malabsorption, malnutrition, nephrotic syndrome

Chrons

Chronic, progressive disease involving long segments of the SI or LI with inflammation from mucosa to serosa

Heme iron rich foods

Clams Oysters Shrimp Organ meats Deaf Duck Lamb

Muscle loss areas

Clavicle bone region Temple region

Abrasive cleaners

Cleaners containing a scouring agent used to scrub off hard-to-remove soils. They may scratch some surfaces.

4 C's of effective communication

Clear Concise Complete Correct

NCM nutrition care manual

Client based info for various conditions. Internet based and requires membership

cheese

Coagulation disrupts the casein (protein) in milk which causes a gel to form

What is NOT indicators of freshness?

Color

Fire extinguisher class K

Combustible oils and fats

Water loss from exercise

Comes from increased respiration and sweating

Palliative

Comfort care Curative measures not available

Beef grades not fit for human consumption

Commercial Utility Cutter Canner

Carageenan

Common food additive that's extracted from seaweed used to thicken, stabilize, or emulsify various processed products. Example: used in chocolate milk, forming a dense gel that prevents particles from sedimenting

endemic goiter

Common in regions where iodine's absent from diet *iodine's stored in thyroid gland bcos it is used to make T3/T4

Soluble fibers

Commonly found in barley, rye, oats, bran carrots

Eggs A

Commonly found in grocery stores

Staphylococcus aureus

Commonly occurring bacterium lining in nasal passages and cuts in skin. Symptoms: mimic flu, rarely fatal, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps. Lasts 24-48 hours May be found in meats, eggs, mayonnaise based salads, and cream filled pastries

Developing discrepancy

Compares and contrasts present and desired behaviors

Non referenced evaluation

Compares group norms or typical performance

Criterion referenced evaluation

Compares predefined objectives, performance with with specified objectives, diagnostic

Specific gravity

Compares ratio of density of a substance to density of a standard (usually water for a liquid or solid and air for gas

Benchmarking

Comparing results to those of industry peers to understand competitive advantages

Cash-flow statement

Concerned with flow of cash in and out of a business

Hyperglycemia

Condition in which excessive glucose is circulating in blood plasma. Symptoms: increased eating/hunger, ketosis, weight loss, increased thirst (polydipsia) and not increased thirst

Integrative problem solving

Conflict is converted into a joint problem where both parties try to find a solution they can accept

Systems Approach to Management

Considers both the external and internal environments that can impact her company before making a decision or allocating resources Example: Maggie considers internal and external factors before making a decision

Standards of Professional Performance (SOPP)

Consist of 6 domains for community and public health RDNs

Proteins

Consist of amino group and carboxyl joined to a carbon atom

Reliability

Consistency with which a device measures something in the same way each situation. Example: blood glucose meter providing readings within a 5 point range everyday for a month

Food sources of folate

Contain multiple glutamic acid molecules, which must be hydrolyzed off or removed in order to be absorbed. Examples: green leafy veggies, fortified cereals, liver, kidney, citrus fruits, lentils, and beans

Salmon and other fatty fish

Contain omega-3 fatty acids that reduce triglyceride levels

Red wine and grape juice

Contain resveratrol which reduces platelet aggregation

Egg white

Contains 1/2 of the vitamins and mineral content of eggs

Scope of Dietetics Practice Framework

Contains 3 building blocks 1. Foundation of knowledge: includes code of ethics, commission of dietetic registration certifications, CDR profesional development portfolio 2. Evaluation resources: includes standards of practice and standards of professional performance 3. Decision aids: decision analysis tree, decision analysis tool, academy definition of terms

Egg yolk

Contains all of the eggs fat

Whole milk

Contains some vitamin A though levels in skim milk are lower. All types of processed milk in US is fortified with vitamin D although the FDA does not mandate fortification

Hard water

Contains sulfate salts that Interact with tannins in tea/ coffee and cause cloudiness

Egg yolk

Contains vitamin A, D, E, K and zinc

Marketing cycle

Continuing series of events designed to meet the wants and needs of consumers Driven by consumer feedback

Cellulose

Contributes to fibrous texture in vegetables

Hydrogenation

Contributes to the stability and shelflife of products such as pastry, chips, crackers, frosting, and candy

Vit D

Controls development of calcium in bones

135 degrees F

Cooked fruits, vegetables, and any commercial processed food that will be held for an extended period before being consumed

Cheese

Cooking helps separate the whey from the curd and can also determine the moisture content and ph of cheese

just-in-time inventory system

Coordinates demand and supply so that suppliers deliver materials just before they are needed. Only a small amount of supplies are kept on hand.

Good conductors of heat

Copper, black cast iron, aluminum

Waxy starches

Corn /rice / sorghum

Glucocorticoids

Cortisol

Semi-variable

Costs are fixed for a set level of production/consumption and become variable costs after production level is exceeded Example: labor

HIPPA

Covers EMR (electronic medical record) but was not adopted bcos of HIPPA

Nutrition education goal for teenagers

Creating positive attitude about healthy eating, demonstrating how healthy diet can help develop a positive body image. Encourage them to the value of importance of food and other lifestyle factors that can prevent common nutrition related problems

Nutrition education for preschoolers

Creating positive attitudes toward food, encouraging acceptance of healthy foods, and promoting understanding of the relationship between food and health

best lab value to assess visceral protein status

Creatinine Height Index reflects visceral protein status and is regarded as the most accurate indicator of malnutrition. It requires measurement of the creatinine in 24 hours of urine excretion.

Anxiety nonverbal communication

Crossing and uncrossing legs

Avoidance nonverbal communication

Crossing arms

ETHNIC model

Culturally sensitive medical interviewing tool and uses a framework for practicing culturally component care

Functional foods

Currently no legal definition. USDA regulates claims that manufacturers make about functional foods nutrient content and effects on diseases, health, or body

Generic management standards from ISO

Customer focus, leadership, involvement of people, process approach, systems approach to management, continual improvement, factual approach to decision making, mutually beneficial supplier relations

Break even pricing method disadvantage

Customer loss, perceived value, price war

Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI)

Customer satisfaction Data collection Team involvement Emphasizes organization and structures

Which foods are allowed to eat with mold

Cut away mold... Apples/bell peppers/brocolli/Brussels sprouts/cabbage/cauliflower/ firm cheeses ex: Swiss, cheddar/garlic/ onions/ pears/ potatoes/ turnips/ winter squash/ zucchini

In what part of cells does aerobic glycolysis occur?

Cytoplasm

DETERMINE

DISEASE EATING POORLY TOOTH LOSS OR MOUTH PAIN ECONOMIC HARDSHIP REDUCED SOCIAL CONTACT MULTIPLE MEDS INVOLUNTARY WEIGHT LOSS/GAIN NEEDS SELF CARE ASSISTANCE ELDER YEARD ABOVE 80

Operating budget

Daily financial guide for organization and used in projecting income

Federal Register

Daily journal of the US Government that provides weekly updates for public hearings, proposed, final rules, and agency decisions

Phosphorus

Dairy Dried beans Dried peas Soda Nuts Peanut butter

Sources of calcium

Dairy products (milk, cheese, yogurt), fish, bread, vegetables.

cystic fibrosis (CF)

Damage to pancreas overtime can lead to diabetes Patients may have poor oral intake due to shortness of breath, coughing, pain, weight loss, infection impaired sense of smell

Blackened

Darken the food through cooking and often seasoning

Hyperchromic cells

Darker than normal

Six sigma

Data driven approach for improving quality by establishing a standard deviation and achieving 6 standard deviations from the mean to achieve little variation in the process to eliminate errors and get them as close to zero as possible

Numerical descreste

Data with numbers (first wellness appointment )

Discharging plans begins...

Day 1 of patients hospital stay. Discharge note includes a summary of nutrition therapies and desired outcomes

Delphi Technique

Decision making and forecasting that involves successively collating the judgements of experts, where participants do not actually meet

Game theory

Decision making technique focusing on highest gain with smallest amount of losses, regardless of competition

respiratory acidosis symptoms

Decreased ventilation, headache, confusion, anxiety, drowsiness, stupor

Patient with muscle wasting may have..

Decreases creatinine

Patient with protein energy malnutrition (PEM) may have..

Decreases total lymphocyte count (TLC) and albumin

Paleness or pallor is associated with...

Deficiencies of folic acid, iron, and vitamin B-12

Calcium

Deficiency results in decreased bone mass or osteopenia

Osteoporosis

Defined by low mineral density, mass, quality. Etiologies: inadequate peak bone mass, excessive bone resorption, suppression of osteoclasts function by estrogen

Injury recovery

Degree trauma determines carb and protein amount Most pts satisfied by 35-45 kcal/kg Lipids @ about 30% kcal PRO vary @ 1-2g/kg Delay oral feeding for 24-48hrs *wait for normal peristalsis to return

In food processing

Dehydration is a method of preserving foods for indefinite periods of time by extracting moisture and inhibiting microbial growth. At least 80% water is extracted to be a method of preservation. Commonly dehydrated foods include fruits/veggies and meats 80% is removed for fruits 95% is removed for veggies

Doctors SOPP

Delivery of diagnosis Delivery of medicine

Egg yolk color

Depends on amount and type of pigment in a hens diet

liver

Desaturates fatty acids to store in fat cells

Methodology

Description of methods used and hypothesis

Commercial kitchen equipment

Designed to be energy and water efficient Ex: steam cookers

Zero-Based Budget

Designed to eliminate waste and inefficiencies

Modular kitchen equipment is..

Designed to fulfill individuals needs and to adapt to available space

Social marketing example

Designed to move by SNAP-ED

Monitoring/evaluating

Determine degree to which progress is being made toward goals and or desired patient-focused expected outcomes

Gestational Age (GA)

Determined by 40 weeks (normal)

Facility

Determines format of medical record

cost-benefit analysis

Determines if goal of intervention is worthwhile in terms of cost. Example: cost benefit analysis studies overhead cost of a dietitian leasing an office compared to income made through client appointments

CMP

Determines minimum time to complete project to help determine labor costs Used network diagram to connect acthh in cities with arrows

Fixed order quantity

Determines the order point based on average use, load time, and safety stock

Thiols

Detoxify carcinogens Found in: crucíferos veggies like Brussels sprouts

Principle 3 of HACCP

Develop preventative measures, to include critical limits, for each critical control point

GRAS

Developed in 1958 to place foods thought to be safe to consume

Frederick Taylor

Devised a system called scientific management with motto of working smarter not harder Known as father of scientific management and based his ideas on efficiency and organizing workers to perform at their maximum Capacity

gestational diabetes

Diabetes places additional stress on pregnancy moms body Pt previously on weight/diet controlled diabetes may need to take insulin Goal: meet nutr needs of baby /avoid lathe fluctuations of blood glucose /provide appropriate NTR so her stores are not exhausted

Intake Domain (NI)

Diagnosis includes actual problem related to intake such as energy balance, oral intake, substances, and nutrient balance

Bar Chart or Graph

Diagram in which the numerical values of variables are represented by heigh or length of lines or rectangles of equal width. It shows measurements on the vertical access in ascending to descending order. Example: Best for showing different levels of classes on x axis and number of students in a specific category of BMI on the y axis

Individual behavior determinants of health

Diet, physical activity, alcohol/tobacco/drug use, and hand washing

DASH diet

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension

Coordination of nutrition care by a professional example

Dietitian communicating with another another member of healthcare team about nutrition care of client

Nutrition counseling

Dietitian talks 25% and patient talks 75%

probing questions

Dig deeper under the surface by attempting to gain more Information Effective probing question helps get a person to talk more about their personal opinions and feelings and promotes critical thinking Often begin with what and how

Conduction

Direct transfer of heat between adjacent molecules

Variable costs

Direct/flexible Proportionately vary with level of output and changes in volume

Decision making styles

Directive: simple clear solutions, quick decision, relies on existing rules Analytical: complex problems, carefully views alternatives, innovative methods Conceptual: socially oriented, humanistic and artistic, creatively solves problems Behavioral: concern for organization, interest in helping others, open to suggestions, relies on meetings

Leading question

Directs an individual to one answer in preference to another

Diet history

Discussion between client and provider

Gout

Disease in which abnormal metabolism of purines result in excessive levels of Utica acid in blood * results in formation of sodium irate crystals that accumulate in joints and cartilage * over time excessive crystals can increase ones risk of kidney stones or cause damage in joints —> arthritis

Cystic fibrosis

Disease of exocrine glands -pancreatic enzyme deficiency -increased electrolyte perspiration levels - thick mucus secretions -fat malabsorption -PERT(pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy) recommended with all meals to aid fat absorption

Line graph

Displays information as a series of data points connected by straight line segments . Shows frequency on a vertical scale and method of classification on a horizontal scale. Best for showing BMI for age growth chart

Inventory turnover rate

Divide cost of sales (food cost) by average inventory food cost Low ratio: poor sales/excess inventory High ratio: limited inventory/ good sales

Customer seat turnover?

Divide customers/meal by # of seats

mark up factor

Divide desired food cost % into 100 (total sales)

To determine the # of oz in a scoop...

Divide scoop # into 32 Then convert to additional measurements

Kcal to nitrogen ration

Divide tjj in tal kcals by g nitrogen . Protein is 16% nitrogen. Kcals divided by percent protein. Protein divided by 4. g protein times 0.16 (%nitrogen) equals g nitrogen. Total jacks divided by g nitrogen gives you final answer

Roman Catholics

Do not consume meat on fridays during lent (40 days preceding easter

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

Document providing workers with procedures for safely handling or working with a particular substance

Coecentric model of organization

Does away with the hierarchy system, and invite all organizational members going to be equally to problem-solving

Joint Commission

Doesn't mandate a method of screening or screening tool. The hospital does!

The Joint Commission (TJC)

Doesn't provide a blueprint for the medical record.

Fixed busget

Doesn't take I to account variations in revenue Best for organization where revenue doesn't change much or that is really predictable

Conflict resolution

Dominance and suppression's and compromise, integrative problem Solving Dominance and suppression repress conflict rather than settling it : forcing, smoothing, avoidance, and resolving conflict by majority vote

Resolving conflict

Dominating managers: aggressively exercise their power of authority or passively preyed the problem doesn't exist Compromising managers: find a middle ground. Does little to help organization Integrative problem solving managers: cooperation rather than competition. All parties participate in solving the problem. Concessions made without anyone feeling like a loser

Xerostema

Dry mouth due to lack of saliva Appropriate recommendation: more liquids, sugarless gum, saliva substitutes

dehydration symptoms

Dry mouth, tongue, mucous membrane/ decreased ruination/ sunken eyes, cheeks, abdomen/ confusion/ light headed/ dizzy/ disorientation/ dry skin/ fatigue/ irritability/ thirst/ weight loss

Where are most nutrients absorbed?

Duodenum of small intestine: iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc

chlorophyll, pheophytin

During cooking, the ________________________ (which is green) present in the vegetable is converted to an olive green color which is called ______________________.

Time to plan and define performance standards should occur

During the planning phase and completed when coaching phase begins Without performance standards there is no coaching to de done

Chronic nutrition deprivation

During this body decreases BMR to conserve protein and bodily function. To decrease BMR body may decrease body temp (hypothermia), blood pressure (hypotension), heart rate (bradychardia), thyroid hormone secretion

cultural competence

Dynamic and ongoing process of seeking cultural awareness, skill, encounters

Elderly common nutrition problems

Dysphagia, poly pharmacy, chronic disease, protein energy malnutrition, decreased absorption, hypercholestolemia , tooth loss. NOT DIARRHEA!! Constipation yes! Due to decreased gastric motility and decreased HCL stomach secretion

level 2 dysphagia diet

Dysphagia-Mechanical Altered (cohesive, moist, semisolid foods, requiring some chewing).

Comparative standards

EER BMI and recommended body weight Estimated vitamin and mineral needs (DRI)

Thiamin (B1)

Easily absorbed in the first part of small intestine by active transport

Dextrins

Easily digested and inexpensive

Identify protein deficiency

Easily pluckable hair, brittle or thin nails, underweight status

People who exercise more

Eat more fruit

Botanicals

Echinacea, garlic, ginger, ginkgo, ginseng, milk thistle (for liver disease)

Frequently found in patients with kwashiorkor

Edema and fatty liver Edema occurs bcos loss of oncotic pressure Fatty liver: because of lack of carrier proteins to transport fat out of liver

CHF (congestive heart failure)

Edema can disguise disease in assessment by making typical anthropometric measures inaccurate

Job specification

Education requirements, years of experience, ability to lift a certain amount of weight

Chlorine

Effective on wide variety of bacteria Disadvantage: corrosive and irritating to skin

Achalasia

Effects esophagus ability to move food down to stomach. Lower esophageal sphincter does not relax and can trap food leading to pressure

Primary mechanical leavening agent

Egg whites bcos when egg whites are foamed by beating or whipping, there are trapped air bubble in batter * protein in foam coagulate and stabilize in presence of cooking temps

What foods receive special attention when catering to a highly susceptible population

Eggs, juices and fresh seed sprouts must be handled with additional care Eggs must be fully cooked otherwise prohibited by FDA if not fully cooked Juices must be processed or pasteurized Fresh seed sprouts and raw meats are prohibited by FDA

NSI (Nutrition Screening Initiative)

Elderly nutrition and improved nutritional care DETERMINE: basic checklist LEVEL I: screen those who need more comprehensive analysis LEVEL 2 screen used w/ potentially greater medical or nutritional problems

Fire extinguisher class C

Electric fires: wiring, fuse box, computers

Marketing mix: promotion ex

Elementary school offering free dessert with each meal during national school lunch week to increase participation

Glucagon

Elevated blood sugar levels by prompting glycogen breakdown in the liver

ADHD and feingold diet

Elimination diet, not proven to help

Human Resources

Employment processes and procedures Promotion, transfer, separation, compensation, benefits

Dispersion stages

Emulsion: liquid in liquid such as vinaigrette and mayo Sol: solid in liquid, such as turkey in gravy Gel: liquid in solid such as custard Suspension: gas in solid such as sponge cake

Wholesome Meat Act of 1967

Enacted to assure customers animal was healthy at time of slaughter and meat is fit for human consumption or wholesome

Open door policy

Encourages employees to speak freely and regularly to management regarding any aspect of business or product. Promotes open Minimizes personnel problem

Cultural encounter

Encourages one to directly engage in cross cultural interactions with individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds This process allows one to validate, negate, or modify existing cultural knowledge and gain a culturally specific knowledge base to develop culturally relevant interactions

Micelles

End products of fat digestion composed of monoglycerides, diglycedides, long chain FA, and bile salts Water soluble particle absorbed into intestinal cells

Nutrition Education Goals for school aged children

Enhancing their knowledge, skills and attitude about broad, contemporary food/ nutrition topics

Emphysema

Enlarged alveoli (air sacs) exhibit degraded walls and loss of elasticity

Folic acid is high in...

Enriched cereals & grains Legumes Black & pinto beans Spinach Asparagus Green leafy veggies Lentils

Value analysis

Ensure project cost is no greater than necessary to carry out projects goal

Delaney clause

Ensures food additives known to be carcinogenic to man or animal will not be used in food

National School Lunch Program (NSLP)

Entitlement program by USDA that implements dietary guidelines into lunch programs to improve nutrition of low income children and families

Break even pricing method advantage

Entry barrier: possible new entrants to market might be detected by low prices Reduced competitions: financially weaker competitors might be driven out of market Market dominance: increase production volume while decreased costs and earning a profit may lead to achieve investment market dominance

Papain

Enzyme found in papaya Used to prevent gelatinization or to keep something from forming into a gel

Bromelin

Enzyme found in pineapple Prevents grlatinization

Lipoprotein lipase

Enzyme responsible for breakdown of triglycerides to fatty acids small enough to pass into fat cells

NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) I

Epidemiologic follow up study (NHEFS) investigates relationship between clinical, nutritional, and behavioral factors assessed in NHANES I and subsequent morbidity, mortality and hospital utilization

Methionine

Essential amino acid containing sulfur

Macronutrients

Essential chemical nutrients, including fat, carbohydrates, and protein, that a body needs to live and to function normally.

Vit A

Essential for night vission

Vit K

Essential for the normal function of the body's blood clotting mechanism

Biotin

Essential role in Krebs cycle Adds or removes CO2 from compounds

Diet history

Essential to determining current nutritional habits

Vit D

Essential to regulation of calcium and bone development

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

Estimated amount of a nutrient per day at which the needs of 50% of the population will be met.

Joint commission

Evaluates the quality and safety of care for 17,000 health care organizations

Dietary guidelines for Americans

Every 5 years *basis for federal food and nutrition programs (wic and food stamps)

Closed question

Ex: How would you rate your current eating habits?

Leading question

Ex: What did you eat for breakfast?

Secondary question

Ex: how are the foods prepared at you're favorite restaraunt?

Primary question

Ex: now that you have described the foods you typically eat outside, what are some foods you eat inside your home?

Pancreatitis

Exact cause is unknown Leading contributing factor: alcoholism

Job analysis and outline

Examination of Personal abilities, content, responsibilities entailed.

Menu psychology

Examination of how to design a menu to influence what a customer eats

Antioxidants

Example: BHA, BHT, vit. E

Emulsified foods

Example: ice cream, pastries

Apples, oranges, mushrooms

Examples of produce that should be stored in refrigerator

Preservatives

Examples: ascorbic acid, calcium proprionate, sodium benzoate, vitamin C

Gout

Excessive eating and fasting results in Ketosis — May trigger attacks

Diarrhea

Excessive loss of electrolytes especially potassium and sodium

Metabolic alkalosis

Excessive loss of stomach acid from emesis

Semi-variable costs

Expense which contains both a fixed cost component and a variable component

ETHNIC

Explanation: how do you explain your illness? Treatment: what treatment have you tried? Healers: have you sought any advice from folk healers? Negotiate: what are mutually acceptable options? Intervention: what can you agree on? Collaborate: how can you work with the patient,family, and healers?

Qualitative Research

Explores a topic of interest as a prelude to theory development Type of descriptive research that often precedes other research and data collection Example: personality traits as a prelude to obesity cause

5 principals of motivational interviewing

Express Empathy, develop discrepancy, avoid argumentation, roll with resistance, and support self-efficacy

Burns

Extensive: may increase BEE by 100%

Pasteurization

Extent of pathogen destruction depends on temp. And length of exposure to heat

Vit A

Eyes need vit A to maintain mucus forming cells that lubricate the surface

FOCUS

F-find a process to improve O-organize to improve the process C-clarify current knowledge of the process *collect data and info about processes *talking to those who are most involved U-understand source of process variation S-select process improvement

Visual objective

Fabricated term

Coagulation

Facilitated by using enzymes, acid, or a combo of acid and heat

ISO (International Organization for Standardization) standard related to analyzing data and information using validated methods

Factual approach

Respiratory alkalosis

Failure related to pulmonary system and may be caused by loss of CO2, hyperventilation, anxiety or CVA

Metabolic acidosis

Failure related to renal system to control body's acid base balance. Kidneys retain/produce too much hydrogen (H+) or excrete too much base (HCO3). To compensate, respiratory system increases ventilation to remove carbon dioxide to decrease carbonic acid. May be caused by uncontrolled diabetes, increased hydrogen production or retention by kidneys, excessive base excretion by kidneys, uremia, or diarrhea

anuria

Failure to produce urine

FTH

Failure to thrive

Cruciferae

Family of flowering plants that include cabbage, Brussels sprouts and cauliflower

USDA grades produce: (highest to lowest)

Fancy Extra #1 #1 Combination #2

Body's principle energy reservoir

Fat

Diabetics recommended CHO intake

Fat <30% Cholesterol <300 mg/day CHO 55-60%

Liver cirrhosis

Fat is reduced to 25% caloric intake Fat in stools is present due to lack of bile salts, pancreatic insufficiency, or portal vein blockage Supplement with vitamins A, D, E

No hemogenization in cheese?

Fat rises to top as cream

ketogenic diet

Fat turned to ketones as energy *no carbs/sugars * supplement B6, B12, folate, D, calcium * often used to treat epilepsy or seizure disorders

Iron deficiency symptoms

Fatigue Slowed development Inability to maintain body temp Impaired immune function

Cancer symptoms

Fatigue, altered sense of taste & smell, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, dry mouth/sore mouth

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

Fats and proteins stimulate the secretion of this hormone which originates in the duodenum and jejunum

Who has an increased BMR?

Febrile patients, pregnant women, and trauma patients

FTC

Federal Trade Commission involved in reviewing what genetic testing companies do with test results

standards of fill of container

Federal standards for how full a container must be

Standards of identity

Federal standards that identify what a given food product containsb

Yeast

Feeds off of sugar and flour in presence of moisture Produces CO2 and ethanol

Jung's model of learning

Feeler Thinkers Sensors Intuitors

Eggs AA

Firm yolks that stand up tall

Glycogen

First source of energy while exercising muscles

Sources of vitamin A

Fish liver oils, liver, butter, margarine, carrots, mango, yams, sweet potato, cantaloupe, apricots, green leafy veggies, milk

Sources of vitamin D

Fish liver oils. It is also made in the skin in the presence of sunlight. Fortified foods

Polyunsaturated fats

Fish, sunflower oil, omega 3&6 soybeans, grain products, peanut butter

break-even point (BEP) equation

Fixed cost / 1- (variable cost/ sales)

Fire extinguisher class B

Flammable liquids: fires in oils, gasoline, some paints, lacquers, grease, solvents

Pancreatitis symptoms

Flare up when pancreatic enzymes and bile are stimulated by food ingestion

Anthoxanthins are also

Flavones

monosodium glutamate (MSG)

Flavor enhancer commonly added to processed meat products, chineese food and other canned foods

Aesthetics in food

Flavor, consistency, shape, color, texture Sustainability is a factor that affects menu planning

Nutrients added to enriched flour

Flic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, iron. Protein, potassium, and biotin, may be in flour but are not separately added

Cornstarch substitution

Flour

Common ingredients in baking recipes

Flour, liquid, leavening agents, salt, egg, fat, sugar

Flow phase

Fluid restriction, and oxygen transport returns

NFNS-national food and nutrition survey

Focused on gathering info about food intake and health status

RDA

Focused on providing intake levels for individual nutrients that may be deficient with aim to preventing nutrition related disease

NSLP (National School Lunch Program)

Focused on providing low cost meals to low income students

Team Management

Focuses on both employees and production Most desirable

Long-range planning

Focuses on goals and objectives for 5 years. Requires mission statement and vision

Strategic planning

Focuses on long-term goal and evaluation using SWOT analysis

authority management

Focuses on production and managing tasks

Lean

Focuses on using less human effort, space, capital, and time to make products/services more efficient

Recency

Focuses only on recent performance

Folate + pregnancy

Folate (folic acid) is 600 mcg during pregancy. With 400 coming from supplements and 200 from diet

Pregnancy & folate

Folate plays an important role in synthesis of nuclear acids * necessary for DNA formation * RDA for folate increases from 180 to 400 mcg/day * begin before conception

1st trimester

Folate supplementation most important bcos neural tube defects occur in first 18 weeks

Cristae

Folded inner membranes inside mitochondrion; electron transport chain takes place here during cellular respiration to create ATP

Secondary question

Follow up question or attempt to obtain further information that a primary question failed to elicit

B 12

Fond of it are broken down in the acidic environment of stomach

Propyl gallate (PG)

Food additive used as a preservative and mild inhibitor that is commonly found in sausage

Salmonella

Food borne illness commonly caused by unwashed hands or cross contamination

Selling price

Food cost divided by desired food cost

Ferric

Food form of iron and can be categorized as heme and non heme

Clostridium perfringens

Food intoxication found in human intestines, often raw meat, poultry Grows best in anaerobic conditions

Clostridium botulinum

Food intoxication most commonly caused by improperly processed and canned foods Soil based Anaerobic

Tangible food

Food is capable of being perceived by customer via smell, taste and touch Example: hamburger

Sear

Food is quickly browned on all sides before cooking thoroughly to trap flavors and juices

FDA has no oversight over __ in schools

Food marketing

ready, prepared

Food prepared on site, frozen for later use Production and service areas are on the same facility

STEPS

Food program receiving a major federal grant CDC program researching disease prevention

SNAP

Food stamps via USDA

Assets

Foods and products owed to you

cariogenic foods

Foods that break down into simple sugars in the mouth and can be used by the bacteria to cause dental caries

Operating budget

Forecasts revenue, expenses, profit during project time

Immunologic reactions and food allergies

Foreign systems (antigens) cleared from body by immune systems macrophages, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes * B produce antibodies specific to antigens encountered by body

Kwashiorkor

Form of malnutrition that occurs when there is insufficient dietary protein. Most common in area where there is famine, limited food supply and low levels of education

Protein role

Forming hormone, enzymes antibodies maintaining, and building tissues

BMI (body mass index)

Formula that can be used to screen for excessive fat

BMI (body mass index)

Formula: weight (kg)/ height (m)^2

Non heme iron rich foods

Fortified cereals Soybeans Squash Pumpkin Beans Tomato products Prune juice Molasses

Foods rich in calcium

Fortified juice & cereals Cereals Dairy Green leafy veggies Almonds Salmon Tofu Rhubarb Beans

Cholecalciferol

Found in animal products

Humectants

Found in candy and shredded coconut

Polyhydric alcohols (polyols)

Found in chewing gum, sweetened baked goods, chocolate, and beverages

Polyphenols

Found in cocoa Associated with reduced risk of CVD by improving endothelial function through blood vessel dilation

Phytochemicals (phytonutrients)

Found in fruits/veggies/whole grains/legumes/beans/herbs/spices/nuts/seeds Characterized according to chemical structures and functional properties

Gluten

Found in rye, barley, wheat

Natural toxins

Found in seafood, mushrooms, red beans, honey Buy from approved Nd inspected sources

Chuck

Found in shoulder of cow above brisket

Sulfur

Found in: cysteine, cystine, and methionine.

health literacy

Four types of literacy 1. Cultural and conceptual knowledge (health beliefs, attitudes, practices) 2. Oral 3. Print 4. Numeracy

What stops retrogradation?

Freezing and waxy starches

Maltodextrin

From corn starch Added to many products as a thickening agent

Time watching tv is indirectly associated with

Fruit and vegetable intake Time watching tv is inversely associated with fruit and vegetable intake

Emulsifiers

Function to stabilize fat or oil mixtures Example: mayonnaise

Secretin

Functions by stimulating secretion of thin bicarbonate ridge pancreatic juice, offering a buffering effect, and it also reduces stomach motility

Calcium

Functions in the transmission of nerve signals by * allows flow of ions in and out of cells * helps release neurotransmitters

Large intestine

Functions to prepare the last undigested remnants to be excreted as feces

Loop Diuretics

Furosemide (Lasix) Are used to reduce excess fluid accumulation in the body caused by conditions like heart failure, hypertension, kidney disease, liver disease

Metabolic disorders

Galactosemia Phenylketonuria (PKU) Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)

Gallbladder common diseases

Gallstones (cholelithiasis) Inflammation (Cholecystitis)

Ethylene

Gas passes through air from one fruit to another to begin ripening and decay

Ethylene

Gas produced in high #s by apples, peaches pears Citrus fruits (grapes/ strawberries) produce less #s

Ethylene

Gas produced in high amounts due to environmental stress such as high temps and wounding

GRAS

Generally recognized as sage

Food borne viruses

Generally spread from person to person, in that an infected food service worker make contaminate foods later consumed by a consumer

Drug list

Generic names of drugs and are not used to obtain volume discounts

GINA

Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act protects Americans from having the results of genetic testing used to discriminate in respect to employment or health insurance

Biotechnology

Genetic engineering

Bad conductors of heat

Glass and stainless steel

Monosach

Glucose Fructose Galactose

Chromium and zinc

Glucose metabolism

Amino acids

Glutamine, aspartate, tryptophan, alanine, arginine, aspargine, cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, valine

Celiac disease treatment

Gluten free products

Solanine

Glycoalkaloid poison and a natural toxin found in species of the night shade family, such as potato, tomato, and eggplant If ingested, symptoms include nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach ache/cramps, cardiac dysrythmia, nightmares, headache, dizziness, and possibly death

Milk

Good source of calcium, phosphorus, riboflavin, vit A and D Low in vit C, fiber, and iron

Egg white

Good source of niacin B3, riboflavin B2, potassium and magnesium

Pork

Good source of thiamin

Eggs grading

Governed by USDA standards

FDA (Food and Drug Administration)

Governing body that overseas seafood products to ensure safety through HACCP

Highest grade for fish

Grade A (only grade available)

Eggs

Grade based on interior and exterior quality of egg

Beef

Graded at slaughter by the USDA

Eggs

Grades are AA, A, B

Mail lard reaction

Gradual at low pH

Maillard reaction

Gradual at low ph levels, resulting in less browning of product during cooking

Complementary proteins examples

Grains & legumes/ beans or vegetables Nuts/seeds & legumes/beans or vegetables

food and drug interactions

Grapefruit juice and blood pressure meds Cholesterol lowering will make drugs work too well

Chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

155 degrees F

Ground meats, fish, injected meats, eggs that will not be consumed immediately

Target market

Group of people or places with similar needs with the potential of purchasing your product

Target market

Group of people that has needs for products and the ability to make a purchase

Eggs

Grouped for sale based on size so weight of 12 eggs meets standard for that size

Regulations

Guidelines that detail how a law will be implemented and any penalties that may be imposed if the law is violated Example: NLEA by FDA

Biological and genetic determinant of health

HIV status

Islamic

Halal Forbidden foods: pork/ carnivorous and omnivorous animals/ certain foul/ non amphibious animals w/o external ears/ blood products / ALCOHOL Allowed: fish eating animals Permissible products must be properly slaughtered under auspices of an expert

What temp should meat be cooked to?

Hamburger meat should be cooked to 165 F while whole meats may be cooked to 145 F for rare beef

Bran

Hard and heavy outer layer of cereal grains When added in a baked flour mixture volume decreases due to its heaviness. Flour and liquid should be increased to prevent a decrease in volume

constipation

Hard, slow stools that are difficult to eliminate; often a result of too little fiber in the diet *treated with a high-fiber diet

NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey)

Has sampling methodology that over samples high risk groups: low income, over 60, African American and Hispanic American

Pre term infants

Have to catch up out of the womb

glycosylated hemoglobin

HbA1c

Naturopathy

Healing, light, heat, air, water, massage, supplements, phytomedicines

Lipoproteins

Help stabilize emulsion in egg by interacting at surface of oil droplets to form a layer

Elton mayo

Helped pave the way for more modern human relations management methods. Main premise of his management theory states that employees are motivated far more by relational factors ( attention/friendship) than by monetary rewards or environmental factors

USDA (US Department of Agriculture)

Helps farmers ensures food safety through food inspections Provides education and commodity food programs Responsible of grading and labeling of meat, livestock, poultry and eggs

Vit A

Helps in immune function, reproductive health and wellness

Order point

Helps you determine when you must reorder an item based on average daily use, lead time and safety shock (Average daily use) (lead time) + safety shock

Iron

Heme and nonheme

Common food borne viruses

Hepatitis A Hepatitis E Norovirus Rotavirus

Chron's and Ulcerative Colitis

High carb and high protein Supplement iron, B12, folate —counteract effects of blood loss, malabsorption

Diverticular Disease treatment

High fiber diets relieve symptoms Low residue diet— gradually introducing high fiber foods as tolerated

Avocados

High in potassium

Autocratic

High on production, low on people

Addison's disease treatment

High protein, high salt with frequent meals to prevent weight loss, hypoglycemia, and dehydration

Non-cariogenic foods characteristics

High protein, moderate fat, low concentration of fermentable carbs, strong buffers, high mineral content (CA, P), pH>6, and stimulation of saliva production

Egg white

High quality fat, fat free source of protein in eggs

% sag

High: more tender a gel is/ high quality and tender Low: overcooked and less tender

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

Highest level of nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects for almost all individuals in the general population

Why wooden cutting boards are not recommended

Highly susceptible to bacteria growth and transferring food borne pathogens

Allergic reactions

Histamine, bradykinin, serotonin *can cause abdominal pain, coughing Anaphylaxis, shock, death may occu in severe cases

Essential amino acids (9)

Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Hormone causes gallbladder to contract, releasing bile into the duodenum

Epinephrine

Hormone located in adrenal medulla that raises blood glucose by stimulating SNS (sympathetic nervous system), stimulating liver and muscle glycogenolysis, and decreasing the release of insulin from pancreas during catabolic stress

Insulin

Hormone located in beta cells of pancreas. It lowers blood glucose by increasing cell permeability to glucose, fostering glycogenesis and lipogenesis

Progesterone

Hormone that develops the placenta after implantation

Glucocorticoids

Hormones that counteract insulin effects by reducing glucose use in body and increasing the rate at which protein is turned into glucose

Items that should appear on a safety inspection checklist

Hot holding and hot food temperatures Cold holding and cold food temperatures Reheating, thawing and storage temps Food prep surface cleanliness and sanitation Employee safety and anti contamination practices Review of labels to ensure products are labeled and dated, use of FIFO Chemical checklists, SDS information available

How many people can be served from one seat ?

Hours of operation X seat turnover

Based on USDA economic research from DEC: 2017 content population survey food security supplement, the prevalence of food insecurity varied significantly by household type. The rate of insecurity was higher than national avg for:

Households * with children * with children below age 6 * led by single male/ woman * women living alone * black and Hispanic

Implications

How research may be applied in practice

Cellulose

Humans cannot process or break down

Fluids

Humans consume minimum of 30 ml/kg body weight

glycerol monostearate

Humectant retaining moisture and increases firmness Example: sorbitol

Sorbitol

Humectant used to maintain moisture and increase firmness in foods

UNICEF

Hunger relief organization for UN (United nations) Provides humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries

Inversion

Hydrolysis of sucrose with an acid to form a mixture with equal amounts of fructose and glucose. Invert sugar is an example of an inversion and the result yields a product that is sweeter, higher in moisture, and less prone to crystallization than sucrose

Dehydration is associated with

Hypernatremia

Renal dysfunction is associated with..

Hyperphosphatemia (increased phosphorus value)

hypertension (HTN)

Hypertension: systolic 40 + /diastolic 90 + Diuretic administration and anti-hypertensive drugs Wt loss /decreased sodium <1500 mg/day Reduced alcohol Aerobic exercise

Overhydration is associated with

Hyponatremia

Refeeding syndrome/Mel nutrition/sepsis is associated with...

Hypophosphatemia (decreased phosphorous value)

Operant conditioning

Idea that learning is a function of change in overt behavior, and changes in behavior are the result of an individuals response to events in the environment. Here, stimulus is a consequence. If the stimulus is positive, behavior increases. So if stimulus is negative, behavior decreases

Diagnosis

Identification and labeling of a nutrition problem

Management Function: Organizing

Identifying tasks and activities to be delegated

Step 1 of marketing process

Identifying the market niche, the need that is not being filled

short bowel syndrome

If adequate NTR provided for months following surgery, bowel will gradually increase absorptive surface from langervilli deep crypts of lieberkuhn

diabetes mellitus

If not properly treated and managed, it may lead to many long term health issues such as: Blindness, heart disease, stroke, foot and leg problems, etc.

Antibody types

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE *E bind w allergens in special cells in intestine, skin, respiratory tract * chemicals released in what we call allergic reaction

Vitamin A and zinc deficiency signs

Impaired night vision/night blindness, chronic dry eyes/ dull cornea

Vitamin A

Important for vision bcos it combines with a protein in the eye to form Rhodopsin

Arm muscle

Important measurement used in children * assesses whether the child has an adequate skeletal muscle mass

Conducting supportive scientific research

Important part of providing clinical advice Hard skill (knowledge), and a client may be more receptive to soft skills (friendliness, politeness, personality)

halo effect

Impression in one are influences another

Emulsifier

Improves smoothness and uniformity

Gluconeogenesis

In addition to glycogenolysis (degradation of glycogen) are two pathways through which blood glucose levels are maintained

Protein (casein)

In milk is acid-sensitive and will form a curd in an acidic medium ph of 4.6. The curd forms, whey is expelled

how should tough cuts be cooked

In moist heat. Older animals contain more collagen that's soluble in water. Tough cuts may come from chick or round

Protein digestion ends

In pancreas with enzyme trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase in the intestine

break-even point (BEP)

In sales volume (used to determine # of $ needs to be earned to break even Fixed costs / 1-(variable costs/ sales)

Fat digestion begins

In the small intestine with lipase

diverticular disease

Incidence increased in elderly

Emotional barrier to change

Include emotional and mental factors Example: self image, self esteem, locus of control, energy levels and payback potential

HHS

Includes Medicare, Medicaid, CHIP, health insurance marketplace, PT safety, health IT management

Vit E

Includes a family of tocopherols and tocotrienols

whey protein

Includes lactose, lactalbumin, lactoglobulin, water soluble vitamins, minerals

Clinical Domain (NC)

Includes nutritional findings that relate to the medical or physical condition such as functional, biochemical, and weight balance, including involuntary weight loss

Behavioral-environmental domain

Includes problems related to knowledge, access to food, and food safety, such as knowledge and beliefs, physical activity balance and function, and food access

diet history

Includes: * daily intake, disabilities, ethnic/cultural background, religious restrictions, allergies, meds, taste, smell, appetite, recording methods

Stand-alone apps

Including those for health education are not regulated

Corticosteroids

Increase appetite

MAOIs

Increase appetite and weight gain

Adjustment needed to cook pasta in boiling water as altitude increases

Increase cooking time bcos water temp is lower Water boils at lower temperature when atmospheric pressure is lower. As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases. Therefore, at higher altitudes, pasta will be cooking at lower temperature, requiring an increase in cooking time. Recommended to use more water since more will evaporate at higher altitude, not because pasta will absorb more

Incremental cost

Increase or decrease in costs as a result of one more or one less unit of output

Carbs with a low glycemic index

Increase plasma glucose more slowly

Corticosteroids

Increase protein breakdown Decrease calcium absorption Increase potassium and nitrogen excretion Invrease need for vitamin D

Galactosemia prevention

Increased ammonia and defects *long term management: no PRO from 1-2g/day

Grey brown spots on teeth

Increased fluoride intake

Diuretics: Thiazide

Increases bone resorption of calcium Decreases potassium excretion as well as sodium, magnesium through urine

Fever

Increases jacks by 7% per each degree above normal

Insulin

Increases synthesis of glycogen in the liver

Capital expenditures

Incurred when a business spends money either to buy fixed assets or to add to a fixed asset with a useful life extending beyond able taxable year

positive nitrogen balance

Indicates a net gain of body proteins and is associated with periods of growth (infants, teenagers, pregnancy, healing)

negative nitrogen balance

Indicates erosion of body proteins and is associated with burns, fevers, serious injuries, hyperthyroidism, wasting diseases, malnourishment

zero nitrogen balance

Indicates protein maintenance and equilibrium such as in a healthy adult

Waist to hip ratio (WHR)

Indicative of distribution of abdominal fat deposits *>1.0 in men and >0.8 in women indicates individual @high risk for CVD and diabetes

Fixed costs

Indirect Not affected by sales volume

Digitalis

Induced nausea and vomiting

GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)

Induces release of insulin which then lowers blood glucose levels

Pancreatitis

Inflammation of pancreas characterized by accumulation of pus in intracellular space, fat necrosis, and edema

arthritis

Inflammation of peripheral joints

Orientation

Informing employees of goals, policies, and responsibilities

First step in feeding GI tract

Ingestion before digestion/absorption/untilization

Wilson's disease

Inherited Excessive copper in body's tissues Results in deposits in liver, brain, kidneys, and eyes Causes: tissue damage, tissue death and scarring

Cystic fibrosis

Inherited disease that involves the malfunction of exocrine glands Results in thick mucus like secretions that obstruct airway, pancreatic ducts, and ducts in other organs Thick mucus plugs block pancreas from releasing digestive enzymes into small intestine resulting in a cascade of negative effects beginning with malabsorption of all major nutrients

Thiamin absorption

Inhibited by folate deficiency in alcohol intake

Cimetidine (Tagamet)

Inhibits acid secretion

Effect of enteroglucagon on gastric motility

Inhibits motility GLP 1 slows down motility, helps pancreas make insulin, stops liver from overproducing glucose. Used as diabetes medications victoza and byetta

Burns treatment

Initial: replace fluid and electrolyte —maintain balance * protein needs Increased * magnesium supplement * zinc receiving parenteral nutrition

Advanced liver cirrhosis

Inject with vitamins A, D, K Folate, B1, B 12 should be supplemented

Carotenes

Insoluble in water

FDA (Food and Drug Administration)

Inspects food and labeling Does not include labeling of meats, eggs, poultry, livestock

Principle 7 of HACCP

Institute an efficient data system to document and maintain HACCP system records

Principle 4 of HACCP

Institute critical control point monitoring procedures. These monitoring procedures and frequency with which they are carried out must be listed in the HACCP plan

Adequate Intake (AI)

Insufficient scientific data to determine EAR and RDA Next best estimate of amount of nutrient needed to maintain good health

Is a service tangible or intangible?

Intangible bcos it cannot be processed but customer is aware of its presence and absence Example: lack of friendliness or indifference by waitstaff

IPM

Integrated pest management * prevents infestation

Disciussion

Interpretation of results

Introduction

Intro to research's objectives, definitions, background, limitations, and order of report presentation

Primary question

Introduces mew topic or areas

COGS equation (cost of goods sold)

Inventory costs of products sold

Principles of Motion Economy

Involve use of human body, arrangement of workplace, design of tools and equipment in such a way as to reduce motion and time required for a job, to increase efficiency

Food processing

Involves changing any type of fresh food into a food product

analytical research

Involves critical thinking and evaluation of information to prove a casual association (cause and effect) Examples: clinical trials, follow up studies, case control studies

Management function: directing

Involves guiding and channeling human effort for the accomplishment of objectives

formal or competitive bid buying

Involves opening the procurement process to bids and tenders to obtain the best value

ulcerative colitis

Involves rectum with possible lower colon involvement

Cheese

Involves separating curd from whey in milk or cream, consolidating the curd and ripening the product

Central ingredient room

Involves storing and portioning all foodstuffs in a designated location. Advantage: cost control, production and quality control and improved security

Motion economy principle

Involves use of body, arrangement of workplace and design of tools and equipment to reduce motion and time required for a job to increase efficiency

Counseling 4 stages

Involving Exploring Resolving Concluding

Best method to teach 5-year old a new food group

Involving them in food preparation Children are most engaged when they can have hands-on experience with an activity. Involving children in the preparation of a food will increase their interest and willingness to try the food.

Appropriate base for sanitizing

Iodine, chlorine and ammonia

In children what deficiency is common?

Iron

Why does boiled egg turn green when overcooked

Iron and sulfur react at surface of yolk

Heme iron

Iron—found in red meat, fish, and poultry—that the body absorbs efficiently

break-even point (BEP)

Is # of unita sold (use to determine # of units need to sell to break even) Fixed costs / sales — variable costs

Umami

Is a category of taste in food that corresponds to flavor of glutamates such as monosodium glutamate

Percent sag

Is an objective evaluation that measures gel strength

Fasting blood glucose

Is blood glucose level when there is no food in the system

Addition of milk solid may lead to crystallization. Lactose...

Is least soluble of common sugars and can crystallize, giving a sandy texture when too many milk solids are present

Avoiding Argumentation

Is not arguing or attempting persuasion

Prerequisite programs serve as the foundation for HACCPs development and implementation. Their purpose...

Is to document procedures that address operational conditions required for service and production of safe foods. Examples: recipe development for potentially hazardous foods and approving vendors

Ouchi's Theory Z

Japanese management style; family environment, project teams involved in decisions

Job Outline

Job title, duties, relationships, education/experience, knowledge/skills, physical requirements, job requirements, job hazards/working conditions

Hydrogenation

Keep fat solid such as margarine

Epilepsy treatment

Ketogenic diet recommended as last resort when pt not full filled by meds * thought to be an inhibitory effect of ketone bodies on neurotransmitters Energy needs in diet supplied by fast and vitamin supplementation * diet is unpalatable Side effects: nausea, irritability, low compliance

Chemotherapy

Kills rapidly dividing cells leading to... * nausea * vomiting * diarrhea * mouth sore * esophageal inflammation

Lignans

Known for their phytoestrogens and anti cancer properties Found in: flaxseeds/ wheat bran/ oats/ barley

Lithium Carbonate and sodium

Known to interact because they compete with each other for reabsorption into tubules of kidneys

Fasting lipid profile

LDL: <100 optimal 100-120 normal >190 very high Total CHO: <200 normal TG: <150 normal >500 very high

Diverticular disease

LI disease: pouches collect in colon wall Pouches may develop due to high intracolonic pressure bcoz of decreased fiber diet or decrease in muscle wall strength

Prime costs

Labor and food

nonverbal communication code of avoidance/ respect or deference of interpersonal exchange

Lack of sustained eye contact

deficiency of the lactase enzyme

Lactose intolerance No change in glucose and galactose levels because no lactose is being broken down

Marketing mix: place ex

Large community hospital setting up kiosks on inpatient units during busy lunch periods as a convenience for medical staff w limited break times

SNAP

Largest food assistance program that partners with feeding America to provide food stamps and other benefits

Feeding America

Leading US hunger-relief charity, network of food banks

Absence in omega 6 (linoleic acid)

Leads to eczema, poor growth rate, and petichiae (red or purple skin spots). To reverse deficiency, an omega 6 rich source should be recommended such as safflower or sunflower oil

Dumping syndrome

Leads to overproduction of insulin, causing a decrease blood sugar, water drawn into intestines causing diarrhea

Cultural knowledge

Learning about another cultures worldview from a native perspective, assessing how people in other cultures view your culture, sharing experiences and finding common ground with persons from other cultures

Connectionism

Learning is the result of associations that are strengthened or weakened by frequency of pairings

Element of egg that helps yolk act as emulsifier

Lecithin

Medical record

Legal document that is a record of care provided

Threshold for evaluation

Level at which a stimulus is strong enough to elicit signal to respond and then the determination of why the threshold was crossed

Score

Lightly cut surface of food to tenderize it while cooking

Shell membrane

Lines inside of eggshell

cross-linking

Linking of polymer bonds that prevents deterioration in starches by creating a shorter texture

Chylomicrons

Lipoproteins made of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins. They are formed during fat digestion and transport dietary lipids in bloodstream

Balance sheet

List of assets and liabilities at a given time

Daily cleaning schedule

List the equipment in food service areas needing daily cleaning. Each task is assigned to an employee as his or her area of responsibility for the day. Some items may need to be cleaned once a day, while others may need attention hourly

Formulary

List with descriptions of approved products used by an org. In the hospital, it lists pharmaceutical agents with important info and is used to obtain volume purchasing discounts

yeast

Living organism

Electrolytes

Located in intracellular and extracellular fluids of cells to maintain homeostasis and fluid balance

Ultralenate

Long acting insulin- 30 mins to 3 hours

Strategic marketing

Long-term overall view of marketing to set objectives and create an effective marketing mix

Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS)

Loss of ileum is not tolerated as well as loss of jejunum bcoz Klein's role in absorbing B-12

What is the vegetable acidity and ph

Low acidity with a ph of 4.6

Gallbladder diseases diet

Low fat diet first month after surgery Acute attack: gallbladder rested by low-fat diet : 25% kcal fat Supplement fat vitamins

Food labeling

Low fat: <3g Reduced fat: <25% less fat than OG Fat free: <0.5% Light: 1/3 fewer kcals

Neutropenia diets

Low in bacteria and should be followed Milk, eggs, should be pasteurized

Watermelon, applesauce, hummus

Low in potassium

Colostrum

Low in vit k // infants often need injection of vit k immediately after birth

Gout

Low purine diets not effective -Utica acid formation can occur w/body in absence of purines Diet effective in acute attacks -reduces severity of attacks Gradual wt loss recommended Diet low in fat and moderate in protein from sources low in purines(bread and dairy) Liberal water intake (dilutes Utica acid in urine)

Heart disease

Low sodium diet <2,300 mg/day Low cholesterol diet <300 mg/day

CHF (congestive heart failure)

Low sodium diet and diuretics needed to prevent further heart damage and relieve edema Diuretics deplete sodium Potassium supplements prevent digitals toxicity

In order to foam a liquid should have ...

Low surface tension Example: egg whites at room temp. Whip quicker and yield a larger volume due to low surface tension

What characteristics should a liquid have in order to foam?

Low surface tension Example: egg whites at room temperature

Organic foods

Lower h20 content. Higher vitamin content. Lower nitrate levels.

Insulin

Lowers blood sugar and promotes glucose storage

Mifflin-St. Jeor Equation

M: 10W+6.25H-5AGE+5 F: 10W+6.25H-5AGE-161

Harris-Benedict Equation

M: 66.5+13.8W+5H-6.8Age F: 655.1+9.6W+1.9H-4.7Age

assessment forms for documentation

MDS (minimum data sheet)

How does chlorophyll turn into pheophytin?

Magnesium atom in chlorophyll is replaced with a H2 atom in the presence of acid

Tactics that may be used to minimize pests in food service

Maintain clean and sanitary work areas, store food above ground away from walls, store food in airtight containers /pest resistant., install screens on windows/doors/vents/around air ducts, maintain low humidity, use dependable vendors who maintain an IPM for their facilities Nd vehicles, install closing hinges and seals on all doors/windows, keep seals on doors and windows, keep sealed lids on garbage cans

Humectants

Maintain moisture levels, freshness, and desirable texture

USDA

Maintains NND (national nutrient database)

Antioxidants

Maintains freshness of foods

After goal setting

Make the action plan so client has way to implement goal that is set

Liver

Makes cholesterol from triglycerides

Transferrin

Makes iron available to cells responsible for heme synthesis

Liver

Makes triglycerides from carbs and proteins

Signs and symptoms of celiac disease

Malabsorption, macrocytic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, weight loss, diarrhea, and steatorrhea.

Calcium AI age 9-13

Male: 1300 mg Female: 1300 mg

Fiber AI for 10 yo

Male: 31 g for 9-13 yo Female: 26 g for 9-13 yo

Protein RDA age 9-13

Male: 34g Female: 34 g

Severe and prolonged vomiting can cause:

Mallory-Weiss tear Metabolic alkalosis Tooth decay Small bowel obstruction (SBO) may cause vomiting

FOCUS- PDCA

Management and systematic process improvement method, develop in healthcare industry (HCA) Extension PDCA cycle PDCA: plan, do, check, act

Authoritarian management style

Management approach in which the manager tells the team what is expected and provides specific guidance on what should be done. They make his or her role within the team understood,schedules work and directs team remembers to follow standard rules and regulations

Autocratic management style

Manager makes all decisions and exercises right control over team. Characterized by communication from manager downward to team and not vice versa

Potential impact of unions in foodservice management operation

Managers losing the right to hire or fire, changing work assignments, and schedules, setting wages and fringe benefits, changing policies without appeal, disciplining workers without being subject to appeal by union, acting on grievances directly, losing ability to use volunteer workers

managerial grid (Blake and Mouton)

Managers style based on where they fall between their concern for people vs production

Beef grading

Mandated by federal govt for safety and wholesomeness

The Joint Commission (TJC)

Mandates nutrition risk must be in hospital pt's within 24hours of admission

Thyroxine

Manufactured by follicular cells of the thyroid

How do you compensate for losses in preparation, cooking, serving?

Many managers add 10 % to recipe cost prior to markup. Raw food cost X 0.10 = A A + raw food cost = B B X markup = final answer

Dextrins

Many uses in the food industry

Butter is equivalent to?

Margarine or shortening

Prolactin

Maternal hormone from pituitary gland and serves to stimulate milk production

Oxytocin

Maternal hormone from pituitary gland that moves human milk through ducts and facilitates birth

USDA grading based on

Maturity, marbling color, texture, Regular grades based on: quality, firmness, color, freedom from defects, uniform size and shape

Diarrhea

May be a result of rapid passing of SI contents Is a symptom of a disease process

Steattorhea diagnosis

May be made over 72 hours of analyzing fat in stool (ingested fat to stool)

Egg yolk

May be restricted for those on a "low cholesterol" diet

Serum albumin

May be tested to determine if a patient has liver disease, kidney disease or if body is absorbing inadequate protein Normal labs: 3.5 g/dL or higher

Lignans

May be useful for women at risk of breast cancer

Antidepressants

May cause dry mouth

Multivitamins and supplements

May contain gluten

structure/function claims

May describe role of a nutrient or dietary ingredient intended to affect the normal structure of the human body Example: vitamin K helps support normal blood clotting

Carbs with a high glycemic index

May increase plasma glucose to high levels rapidly

Hypoguesia

May lead to decrease in appetite

Abnormal calcium metabolism

May prevent muscle relaxation (TETANY)

Calcium

Maybe absorbed through passive diffusion through the intestine

Emulsion examples

Mayonnaise and vinaigrette

IFYM (if it fits your macros)

Meal planning tool

centralized kitchen

Meals are prepared and plated in one are and then distributed for services

Decentralized Kitchen

Meals are prepared in one site; distributed to satélite kitchens, and then plated & reheated for service

Psychomotor objectives

Measure behaviors or physical skills

glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C)

Measures % of hemoglobin that glucose carries

Structure objective

Measures activities related to budget, staffing patterns and management

Affective objective

Measures feeling, emotion, attitude, appreciation, and value

Cognitive objective

Measures intelectual processes such as knowing, perceiving, recognizing, thinking, conceiving, judging, and reasoning

Penetrometer

Measures tenderness and firmness Usually used in baked custard testing

Linear correlation coefficient (r)

Measures the degree to which points gather around a straight line where the value of r is always between -1 (perfect negative) and 1 (perfect positive)

Crystal size

Measuring candy quality Ex: crystalline sugar candies such as fudge, small crystal sizes are associated with creamier fudges

PROTEIN

Meat Poultry Seafood Eggs Animal products Dairy

FSIS beef grading

Meat passing the test received a round purple stamp for wholesomeness A beef processing plant may pay for federal grading

hemogenization

Mechanical emulsifying process that suspends fatty globules of whole milk in water

Homogenization

Mechanical process that breaks fat molecules in milk into smaller drops using high pressure. As a result, fat molecules stay integrated rather than separating as cream in milk

dysphagia level 2

Mechanical soft: scrambled eggs, meatloaf, well cooked veggies, pancakes, mashed potatoes, canned/cooked soft fruits

level 2 dysphagia diet

Mechanically Altered- foods moist, and soft in texture and easily formed into bolus

homeopathy

Medical therapy based on diluted tinctures Excipients: extra ingredients added to dietary supplements to increase bulk

IBW

Men: 105 for first 5ft and +- 6 for every inch Women: 100 for first 5ft +- 5 for every inch Small frame: -10%. Large frame: +10%. Women <5ft subtract 2.5 lbs for each inch under

Fiber AI

Men: 38 g Women: 25 g

Waist circumference

Men: greater than 40 inches at risk Women: >35 in at risk Focuses on central obesity

Magnesium

Metabolism of glucose 6-phosphate in glycolysis

Fire extinguisher class D

Metals: powders, flakes (combustible metal) such as magnesium, titanium, potassium, sodium

Mark up method

Method of adding a dollar amount to a cost price when accounting for overhead costs and desired profit

Clarify

Method of skimming a food to remove fat from the surface

Kwashiorkor symptoms

Mild muscle and fat wasting, very low albumin, edema, changes in skin pigment, diarrhea, failure to gain weight and grow, fatigue, increase infections, irritability, rash and shock

Pancreatitis symptoms

Mild stomach discomfort to severe abdominal pain, shock, or even death

Foods that most commonly cause allergies

Milk Eggs Peanuts Tree nuts Fish Shellfish Soy Wheat

Why should milk be packaged in opaque containers?

Milk contains b2 and b3 which are susceptivas to the UV rays from the sun Milk sold in opaque see through bottles/containers contains less b2 & b3

Calcium

Mineral important for blood clotting, cardiac function, nerve transmission, smooth muscle contractility and inhibits bone resorption

Basal Metabolism (BMR)

Minimum amount of calories expended in a fasting state to keep a resting, awake body alive

Elderly

Minimum of 30ml/day fluid

Identify Calcium deficiency

Missing teeth or loss of enamel

Dispersion

Mix of solids, liquids, and/or gases and can be classified according to the stage of matter in each phase of dispersion

r = 0.4-0.7

Moderate correlation

Rapeseeds

Modified to have a healthier fatty acid profile —- used to make canola oil with higher levels of Lauric and oleic acids

Sunflower and peanut oil

Modified to have reduced trans fatty acids

Modified rice

Modified with genes from daffodil to increase vitamin A

sodium benzoate

Mold inhibitor Preservative found in sodas

Common ripening agents

Molds, enzymes, lipase, rennet

What happens to starch in water?

Molecules swell and viscosity is increased

Capital budget

Money spent on costly and durable items

The standard of practice 'Client outcomes directly relate to the nutrition diagnosis and goals established in the intervention plan' applies to which stage in the Nutrition Care Process

Monitoring/evaluating

YRBSS (Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System)

Monitors priority health risk behaviors among adolescents via national, stale and local surveys

The end products of fat digestion are

Monoglycerides, diglycerides, glycerol, fatty acids These are directly absorbed into portal blood

Waxy starches

More amylopectin than amylose

Young children

More influenced by things like commercials

Adolescents

More strongly influenced by their peers than members of other age groups. Therefore social media becomes most important to this age group

Gluten in flour

More tender products (cakes) call for flour with lower gluten products

NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) II

Mortality study conducted from 1976 to 1980. Purpose was to establish vital status of adults who were 30-75 yo at time of their baseline NHANES II examination

Kidney disease

Most common dietary change: control protein intake and limiting phosphorus and sodium intake Avoid multivitamins

Cheese

Most go through a ripening process in order to achieve the desired body, texture, and flavor

Iron

Most important during 2nd and 3rd trimester

Vitamin D and fluoride

Most important for infants during lactation

Adults

Most influenced by nutrition education

Acid products

Most often single use or specific use

Eggs AA

Most superior quality

Carbohydrates in order of sweetness

Most sweet to least sweet Fructose, invert sugar, sucrose, glucose, sorbitol, mannitol, galactose, maltose, lactose

Discomfort nonverbal communication

Moving a chair farther away

Calculating protein content in formulas

Multiple volume by amino acid concentration

Calculating percentage of nitrogen in protein

Multiply g PRO by 16%

Macronutrients

Must be consumed in large quantities

Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS) first weeks post surgery

NTR provided directly into bloodstream Small meals better tolerated than 3

Extracellular electrolytes

Na+, Ca++, Cl-, HCO3- Sodium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate

Closed question

Narrowly focused questions that require only brief answers such as yes or no

NND

National Nutrient Database

NSF

National Sanitation Foundation * Works to ensure food safety by granting it's seal for equipment that is durable cleanable and can be fully sanitized

Alpha Tocopherol (vitamin E)

Natural antioxidant used as food additive to reduce oxidation of fatty acids and vitamins

Vitamin A

Natural form of retinal esters is broken down in the small intestine to form retinol

dehydration symptoms

Nausea, dizziness, sunken eyes, fever, hyperventilation, excessive sweating, concentrated urine, dry inelastic skin, increase in solutes (BUN), tachycardia, headache, fatigue, decreased appetite, rapid weight loss

Vit K

Necessary for synthesis for several of the bodies blood clotting factors including prothrombin

baking soda

Needs to come in contact with water (moisture) and an acidic ingredient to be activated

Epilepsy

Neurological disorder *cerebral neurons release excessive, disordered electrical charges causing chronic seizures

Preservatives

Nitrates/ nitrites (common) found in meats as C. Botulinum inhibitor

Specific health claims

No longer allowed on dietary supplement labels but structure function are. Can't: prevents colon cancer Can: fiber promotes regularity

Muslim

No pork

Fad diet

No set definition but characteristics include that it eliminates necessary for good nutrition, is not based on scientific evidence, and has real potential to cause harm or nutrient deficiency

Dental Caries (Tooth Decay)

Non cariogenic foods recommended to prevent cavities

Arginine and glutamine

Non essential amino acids that are conditionally essential during catabolic stress

Nominal

Non ordered Variable fits into a category without a special order (gender, race, or marital status)

Glutamine

Nonessential Amino Acid used in biosynthesis of proteins and conditionally essential during catabolic stress. Examples: protein rich foods (beef, chicken, fish, dairy products, eggs)

Serum Triglycerides (TG)

Normal <150 Borderline 150-199 High 200-499 Very high >499

random blood glucose test

Normal low to mid 100s Diabetes >200 mg/dL

Biotechnology

Not a form of food processing. It does change food.

Hidden food costs to markup per meal

Not a ratio that can analyze costs and labor productivity

Eggs grading

Not mandatory

Non cariogenic foods

Not metabolized by bacteria in plaque and do not decrease salivary pH

To determine food cost per meal, necessary variables are...

Number of meals served Food purchased Food removed from inventory

Scoop #

Number of scoops needed to make 1 quart

Delayed or poor wound healing is associated with ..

Nutrient deficiencies of vitamin A,C, zinc, and protein

Parenteral feeding

Nutrient delivered directly to blood via catheter 1g PRO from every 150 kcals Severely stressed* 1g/100 kcals 5-15 AA Carbs—dextrose *4-5mg/kg/minute *prevent hyperglycemia Nd excess CO2 production Lipids: 25-35% kcals

Eggs nutritive value

Nutrient dense because they supply a large amount of nutrition in relation to the calories they contain

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

Nutrient intake amount sufficient to meet the needs of 97% to 98% of the individuals in a specific life stage.

Areas not documented during nutrition assessment

Nutrition diagnosis Intervention Monitoring and evaluation Nutrition screening (occurs prior to assessment)

%IBW & %UBW

Nutrition status: >120% obese 110-120% overweight 90-109% adequate

Injury recovery

Nutritional support begins when pt vital signs are stable *loss of lean body mass may be prevented *ET given to avoid protein loss complication: hypoalbuminemia, infection, slow wound healing, skin breakdown, reduced immune function

Gout

Obesity is a risk factor for developing this -usually diagnosed at age 35

O In SOAP

Objective: includes items defined like diet order, measured ht/wt, lab results, and calculated needs

USDA

Obtains permit for field testing

esophageal varices

Occur when blood cannot enter liver bcos connective tissue overgrowth causing resistance to blood from portal vein. This pressure forces blood back into collateral veins, enlarging the esophageal, abdominal and collateral veins. Occurs in people with advanced liver disease

ascites

Occur when blood cannot leave the liver bcos connective tissue overgrowth blocks blood flow from the liver to the vena cava. As a result, liver expands and pressure forces fluid into peritoneal cavity, and more protein containing fluid is drawn in, causing sodium and water retention. Thai occurs in many disorders but usually in cirrhosis

Pressure ulcers

Occur when pressure is placed on one part of the body for too long w/o repositioning * dermis layers gradually break down from unrelenting pressure to cause open wounds—> vary from a red area to an ulcer w/ damaged muscle, bone, tendon

Dumping syndrome

Occurs after a gastrectomy when a patrones is digests too much simple concentrated carbs resulting in hypoglycemia and diarrhea *after a gastrectomy, holding capacity for stomach is decreased Nd when too much food/liquid enters the stomach, it's dumped into intestines, causing cramps, rapid pulse, weakness, perspiration Nd dizziness

summative evaluation

Occurs at end of kerning activity (ex: lecture) evaluates results, judges effectiveness and is quantitative

formative evaluation

Occurs before or during learning Helps diagnose problems, or improvements and is quantitative

iron deficiency

Occurs for many reasons * commonly those w rapid growths, pregnant, those who lost large amounts of blood * those not on a healthy diet

Curdling

Occurs when acid is added too quickly, over heat, or when milk or a milk product is overheated

Diverticulitis

Occurs when fecal matter accumulates In hernia toon of colon

Nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome

Occurs with dehydration which increases blood sugar

Congressional Record

Official record of the proceedings and debates of the US Congress, published by the US government publishing office and issued when congress is in session

High cal, high protein

Often cancer patients * to combat fatigue * maintain strength Encourages consumption of whole dairy * ice cream * butter * cream

Gastroenteritis viruses

Often cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramping

Evaluation Questions

Often lead to offering advice or making judgments about a persons feelings, and often do not lead to resolutions

vegetarian

Often need supplementation of calcium/ iron/ protein/ B12 * tofu/ soy / nuts = calcium * enriched cereals * grains

Pheophytin

Olive green color when chlorophyll is exposed to an acid environment

monounsaturated fats sources

Olive oil, avocado, canola oil, chicken fat

Management function: evaluating

Ongoing measure of performance against standards

level 2 dysphagia diet

Only moist and soft foods. Regular food should be modified to make easier to swallow by blending, chopping, grinding, mashing, shredding, or cooking. Ex: pancakes w syrup, ground meat w soft cooked veggies, canned fruit

baking powder

Only needs moisture to be activated

therapeutic diet

Only ordered le changed by a physician * diet specialist/dietary manager will oversee manner in which doctors orders are implemented * only physician may change/modify/cancel a dietary order

Questions to be asked in nutrition counseling?

Open ended, primary, secondary, neutral

Overhead expenses

Operating expense Ongoing expense of operating a business

Pancreatitis treatment

Oral nutrition should cease Hydration should be given intravenously 48 hours after symptoms, clear liquids may be introduced slowly: patient not except diet —> parenteral nutrition needed Moderate attacks: several small meals with low fat content

Subcutaneous fat loss areas

Orbital Upper arm Thoracic/lumbar region

High cal, high protein

Ordered for patients who have suffered a high degree of weight loss in a short period of time * those who are unable to eat anything by mouth over a long-time * those with failure to thrive

Rank order

Ordinal scale Variable with different stages (stages of disease)

Fire extinguisher class A

Ordinary: fires in paper, cloth, wood, rubber, and many plastics Water type (combustible)

Successful TQM implementation

Org must concentrate on8 key elements: ethics, integrity, trust, training, teamwork, leadership, recognition, communication

Antioxidants

Organic molecules that help protect the body from harmful chemicals called free radicals

Systems Management approach

Organization is composed of interdependent components Charachterizes an organization as open and interactive (environment ex: vendors)

Skills matrix

Organizational plan allowing employees to plan their growth within the organization

Job description

Organized list of required duties, skills, responsibilities for position

Secretin

Originates in the Duodenum and jejunum

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Originates in the duodenum and jejunum, and it's released especially in response to presence of fat and protein in the duodenum

Gastrin

Originates in the pyloric region and stimulates the flow of stomach enzymes and acid

Kosher

Orthodox Jews diet Derived from biblical texts -certain foods permitted and others outlawed * avoid: pork/ rabbit/ seafood (catfish/ shellfish/ shrimp) / foul/ insects * no dairy in contact w meat * foods must be prepared humanely and painless manner — Rabbi overseeing slaughter

Work schedule

Outline of work to en performed for a specific position Includes procedures

A BMI of 35 - 39.9 is considered?

Overweight class II

diabetes mellitus

PRO: 8 g/kg adults 1-2.2 g/kg infants & children FAT: <30% of total energy CHOL: <300 mg/day SAT FAT: <10% lipids CARBS: 55-60% // 10% carbs be monounsaturated fats

B12, folate and iron deficiency signs

Pale eyes and mucous membranes

How to identify iron deficiency

Pale tongue, fatigue, anemia, spoon shaped nails, pale conjunctiva

Diabetes

Pancreas is unable to effectively regulate insulin production * body's cells do not receive needed # of glucose Insulin production is either insufficient or dysfunctional and glucose is unable to reach the cells

Pancreatitis

Pancreatic juice flow can be blocked causing digestive juices to begin digesting pancreas itself Enzymes may also leak from pancreas and begin to digest surrounding tissues

Likeability test

Panelists are asked to taste a sample and score it on a 9 point hedonic scale from dislike extremely to like extremely

paired preference test

Panelists are given 2 samples and asked to chose the one they prefer

Natural meat tenderizer

Papaya (papain) Pineapple (bromelain) Fig (ficin)

Tray lines arrangement

Parallel or perpendicular format

Thiamin and phosphorous deficiency signs

Paralysis of muscles within or surrounding the eye (ophthalmoplegia)

Patient history

Part A Includes weight changes, dietary intake, GI symptoms, and energy/functional capacity

physical exam

Part B Conducted separately and after patient history is collected

ACTH

Part of Neuroendocrine response and is stimulated by stress, allowing the body to mobilize resources, such as AA (amino acids) stored in muscle, to be used as energy

Summative

Part of education process that is designed during initial planning stages but conducted at the end. It aims to find out if goal was achieved. Example: renal nutrition clinic could provide a positive survey to gain feedback about the nutrition class Other example: grading, evaluation, post testing

Chron's and Ulcerative Colitis surgery

Partial or total removal of diseased colon

Theory y

Participative style of management Assumes people will exercise self-direction and control in the achievement of organizational objectives to the degree that they are committed Assumes people will work as positive, participative and democratic

Cori cycle

Pathway in carbohydrate metabolism in which lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in the muscles moves to the liver for conversion to glucose, which then returns to muscle and is converted back to lactate

GI ulcer treatment

Patient comfort Neutralize stomach acid Maintain healthy gastric mucosa Foods allowed as tolerated: no pepper/spicy foods, no high amounts of alcohol

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Patient goals: * preserve lean body mass * prevent further weight loss * maintain body fluids * clear O2 * 50% non protein kcals —> fat * I créase carbon intake

Kwashiorkor

Patient has enough kcals to maintain fat stores. However, lack of protein causes hypoalbuminemia which causes edema

Hypothyroidism

Patient may see their BMR fall from 30 to 50% because the thyroid is not producing enough thyroxine

Sentinel event

Patient safety resulting in death, permanent harm, and severe to temporary harm, intervention is required to sustain life

Anorexia Nervosa (AN)

Patients may be starving but see themselves as fat/overweight

heart disease

Patients may suffer from high blood sugar, high cholesterol, stroke and heart attack

Monounsaturated fats

Peanut oil, black olives, nuts, avocados, canola oil

Pare

Peel or cut off the outer layer (such as peeling fruit with a knife), reduce or trim as if cutting off the outer parts

Ethnocentrism

People consider their values and practices to be absolute truths, and they may judge others based on their own beliefs

Best way to store Info?

People remember 10% of what they read, 20 % of what they hear, 30 % of what they see, 50% hear and see, 70% they say themselves, 90% they say and do themselves

Converger (Kolb), Splitter (Kirby), Sensory (Jung), Common sense (4MAT)

People who prefer to learn through hands on teaching and experimentation, trial and error, and discussion reflection

Lobbying

Performing activities aimed at influencing public officials and legislators

Incubation time

Period of time from ingestion to first symptoms of illness occurs

Mitochondrial and Mendelian inheritance

Permanent

lacto-ovo-vegetarian

Person who consumes all vegan items plus dairy products and eggs.

Eggs sizes

Pewee (15 oz) , small (18 oz), medium (21 oz), large (24 oz), extra large (27 oz), jumbo (30 oz)

What may counteract a decrease in BMR?

Physical activity

When thyroid level hormones drop too low

Pituitary gland produces TSH to stimulate thyroid to produce T3/T4. TSH indirectly raises blood glucose by increasing T4 production

Union shop

Place of work where employers may hire non union workers who must join a labor union within an agreed upon time.

P in SOAP

Plan: defines what will be done in regards to nutritional assessment and includes follow up plans.

Time series

Planning tool assumes purchase trends based on moving averages

Cellulose

Plant fiber that forms the structure of cell walls

lacto-vegetarian

Plants and dairy

Thyroxine

Play the role in carbohydrate metabolism in protein metabolism

Vitamin D

Plays an important role in calcium absorption by stimulating production of calcium binding proteins

Leadership style (GRID) by Blake and mouton

Plots leaders concern for people vs production Country club/team management/ authority/ impoverished

Break-even point (BE)

Point where expenses (fixed costs) and variable costs and revenue are equal

r = -1

Points are on a straight line with a negative slope going left

r = 1

Points are on a straight line with a positive slope going up to the right 0.899 is closer to 1 than -1 representing a high correlation

B-12

Poorly absorbed from intestine without presence of intrinsic factor enzyme

main intracellular electrolyte

Potassium

Leukemia & vitamin C

Potential role of vit C to help immune system may be beneficial to patients with leukemia.

165 degrees Fahrenheit

Poultry, stuffing, stuffed items (meats, fish, pasta, poultry) and food that was allowed to cool or refrigerate and that will be reheated from a temperature below 135

Epinephrine

Powerful blood sugar stimulant Secreted by the adrenal medulla

Asking permission

Powerful strategy and places the client in an autonomous position, making them more receptive to incoming information. If provider gives advice without permission or acts in a more authoritative way, the client may be less receptive, less engaged in learning, and may feel targeted or judged

Thinkers

Pragmatic data collectors, interested in ideas and concepts Prefer lectures

Tryptophan

Precursor of serotonin and niacin 60mg tryptophan is equal to 1mg niacin

Breatharianism

Prescribes elimination of food (most cases also in water), not based on scientific evidence (despite attempts at scientific study), and may lead to death

Goals for cancer or cachexia

Prevent deficiencies Minimize weight loss

Emulsifiers

Prevent product from separating

Preservatives

Prevent rancid out, inhibit microbial growths, prevent oxidation

Most effective means of pest control is

Preventing access to pest, thereby preventing pest infestation

Antioxidants

Prevents discoloration in food

Hydrogenation

Prevents fat in the product from weeping oils such as frosting on cookies is p palatable

Antioxidants

Prevents fats from turning rancid

Recommended vitamin B, C, K, Zinc, magnesium, folic acid

Prevents macrocyclic anemia

Thiamin

Prevents wernicke's encephalopathy in alcoholics

Cross breeding

Previously used to change characteristic of plants and animals Involves traditional breeding of animals or plants to enhance or select for desirable traits

Beef in order of quality (grades)

Prime Choice Select Standard Commercial Utility Canner

Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS)

Problems: excessive gastric acid decreasing loss of SI buffering effects Increased peristalsis and loss of SI hormone regulating bowel activity Kidney stone formation due to excess oxalate absorption Gallstone formation due to decreased bile profuction

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has set basic standards to assist with quality assurance. Standards is related to evaluating risks, consequences, and impacts of activities on customers?

Process approach

Polymerization

Process in which molecules (monomers) combine to produce a larger chain like or network molecule (polymer) Example: during frying when free fatty acids (FFAs) link together. Making the oil more prone to foaming and decreasing the oils quality

Performance based objectives

Process of defining quality standards and ensuring that quality goods and services are produced

Drucker's Management by Objectives (MBO)

Process of defining specific objectives within an organization that management can convey to organization members, then deciding how to achieve each objective in sequence

Dextrinization

Process of heating starch without water, causing starch molecules to break into fragments

Cultural skill

Process of learning how to assess ones values, beleifs, and practices in order to provide culturally competent services by developing cross cultural interaction skills

Hydrogenation

Process of making fats and oils solid at room temp Example: margarine

CQI (continuous quality improvement)

Process of making improvements to an organization that meet or exceed customer/pt expectations Process has 5 dimensions

Retrogradation

Process of reforming hydrogen bonds into crystalline regions in starches Example: thawing of gravy

Total Quality Management (TQM)

Processes Improvement Customer satisfaction Customer culture Customer counting

Glucagon

Produced after eating when glucose levels begin to fall

Glucagon

Produced by alpha cells in the pancreas

Calcitriol

Produced by kidneys to reabsorb calcium when blood calcium levels fall

Erythropoietin

Produced by kidneys to stimulate bone marrows to produce red blood cells (RBC)

Dextrins

Produced during the breakdown of starch

Gastrin

Produced in greater response to stimuli of coffee, alcohol, spices, and protein

Leavening

Produces CO2 in baked goods

Marketing Mix

Product, Price, Place, Promotion

Marketing Mix (4 P's)

Product, Price, Place, Promotion

Commissary

Production and service areas are separate and school is receiving a food delivery of prepared meals

Conventional

Production and service occur in same facility and foods are prepared and served on the same day

chronic bronchitis

Productive cough may come and go but never resolve

USDC

Program goes beyond basic safety assurances of FDA program to further examine seafood for wholesomeness and quality

Capital budget

Project spending on items that are costly and durable such as major equipment or land

Revenue budget

Projection of income based on sales of products

Cash budget

Projects revenue and expenses to determine if funds will be available when necessary

Furosemide (Lasix)

Promotes urinary excretion of sodium and water; however, it also increases loss of potassium. Therefore dietary replacement of potassium is important to prevent hypokalemia

Sucralfate

Protects ulcer site and coats site

Burns

Protein catabolism and nitrogen excretion are increased Protein lost by wound Fluid and electrolyte wound loss may be severe

Brittle nails

Protein deficiency

Open ended questions

Provide more information and allow client freedom to speak

Leavening agent

Provide source of gas in batters and doughs. Gas produced expands cell size in batter or dough. Increase in cell size improves texture of product as well as volume. Makes product more tender by stretching the cell walls

Appropriations committee

Provides $ for programs which attaches funding to legislation

Perpetual inventory

Provides a running record of balance on hand for each item in a storeroom

Physical inventory

Provides an actual account of all items in storage area

Estimated average blood glucose

Provides an average blood glucose based on point of care testing

Medicare Part A (aka Hospital Insurance or HI)

Provides hospital insurance automatically @ age 65 (if FICA qualified) @ no fee but may have deductible & co-pay. Also for any age with ESRD

1 egg

Provides over 10 % of the daily recommended protein

Nutrition Labeling and Education Act NLEA

Provides the FDA with specific authority to require nutrition labeling on most foods and to require that all claims (content and health) be consistent with agency regulations

COPD

Pt at risk for pulmonale * right ventricle of heart enlarged due to increased pressure in pulmonary arteries Goal: maintain body weight/manage meds side effects/manage edema—can mast eight loss/sodium and fluid restriction

peritoneal dialysis (PD)

Pt can choose between this and HD * performed daily * more liberal diet * increased protein —PRO lost in peritoneal membrane * infection risk * normal or decreased potassium levels * 1.2-1.3 g/kg PRO

Liver failure

Pt may develop decreased albumin, BUN, chol, HDL, NA+, increased alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartame aminotranferase, bilirubin, LDL, phosphorous and triglycerides

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Pt poor nutrition status * @ risk for worsening their status during hospitalization * improve protein levels —> wean off of mechanical ventilation

Fecal fat test

Pt should be given 100 grams prior to test

Salt

Purpose is to add flavor, control fermentation rate of yeast, strengthen gluten

Water

Purpose is to hydrate and develop gluten, start action of leavening agents, dissolve salt and sugar, and gelatinize starch

Egg

Purpose is to provide stability, retain leavening agent, emulsify shortening, introduce air, add color and flavor

dysphagia diet level 1

Purée: pudding, puréed foods

Pectic ulcer disease

Pylori infection, gastritis Treated with NSAID drugs Avoid alcohol, spices, coffee, caffeine, increase n-3 and n-6 fatty acids

Noncarbohydrate substrates

Pyruvate, lactate, glycerol and glucogenis amino acid

Descriptive research examples

Qualitative and case study

USDA Produce Grades are based on?

Quality Firmness Maturity Color Freedom from defects Uniform size Shape

EOQ (Economic Order Quantity)

Quantitative approach Determine ordering quantities based on relationship between ordering and holding costs Purpose: cost balance based on assumption that orders costs ⬇️as orders ⬆️ and holding cost ⬆️ in direct relation to size of order

Leading question

Questions asked in a way that suggest you have a preferred answer

Refeeding syndrome

Quick influx of potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium

24 hr recall

Quick, estimates sample intakes in clinical setting

nonverbal communication codes of anxiety

Quivering of lower lip Clenching fists Crossing & uncrossing legs

Pregnancy & iron

RBC doubles so iron increases * 15 to 30 mg/day * prevent premature delivery and low birthweight

end of life care

RD assessment requires practitioner to consider not only clinical NTR but also medical goals

Telenutrition

RDN uses electronic information and technologies to implement the NCP with clients at a remote location within provisions of their state license as applicable. Interactive use by Rdn of electromagnetic info and telecommunications technologies to implement NCP

Fever

RMR increases 7% for every degree above normal (98.6 F)

severe chronic radiation enteritis

Radiation enteritis: damaged intestinal lining Symptoms: bleeding or mucus from rectum, diarrhea, rectal pain, appetite loss, nausea, vomiting, abdomen pain, weight loss Recommend: low fat, lactose free foods to minimize stress on GI tract

Glucocorticoids

Raise blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis

Thyroxine (T4)

Raises blood glucose by stimulating liver glycogenolysis (glycogen to glucose) and gluconeogenesis (noncarbohydrate to glucose)

lactose intolerance

Ranges from 5% in Northern Europe to 95% in some African and Asian countries

innefectual pushover manager

Ranks high on concern for people Nd low on production

C. botulinum

Rare but deadly microbe, common in soil and most foodstuffs, thrives in anaerobic environment. Sources are canned foods, meat, corn, beans, and asparagus. Canned foods can harbor the toxin, any sign of spoilage should be discarded. One bite size portion can harbor enough toxins to be fatal. Symptoms: vomiting, dizziness, respiratory failure. Recovery takes weeks.

Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

Ratio of volume of carbon dioxide (CO2) expired to volume of oxygen (O2) inspired, used to measure energy Changes based on fuel mix metabolized Example: 1=carbs alone 0.82= protein alone 0.7= fat alone 0.85= mixed

Operating ratio

Ratio that shows the efficiency of a company's management by comparing operating expenses to net expenses

Pasteurization

Rationale is twofold. To destroy pathogens harmful to humans and to extend shelf life by destroying bacteria and causes spoilage

Steps in stock handling

Receiving goods Checking them Marking them with information Delivering them to a place to be used, stored, or displayed for sale

Calciphylaxis treatment

Recommended treatment is to decrease intake of phosphate in diet and increase use of phosphate binders. Some benefits with I creased frequency and duration of dialysis

low fiber diet

Recommended when esophageal varices appear

Flavonoids

Red and blue anthocyanins

Identify Vitamin c deficiency

Red, sore, swollen, bleeding gums

Myoglobin

Reddish-purple color seen in beef

Riboflavin and pyridoxine deficiency signs

Redness of eyelid corners/ red or inflamed conjunctiva/swollen eyelids

Stunting

Reduce growth rate—-> under nutrition Chronic infection Malnutrition

Tertiary prevention

Reduce his risk as disease develops

Secondary prevention

Reduce his risk of a disease due to an elevated risk factor

Primary prevention

Reduce risk of exposure disease via health promotion and early screening

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

Reduces stomach motility and also inhibits the secretion of stomach acid and enzymes

Cross-contamination

Refers to bacteria/viruses

Internal validity

Refers to how well an experiment was conducted and tests whether the difference between the two groups in a study is real Experiment high in internal validity is able to prove that the independent variable is caused by dependent variable and not by another variable

Glycogenolysis

Refers to the breakdown of glycogen, storage form of glucose Consistent with body's catabolic state in which complex molecules are broken down into simpler molecules

insulin sensitivity

Refers to the resistance to the hormone insulin, resulting in elevated blood glucose

Expressing empathy verbally

Reflects an understanding of the client and clarifies meaning, experience, or meaning

Dysphagia level 4

Regular diet: no avoidances or restrictions

Blood sugar

Regulated by the endocrine pancreas through action of insulin and glucagon

FDA

Regulates all apps related to health education Regulates apps that are part of a regulated medical device Example: device used with a glucometer is regulated

Health claims

Regulates by FDA. Allowed on products meeting specific standards, which excludes foods that include more than 20% the DV for fat, sat fat, cholesterol, sodium. Ex: diets low in salt may reduce risk of high blood pressure

FDA

Regulates food products made with biotechnology Regulates agricultural products made with biotechnology

FDA (Food and Drug Administration)

Regulates food standards called standards of identity, standards of quality, and standards of full of container.

EPA

Regulates herbicides and pesticides that use biotechnology

Calciumrole role in metabolism

Regulating various enzymes, including those that manufacture glycogen

Hazard communication standard

Regulation enforced by the occupational safety and health administration OSHA, an office of the US Department of labor. This standard requires employers to properly train and inform employees with regards to chemicals that may be use in the workplace. Training should include information about chemical uses and precautions, use of protective equipment, storage of chemicals, how to read an SDS, and how to read product labels. If carried out properly by the hazard communication standard serves the organization as a whole as it may minimize occurrence of accident, injury, and contamination by chemical means

Hugh fiber diet

Related to decreased LDL, decreased postprandial blood glucose levels *benefits individuals with CVD, obesity and diabetes

Organizational chart

Relationship of positions and functions Solid line: authority Dotted line: advisory or staff position

Vitamin A

Release from proteins in stomach

endocrine glands

Release substance directly to blood/tissues Example: thyroid, pituitary, adrenal

Exocrine glands

Release substance via ducks to outside body Example: sweat, gastric, salivary

Insulin

Released by beta cells and pancreas in response to elevated blood pressure after eating

Respiration

Removal of electrons from an electron donor which passes them to an electron acceptor with energy generation (ATP formation) from proton motive force at a charged membrane (oxidative level phosphorylation)

Render

Remove fat from meat by cooking/heating/ straining fat from heat

Water activity (aw)

Represents ratio of water vapor pressure of the food to the water vapor pressure of water under the same conditions. Microorganisms grow at an aw of 0.91-0.99. Food is likely to spoil in these conditions.

Citric acid

Required in first step of TCA cycle .. Acetyl CoA becomes citric acid to produce ATP, CO2 and water

Active absorption

Requires ATP as driving energy force

facillitated diffusion

Requires a carrier protein that may affect permeability of membrane

Management function: directing and coordinating

Requires great amount of time

Consensus

Requires group to come to an agreement

Passive absorption

Requires no carrier molecules or energy for a nutrient to go through a small intestine

Health claim

Requires product description to use "may" Example: this product may reduce the risk of heart disease

Gluten development

Requires the hydration of flour proteins, glutenin and gliadin which are then manipulated to form gluten. Need protein and fat to form complex

Social barrier to change

Resistance to change that is rooted in concern for how it will affect others in the group Example: family, tradition, eating out, ethnic foods or cultural considerations

NND (national nutrient database)

Resource for nutrient content of food. Sources of this information are private industry, academic institutions, and govt labs

Dumping syndrome

Response to presence of excess # of food undigested in jejunum

USDC

Responsible for inspection of fish & fish products.

FDA (Food and Drug Administration)

Responsible for testing food additives

Thiamin

Responsible for the metabolism of pyruvate to generate energy from TCA cycle -w/o thiamin pyrophosphate, pyruvate is unable to convert to actual COA for TCA cycle, resulting in energy deprivation of heart muscle

Recommended therapy for diarrhea

Rest Avoid caffeine Prebiotic (oats, bran) Probiotics (yogurt) Sorts drink (high in electrolytes

Marketing mix: product ex

Restaurant manager adding candles on tables, and spraying incense before dinner service

Mormon dietary guidelines

Restrict coffee, tea, alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs They observe monthly fast on the first Sunday of each month

Gallstones (cholelithiasis)

Result from stones slipping into common bile duct, causing cramps and pain

congestive heart failure (CHF)

Result of long process of deterioration * heart loses ability to function normally Heart may be able to function in early stages of disease by enlarging and increasing pulse rate

UHT (ultra high temperature)

Results in cooked milk flavor

Omega 3 deficiency (linolenic acid)

Results in neurological changes such as numbness and blurred vision and changes in retinal function and brain development. Omega 3 rich sources: fish oils such as fatty fish like salmon or shrimp, walnuts,flaxseeds, canola oil

UHT (ultra high temperature)

Results in shelf life of more than 6 mos

Lower pH in cake

Results in soft cake. Low pH is more acidic

Net income

Revenues - Expenses

Regression

Reverting to child-like behavior such as horse play

Monitoring

Review and measurement of the status at scheduled intervals

Southeast Asia

Rice and noodle commonly the base Vegetables make a large portion with meat being small. Tofu is also common Pickled veggies, sweet potatoes, fish and tofu common patterns

Pears, avocados, bananas, and tomatoes

Ripen best at room temp. Dried fruit should also be stored at room temp

Hormone: Ethylene

Ripening of fruit, metabolic activity

145 degrees F

Roasts, steaks, chops, fish, eggs

Epinephrine

Role is to stimulate breakdown of glycogen and liver, therefore elevate glucose in the blood stream

USDC

Runs a voluntary fee for service program via the national oceanic and atmospheric administration

Non commercial

Sale of food is a secondary activity

Commercial

Sale of food is primary activity and profit is desire Restaurants and sports events

POS (Point of Service) software organizes what?

Sales, inventory, and customer information

Protein RDA

Same for general population and athlete

What cutting boards to use

Scratch resistant (usually of specific acrylic or rubber materials). Immediately replace a cutting board with a scratch

Subjective Global Assessment (SGA)

Screening tool that uses medical history and physical examination info to evaluate patient based on history/intake/GI symptoms/functional capacity/physical appearance/edema/weight change

Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA)

Screening tool used for patients 65 Nd older that evaluates independence/medication/# of meals consumed per day/protein intake/fruit&veggie intake/ fluid intake/ mode of eating

Good source of consumer info on sustainable seafood

Seafood watch Most sustainable: caught or farmed using methods that do Keats harm to other wildlife Good alternatives: caught or farmed in less than ideal ways

Insulin

Secreted as 2 polypeptide chains joined by disulfide bonds and C peptide is released as 2 separate chains C peptide and insulin => equal # in blood C peptide => used as an indicator of endogenous insulin production

Parathyroid hormone

Secreted by parathyroid gland that stimulates osteoclasts to engage in bone resorption

ACTH

Secreted from pituitary gland

Fishbone diagram

See Cause and Effect Diagram.

Feelers

Seek meaningful applications of knowledge Learn by listening and sharing ideas Prefer discussion groups

parcipitative

Seeks input from and shares power with employees

HACCP

Seeks to identify and prevent problems that may cause illness in seafood rather than focusing on finished seafood products

Six sigma

Seeks to improve the quality of process outputs by identifying and removing the causes of defects (errors) and minimizing variability in manufacturing and business processes

Intuitors

Self motivated Risk takers Prefer non traditional learning and guided challenges

Communication process 6 steps

Sender Encoding Message Receiver Deciding Feedback

Not Teleheath

Sending a consult report to another health provider bcos it excludes a healthcare consumer

EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)

Sequestrate reacts with trace metal to prevent decomposition Used to maintain whiteness in potato

Increased risk for wound healing problems in lower extremities amputation population

Serum albumin <3.5 g/dL Total lymphocyte count (TLC) < 1500 cells/ml Hyperglycemia (fasting glucose >126 mg/dL) Patients having problems with prosthesis fit Weight gain/loss > 5lbs

ISO (International Organization for Standardization)

Sets basic standards to assist with quality assurance

conpetitive method

Sets selling price in comparison to those of competition

Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS) symptoms

Severe malnutrition Metabolic problems: weight loss , diarrhea, muscle wasting, dehydration, electrolyte Imbalance

Marasmus

Severe protein energy malnutrition nutrition in kids Less than 60% expected wait for age Low fat/muscle storage

BMR affected by

Sex, age, body composition, thyroid hormones. Also affected by extremes in environmental temperatures. A tropical climate can induce 5-20% increase in BMR. Also metabolic stimulants (caffeine, alcohol, nicotine) Induce a 7-15% increase in BMR

RDA

Shared values that meet nutritional needs of most individuals when consumed daily

DRI

Shares goals meant to be achieved over time

Eggs B

Shipped to food manufacturers to use in recipes

safety inspection

Should be carried out at regular intervals to ensure safety and comfortable working environments as well as to ensure product quality and safety

Fluids

Should be consumed in adequate amounts to maintain pre- exercise weight

Programs objectives

Should detail specific outcomes or measures expected. Successful program meets its own objectives

disciplinary action

Should give advanced warning and be immediate, consistent, and impersonal. Punish the act not the person

chain of command

Shows delineation of authority from the highest to lowest ranked worker. Placement high in the chain of command is not necessarily entitled want to get orders to one lower in the chain. Example, the director of nursing would not come when we issued orders to a food service employee.

sentinel event indicator

Signals need for immediate investigation each time it occurs and has a threshold of never (0%) or always (100%)

Check eyes for...

Signs of riboflavin and pyridoxine deficiency Vitamin A and Zinc deficiency Thiamin and phosphorous deficiency B12, Folate and Iron deficiency

Dumping syndrome diet

Simple carbs should be limited Fat & protein is tolerated Severe dumping syndrome patients should take more water/liquid between meals

Elderly age groups teaching methods

Simple lesson plans, concept repetition and large visual models

clarification questions

Simple questions of fact Clarify the issue so counselor can then ask probing questions and provide feedback

Mild to moderate malnutrition

Slight depression of temples and visible clavicle in males

Mild malnourishment physical examples

Slightly dark circles under eyes, slight depression on temples, visible clavicle bones

Microcytic anemia (hypochromic)

Small pale RBC ⬇️iron -due to chronic infection, poor diet, impaired absorption, malignancies, renal disease

oliguria

Small urine output <500 ml urine

Main extracellular electrolyte

Sodium

Active transport

Sodium pump Requires a carrier and energy Used for most nutrients: glucose, amino acids, Na, K, Mg, Ca, and Fe

Micronutrients

Source of antioxidants that promote overall health and wellness

Egg yolk

Source of cholesterol

NND (national nutrient database)

Source of nutrient content of foods (ingredients, raw and cooked products), as provided by private industry, academic institutions, and government labs. It is maintained by USDA

Listeria monocytogenes

Source: difficult to pinpoint Symptom: occur until several days or a few weeks after ingestion, (fever, headache, vomiting - pathogen may resist heat, temps below 40 F and acidity Common sources: unpasteurized dairy, deli meat, hotdogs

Isoflavones

Soy foods May lower cholesterol

Celiac disease dietary substitutions

Soy, nuts, rice, potato, buckwheat, legumes, tapioca, corn, flaxseed

Cerebral palsy

Spastic: difficult stiff movements -decreased activity and weight gain -low kcal, increased fluid, increased fiber Nonspastic (athetoid): wormlike involuntary movements -increased energy expenditure -weight loss - increase kcals, protein, and have finger foods

Intimate zone

Spatial relationship of less than 18 inches

WHO (World Health Organization)

Specialized agency of the United Nation that is concerned with international public health. Helps develop RDAs for developing countries

Antibodies

Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

Specific amount of a nutrient that is required to maintain good health and prevent deficiencies in the diet.

Learning objectives

Specific and measurable

Intervention

Specific set of activities and materials used to address the nutrition problem

standards of identity

Specifies "the required ingredients and the optional ingredients that are permitted in the food

Carrageenan

Stabilizer used in foods such as chocolate milk to prevent particles from sedimenting

Carotenes

Stable in an acidic and alkaline environment

Asking at least two patient identifiers

Standard set by the joint commission to properly identify a patient and decrease wrong patient clinical errors. Example: you can ask their name and bday before starting an assessment

Eggs

Standard size for recipe use is large

Minimum Data Set (MDS)

Standardized screening and assessment tool for health status in long term care facilities

What happens when a gel cools?

Starches may lose ability to hold water * water is forced out of gel *synesthesia of weeping of fluid may occur * results in a grainy product

food service regulatory agencies

State government, local government, federal government, FDA, CDC, USDA, national marine Fisheries service (NMFS)

outcome objectives

States results one hopes to attain by intervention activities

secretin

Stimulated by acidic substance chime entering the stomach

Insulin

Stimulates glucose to move from the bloodstream into muscle in fat cells

Alcohol causes

Stomach inflammation Pancreas inflammation Intestine inflammation Decrease in organs mentioned above to absorb vitamins C, B 12, B 1, and folic acid

Collagen

Structural part of tendon found that surrounds muscle

Taste

Subjective measure

Results

Subjective or objective findings

Delphi Technique

Subjective type of forecasting that uses expert opinion, market research, panel consensus to make purchasing assumptions

Passive absorption

Substance must be present in large concentration in lumen of small intestine then in absorptive cells

Food additives

Substances added to food to enhance taste, improve appearance, extend shelf-life, and other reasons

Humectants

Substances that absorb moisture or promote the retention of moisture.

Measuring total drain volume

Suggested as gold standard by Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative (DOQI) but is physically difficult and time consuming, carries potential of spills and exposure to body fluid. Accuracy depends upon volume and variability of graduated cylinder

Review of existing literature

Summary of previous research on project

Abstract

Summary of research project

Conclusion

Summary of results, limitations, and recommendations for future research

Vitamin D

Sunlight is the best source

Amphetamines

Suppress appetite

Finish

Surface of a metal in foodservice

Cold egg whites

Surface tension is high and mixture would colapse. If egg whites had a higher vapor content, mix would collapse too

Emulsifiers

Surfactants that cause oil and water to mix to form an emulsion.

Gallbladder diseases

Surgery is usually best treatment Gallbladder removed Bio stored in common duct connecting liver and small intestine

Emulsifiers

Suspend and distribute fats or oils in liquids

Gout

Swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint

Allergic reactions

Symptoms begin w seconds of ingesting offended food up to 2 hours later Common culprits: fish, eggs, wheat, soy, peanuts, milk

Chron's and Ulcerative Colitis

Symptoms similar for both: Gradual diarrhea onset Abdominal pain Weight loss Blood/puss in stool

Salmonella

Symptoms similar to staphylococcus aureus but take longer to develop (up to 3 days). Flu like symptoms plus nausea, vomiting, headache, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps.

Pantothenic Acid (B5)

Synthesized by intestinal bacteria to be absorbed and function in synthesis of fatty acids. Example: animal foods, grains, legumes

Trans fats are

Synthetic hydrogenated fats

Ayurveda

System of natural healing that began in India ... breatharianism is not part of system

Sodium

Table salt Processed cheese Canned meals Pickled food Fast food Cured meats

hemodialysis (HD)

Tailored to those in stage 5 chronic kidney disease *end stage renal disease (ESRD) * very little to no kidney function * undergo dialysis to clean blood of waste and excess fluids *done several times/wk (3-4 hrs) * restricts sodium foods in high numbers (phosphorous, potassium) * increased protein/ recommended 1.2g/kg

Autocratic

Takes control Makes decisions Assumes full responsibility

Laissez fair management style

Team members not directed by management. Little info flows from team to manager vice versa. Appropriate if the team is highly skilled and knowledgeable and wants no interference by manager

Descriptive test

Tells How products differ in specific sensory characteristics Also known as an analytic test Panelists screened for acuity and are trained (highly). May use numerical rankings.

Poultry indicator of doneness?

Temp of 165 F

What is the best indicator that ensures cooking?

Temperature of 160 F

Nutrition diagnosis

Temporary label Ideally with intervention, diagnosis resolves

Central tendency error

Tendency to rate all/most employees/interviews as average

continuous improvement

Tenet of TQM practices Recognition that one should always be working to improve work processes for better future results

Public hearing

Testimony is heard by a bills sponsors

Pilot testing

Testing before a program begins. Formative step in educational process. Helps identify parts of the plan that may need revision. Example: focus groups and protests

FDA

Tests new genetically modified food

procurement

The act of obtaining or buying goods and services

edible portion (EP)

The amount left after vegetables have been trimmed and cut, and before being used in recipes.

lactose intolerance

The inability to completely digest the milk sugar lactose *individual lacks enzyme to break down lactose *pt avised to avoid dairy products * consume calcium in other sources: oranges/green leafy veggies/ beans

p values in research data

The lower the p value the higher significance of the results. p less than or equal to 0.05 shows a significant difference. p more than 0.05 shows an insignificant difference

respiratory acidosis

The lungs excrete more CO2 in attempt to raise the pH of the blood

No Observable Effect Level (NOEL)

The maximum dose of a food additive that produces no observable toxic effect on test animals is used to establish a safety margin in human food

Medicare Part B

The part of the Medicare program that pays for physician services, outpatient hospital services, durable medical equipment, and other services and supplies.

Gelatinization

The process by which starch granules absorb water and swell in size. Example: pasta preparations, sauces, pudding

Hydrogenation

The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen to the carbons in fatty acid chain by using high temperatures or a metal catalyst or hydrogen gas applied during pressure

Informal or open market purchasing

The purchase of goals usually in smaller quantities without contacts or negotiations

Ice cream made with low fat milk

The purpose of fat in ice cream production is to form small and smooth crystals. When fat is decreased, large crystals form to produce a grainy ice cream. To produce a smoother ice cream, increase the fat by using whipped cream, heavy cream, or whole milk instead of non, low, or reduced fat cream or milk

Boiling point

The temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas

Cross-contact

The transfer of allergens from food containing an allergen to the food served to a customer.

Organizational chart

The visual reference that shows where employees fit into an organization in terms of rank in functional relationship with one another. A typical chart depicts the owner or department head at the top of the chart, followed by lines of authority leading to the next person in charge, with each succeeding level including the next in line authority. Chart placement is based on formal titles and may not be a reliable indicator where the real power lies in an organization.

Taylor's scientific management

Theory analyzing and synthesizing workflow Main objective: improve economic efficiency, especially labor productivity

philosophy of work simplification

There is always a better way to do something; the elimination of uneconomical use of foodservice equipment to increase productivity : example

If sucrose, fructose and galactose are not broken down

There is an increase in osmotic load. An osmotic load causes an influx of water into the intestines and causes GI issues

B vitamins absorption

Thiamin B1 needs acid Riboflavin B2 needs phosphorous Cobalamin B12 needs HCL and intrinsic factor

Eggs AA

Thick whites that cling to yolk area

Function of cornstarch

Thickening agent and anti caking

Gauge

Thickness of metal in foodservice

Gauge

Thickness of sheet metal Commonly used sheet metal ranges from 8gauge to 30 gauge The larger the # gauge the thinner the metal

Cuticle

Thin film on outside of eggshell

Ouchi's Theory Z

This theory posits that workers are motivated by a sense of commitment, opportunity, and advancement. Workers will work if they are challenged and motivated.

Preventing cross contamination

Thoroughly wash hands between food handling Store cooked and raw foods separate/ raw food below cooked food do not use same cutting board Thoroughly wash and sanitize all utensils used Keep washed and unwashed food away from each other

What vegetables/fruits may be washed before storing?

Those such as cucumber and carrots should be washed prior to storing to wash away dust and spray residue

Blooms taxonomy

Three domains of education activities or learning: cognitive, affective, psychomotor. Cognitive: knowledge that involves development of mental skills and aquisition of knowledge about subject matter (ex) learning what a carb is and being able to identify one Affective: attitude/self is development of feelings, emotions, attitudes, values Psychomotor: development of muscular of physical skills (ex) learning to prepare a diabetic meal

Essential amino acids

Threonine, valine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, methionine, histidine

Goiters

Thyroid gland does not produce enough T3/T4 —pituitary gland releases additional TSH to up thyroids production causing an enlargement of thyroid gland or compensatory goiter

Goiters

Thyroid gland enlarges due to lack of iodine

Nonverbal communication code of stress

Tight lips

Disadvantage of brainstorming style to teach

Time consuming

quasi-experimental research

Time series research taking measures before and after a program begins to Show patterns or significant change Ex: dialysis programs and taking measures of pts BUN: Cr before and after program

petechiae

Tiny brown purple spots on skin -vitamin C deficiency

Cream

To beat sugar and fat together until fluffy

Job of disaccharides

To break down sucrose, fructose and galactose

Dredge

To coat a food by sprinkling it with or dipping it in a dry ingredient such as flour or bread crumbs

Cut in

To combine solid fat with flour using a pastry blender, two forks, or the fingers

Bake

To cook by dry heat, usually in an oven

Simmer

To cook gently in a liquid just at or below the boiling point

Sauté

To cook in a small amount of fat

Boil

To heat a liquid until bubbles rise constantly to the surface

Deglaze

To loosen the flavorful food particles in a pan after food has been browned

Goal of designing tray lines, equipment, and other supplies

To minimize amount of turns and reaches an employee has to make while assembling trays

beat

To mix vigorously

Baste

To moisten foods during cooking with pan drippings or special sauce to add flavor and prevent drying

sodium restricted diet

To prevent fluid loss

Brown

To turn the surface of a food brown by placing it under a broiler or quickly cooking it in hot fat

Modified tomatoes

Tomatoes have been modified to improve flavor, color and texture This is not an alteration in nutrient composition

glossitis

Tongue inflammation Sore, red, swollen

Cake variations

Too much sugar results in coarse cells, thick walls, a shiny crust and a crumbly product Fallen center may also be caused by too much sugar or by too much fat, baking powder, poor mixing, or low oven temp.

Prime Cost

Total of direct materia cost, direct labor cost, and direct expenses

Foods that most commonly cause choking in kids

Tough meat, hot dogs, nuts, grapes, hard candies, popcorn, and peanut butter

Copper

Trace mineral attached to protein, absorbed in duodenum. Functions in hemoglobin formation and aids in iron absorption. Examples: liver, kidney, shellfish

perpetual inventory system

Tracks # of items in inventory on a consistent basis. Allows for ability to know how much of a given item is in stock at any time

Physical inventory system

Tracks stock every so often (typically @ end of accounting period) by visually inspecting or actually counting to determine quantity on hand

Factor method

Traditional way of determining menu pricing strategies. Focuses on food cost to exclusion of labor and other contributing costs. Determined by first calculating the mark-up factor (100/food cost percentage) . Mark up factor multiplied by raw food cost yields selling price

Performance standard

Training that corrects, molds, or protects an employees behaviors

Iron

Transfer is dependent on a protein carrier synthesize in the liver called transferrin

Radiation

Transfer of energy via electromagnetic waives, does not require direct contact between energy source and food

Convection

Transfer of heat through gases or liquids by circulation of hot air

Induction

Transfers heat through electric magnetic vibrations

Retinol

Transported in the lymphatic system and then to the liver

LPL (lipoprotein lipase)

Transports cholesterol from diet to cells Known as Number one transporter of cholesterol

HDL

Transports cholesterol from liver to be excreted in reverse cholesterol transplant

What happens to fats after absorbed by SI?

Travel to the liver to be stored, use immediately for energy, or broken down

Centralized

Trays are set up in centralized areas and delivered in heated/ cooking carts

Decentralized

Trays set up in serving area and distance to customer is great

Fire extinguisher symbols

Triangle: wood, paper, rags, ordinary combustibles Square: gas, grease, oil, paint, flammable liquids Circle: electrical equipment, electrical fires

metabolic acidosis risk factors

Triglycerides >150 mg/dL Glucose >110 mg/dL Waist circumference >88 women >102 men Diabetes, obesity, HTN

Specific macro amino acids

Tryptophan, aspartate glutamine

enteral feeding

Tube feeding * pt lost ability to swallow /diminished peristalsis * most provide 1-1.5 kcal/ml

Chlorophyll in an alkaline solution

Turns bright green

Classical conditioning

Two stimuli are paired together for a number of trials until a response is elicited

pernicious anemia

Type of B12 anemia. B12 is needed for RBC formation. Special protein intrinsic factor, is needed to help intestines absorb B12. When body cannot synthesize enough Intrinsic factor, B12 cannot be absorbed in intestines

Cohort studies

Type of analytical research that follows a cohort over time to see if they develop a specific disease

oxidation-reduction reaction (redox)

Type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two elements. It is any chemical reaction in which the oxidation number of a molecule, atom or ion changes by gaining or losing an electron. Oxidation is the removal of an electron from a substance such as H2 —> 2e- t 2H+

Incidence study

Type of cohort study Researches risk of developing a disease

Exponential smoothing

Type of forecasting assuming actual occurences follow an identifiable pattern over time

Figurehead

Type of interpersonal management

Objective

Type of test evaluation strategy that measures factual and standardized performance. Preparation is a step in interviewing process that involves collecting background info on client and establishing objectives or intervention strategies for collecting info during a session

Feeding America

US based non profit organization of 200 food banks feeding more than 46 million people through patties, soup kitchens, shelters * 3rd largest US charity and nations largest hunger-relief organization

Who grades meat

USDA

USDA and schools

USDA has established standards for nutrients in school meals, snacks, and beverages

Galactosemia

Unable to convert galactose to glucose * causes accumulation of galactose and/or galactose 1 phosphate * occurs when one of the 2 enzyme activities that ultimately allow lactose to be broken down into glucose in not working * galactose 1 phosphate uridyl transferase enzyme dysfunctional @ birth * infants symptoms: vomiting/diarrhea/susceptibility to infection/ FTH

Bulimia characteristics

Uncontrolled binge episode that may alternate with restrictive episode, abuse of laxatives, diuretics, or syrup of ipecac, compulsive exercise, knuckle bruising, poor body image, and history of engaging in risky behaviors

School Breakfast Program (SBP)

Under USDA must provide on avg 1/4 of daily recommended levels of protein, Ca, Fe, vit A&C

Cultural Sensitivity

Understanding of needs and emotions of one's own culture and the culture of others

Appropriate weight gains during pregnancy

Underweight BMI: 28-40 pounds Normal BMI: 25-35 pounds Overweight BMI: 15- 25 pounds Obese BMI: 11-20 pounds

Steattorhea

Undigested fat in stool Reg: 2-5g fat Patients may have 60 g fat

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

United States legislation that provides data privacy and security provisions for safeguarding medical information. To remain compliant w HIPPA RDs should establish written policies for how one will use, share, store, discard any material with PHI

Galactosemia treatment

Untreated—> death Galactose eliminatio: dairy/dates/bell pepper/ meats/ papaya * ammonia accumulation in blood

Recommended caffeine limit per day for most healthy adults

Up to 400 mg/day

Short-range (operational)

Upcoming year/month/week/day

Sensors

Use common sense Prefer practice and application over theory Test and solve problems Prefer one on one coaching or demonstrations

Models

Use food models when teaching pre-K Use problem solving discussions with school aged children, goal setting for adolescents, cooking demos for adults

Effective pest management methods

Use of chemical agent should be avoided when attempting to manifest in a food service setting. Chemical agents may easily contaminate food and pose a health risk for consumers. In the event that chemical solvent must be used to eradicate pests, it is important that a pest control operator who is trained and license in pest control management be employed. Other past eradication include: light, mechanical, glue traps

Telehealth

Use of technology to deliver health-related services and information, including telemedicine

Transformational management approach

Used activities to transform inputs to outputs to link, manage and build functional systems by inspiring agents of change Example: Jeff inspires employees to Become leaders and to motivate each other towards group mission

Weight for age

Used as a short term marker for growth and is affected by acute nutritional stress or illness

Phytochemicals

Used for detoxification, as blocking agents

Grading

Used for egg quality Nd may classify eggs as A, AA, or B AA: thick whites, yolk free from defects

Specialized EN formula

Used for pt w specific disease states that require specialized nutrition Example: nepro for renal//glucerna for diabetic patients

elemental formula EN

Used for pt with malabsorption problems and contain hydrolyzed proteins in form of AA Example: impact peptide

Strategy

Used in strategic planning Long term goals

ABC analysis

Used to categorize inventory based on criterion such as usage and value A: items require very tight control and accurate records B: items require less control and good records C: require simplest control possible and minimal records

low cholesterol

Used to combat CVD by controlling/reducing blood lipid and cholesterol

Food surveys

Used to monitor and assess food consumption and food- related behaviors

cost of profit pricing

Used when menu price must be calculated in a way so that it ensures a specific percentage of profit. It is calculated by dividing total food cost by desired food cost percentage

Facilitated absorption

Uses a carrier molecule to transport nutrients from lumen of small intestine to absorptive

Active absorption

Uses energy to pump nutrients such as amino acids, into the intestines villi

Objective testing

Uses equipment to evaluate food products instead of variable human sensory grounds They include the line spread test, specific gravity, penetrometer, viscosimeter

FSIS beef inspection

Uses random sampling to uncover hidden dangers such as pathogens or chemical contaminants

UHT (ultra high temperature)

Uses temperatures in excess of boiling to render product sterile

Rationalization

Using a less ego-deflating rations than true reason to explain a situation

How should most vegetables be canned and why?

Using a pressure cooker because the ph is high

Immunologic reaction and food allergies

Usually GI and immune system provide barrier to proteins that have ability to interact w immune system and cause allergic response

POS (Point of Service)

Usually used in food service. It simplifies sales data, inventory management, and customer information

Carotenoids

Usually yellow, orange, or red and include carotene (vit A precursor)

Iodine

Variable in foods *common sources: seafood, eggs, milk Goitrogens present in food block iodine uptake *common sources: turnips, peanuts, soybeans

Formal

Verbal presentation or document intended to share info and which conforms to standardized professional rules, standards and processes and avoids using slang terminology

Principle 6 of HACCP

Verify that all procedures as well as the HACCP system are correctly working

Glycogen

Very easy to break down because it has many starch molecules which means more sides for enzymes to work on it and also makes it a good way to store carbs in the body

Tenderloin cut

Very tender Low in fat Best prepared by dry heat

Serum transferrin

Visceral protein that binds and transports iron. During iron deficiency there is a decrease in iron to bind and transport

Calcium

Vital to muscle contraction * allows protein in muscles to interact during contractions

Alcohol is related to

Vitamin B 1 deficiency * common cause of dementia

Niacin

Vitamin B3

Requires to be on nutrition facts label

Vitamin D and potassium

Pregnancy & vit D

Vitamin D is essential in skeletal formation of the fetus in metabolism of calcium * calcium metabolism increases during pregnancy * RDA vit D doubles from 5 mcg to 10 mcg/day

Actual amount and percent daily value on a nutrition facts label for ..

Vitamin D, calcium, iron and potassium

Require assistance from bile to be absorbed

Vitamins ADEK

Beef grading

Voluntary process, beef manufacturers pay for

3 compartment sink temps

Wash: 110 F Rinse: 140 F Sanitize: 170 F All dishes should be air dried after

Flavonoids

Water soluble pigments turn bright red in acid

Anthoncyanins

Water soluble red, blue, purple pigment Example: blueberries They are bright red in acid (metals) and bluish in alkaline

Anthocyanins

Water soluble red/blue/purple pigment Example: blueberries Bright red in acid and bluish in alkaline

Niacin

Water soluble vitamin body cannot store. Found in: chicken breast, beef liver, fish, yeast based foods. If body is deficient, it may manufacture it from tryptophan

Anthoxanthins

Water soluble white pigments Example: onion They are colorless in acid and yellow in alkaline Aluminum is alkaline

RMR (resting metabolic rate)

Way of measuring energy balance and uses the predictive equations of mifflin st jeor or Harris Benedict

Recommended for 0 to 36 mos (0-3yo)

Weight for length is more accurate for infants because of the rate they grow. There are no BMI for age charts

Signs and symptoms of dehydration

Weight loss, decreased skin turgor, dry mucus membrane, postural HTN, weak and rapid pulse, increased body temp, decreased urine output ( UOP), increased urine concentration and elevated BUN: Cr ratio

edible-portion (EP) cost

Weight of food/ % yield = EP EP/ by cost of food

Cancer Nutrition Therapy

Well balanced diet vitamin/mineral rich High kcal diet— assists in combating fatigue

In promotional planning, manager can brainstorm ideas for certain objectives by asking...

What is it we are trying to accomplish with this promotion? Is this consistent with our mission statement ? Is this designed to meet our customers needs? How can we measure the success of this promotion?

LPL (lipoprotein lipase)

What lines the capillaries in muscle and adipose tissue

Gluten found in:

Wheat, barley, rue

Avoidance Learning (Negative Reinforcement)

When a client learns to escape undesirable consequence or avoid criticism by improving future performance. Extinction focuses on reducing an undesirable behavior until it goes away, or becomes extinct

Disease claim

When a product states it can diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat or prevent a disease. Claim such as this requires prior approval by the FDA

Substitution

When an employee puts something else in place of their original objective

CHF (congestive heart failure)

When normal blood circulation can no longer be maintained, pt experiences shortness of breath/chest pain/changes in bp causing resorption of sodium and edema in legs Decreased blood flow to brain can also cause altered mental status/headache/anxiety

Cross-contact

When one food comes in contact with another and their proteins mux

Assimalation

When people of one cultural group shed part or all of their ethnic identity and merge into the majority culture

Cheese

When the gel has firmed, curds are cut into pieces that expel the whey (liquid)

Why should boiling water be used to can vegetables?

When the ph is low and the acidity is high

Titanium dioxide

White food color agent

Eggs B

Whites are thin

To start identifying a target market, a manager should address...

Who are the current customers How many customers are in potential market What are the unique needs of customers Can we attract new customers

Storage order of raw meat

Whole fish, beef/pork , ground meats/fish, whole and ground poultry Meat goes below ready to eat foods and below fruits/veggies

Exploring importance

Why not higher? - shows barriers Why not lower? - shows motivation

Pregnancy

Women must be encouraged to eat healthy * 200 to 400 more healthy kcals * avoid alcohol, some types of seafood w high mercury (shark, swordfish, mackerel, tilefish) * min 8 glasses of H2O

ACTH

Works to reduce the effects of glucose by stimulating the adrenal cortex to grow and release glucocorticoids

Best foods to bring to an event including children

Would be those that do not commonly cause choking or allergic reactions such as strawberries

Bard

Wrapping meat in fat before cooking

Job specification

Written statement of minimum standards that must be met for an applicant to apply for a certain job

Cooked anthoxanthin in aluminum pan color

Yellow

Colostrum

Yellowish transparent fluid secreted from mothers breasts during the first few days. It helps to meet the infants needs because it's higher in protein than mature milk and has antibodies

Eggs B

Yolks appear flattened out

Highly Susceptible Population

Young Children, The Elderly, Pregnant Women, Weakened Immune Systems

Calcium competes with _____ for absorption

Zinc, magnesium, manganese, copper, iron

Pareto Chart

a bar chart illustrating causes behind a recurring problem in department

Myofibrils

a basic rod-like unit of a muscle cell

Purchase Order (PO)

a commercial document issued by a buyer to a seller, indicating types, quantities, and agreed prices for products or services the seller will provide to the buyer

Nutrition Assessment

a comprehensive analysis of a person's nutrition status that uses health, socioeconomic, drug, and diet histories; anthropometric measurements; physical examinations (ht,wt, BMI); and laboratory tests.

cachexia

a condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS

Respiratory acidosis

a condition that occurs when the lungs cannot remove all of the carbon dioxide the body produces. This causes loss of body fluids, especially the blood, to become too acidic. A low ph is a sign of an acidic state

Histogram

a diagram consisting of rectangles whose area is proportional to the frequency of a variable and whose width is equal to the class interval. Helps summarize data from a process that has been collected over time

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)

a federal agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that is responsible for Medicare and Medicaid, state children's health insurance program SCHIP, and health insurance probability standards

baking powder

a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and cream of tartar, used instead of yeast in baking

Benchmarking

a process by which a company compares its performance with that of industry norms and trends

Secondary question

a question that helps the interviewer better understand the answer to a primary question

Primary question

a question that introduces a new topic or subtopic

Body Mass Index (BMI)

a ratio that allows you to assess your body size in relation to your height and weight

Adequate Intake (AI)

a recommended average daily nutrient intake level based on observed or experimentally determined estimates of nutrient intake by a group of healthy people

cultural competence

a set of congruent attitudes, skills, behaviors, and policies that enable effective cross-cultural communication for delivery of oral health services Requires organizations and their personnel to 1.value diversity 2.assess themselves 3.mange dynamics of difference 4.acquire and institutionalize cultural knowledge 5.adopt to diversity and and cultural context of individuals and communities served

Amino acids

a simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (—COOH) and an amino (—NH2) group.

therapeutic diet

a special food plan ordered by a physician to help treat a disease

Antioxidants

a substance that inhibits oxidation, especially one used to counteract the deterioration of stored food products.

Mallory-Weiss tear

a tear in the mucous membrane, or inner lining, where the esophagus meets the stomach

Naturopathy

a therapeutic philosophy of helping people heal themselves by developing healthy lifestyles

lamina propria

a thin layer of loose connective tissue, or dense irregular connective tissue, which lies beneath the epithelium and together with the epithelium constitutes the mucosa. Gives structural support to villi

Pie chart

a type of graph in which a circle is divided into sectors that each represent a proportion of the whole. Best for showing percentages within a group

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

a water soluble vitamin; a coenzyme involved in protein and amino acid metabolism Food sources: chickpeas, liver, tuna, salmon, chicken

Open shop

a workplace where employees were not required to join a union

Chlorophyllin

abnormally green pigment formed when the methyl and phytyl groups are removed from chlorophyll in an alkaline medium

percent yield formula

actual yield/theoretical yield x 100 (Edible portion/as purchased) x 100

Preservatives

additive used to protect against decay, discoloration, or spoilage

solvent cleaners (degreasers)

alkaline or basic cleaners that dissolve grease on a molecular level

Delaney Clause

amendment to food, drug, and cosmetic act -- stating that no food substance/ additive can be considered safe if it produced cancer

Starch is composed of what?

amylose and amylopectin

LPL (lipoprotein lipase)

an enzyme that hydrolyzes triglycerides passing by in the bloodstream and directs their parts into the cells, where they can be metabolized or reassembled for storage

Popularity index

analyze sales and then predict future sales of that item # of servings of an item / total number of servings of all items in that category that day

prevalence study

another name for a cross-sectional study Researches all cases of a specific disease amongst a group of people in a specific time period. Prevalence looks at existing disease

What decreases iron absorption?

antacids

Functional foods

any modified food or food ingredient that may provide a health benefit beyond the traditional nutrients it contains. Includes naturally occurring foods. Not defined by law. May be called nutraceuticals. FDA oversees marketing claims of functional foods

ADIME

assessment, diagnosis, intervention, monitoring and evaluation

APIE

assessment, planning, implementation, evaluation

A in SOAP

assessment: pulls information together with nutritional assessment

Theory x

assumes people dislike work, lack ambition, act irresponsibly, and prefer to be led

Chemical leavening agents

baking soda and baking powder

Grantt Chart

bar graph showing production managers what projects are being worked on and what stage they are in at any given time

Scoop size

based on servings per quart, 1 qt = 32 oz (32 will always be used) ex: 4 oz serving, 32 / 4 = 8 (scoop 8 should be used)

COGS equation

beginning inventory + purchases - ending inventory

BKA

below knee amputation

Serum sodium

best assessment parameter for fluid status

Vitamin k

blood clotting factor Found in green leafy vegetables

Glycolysis

breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate with production of two molecules of ATP. Occurs in cytoplasm. Aerobic (with oxygen) yields pyruvate and anaerobic (without oxygen) yields lactate

Oxymyoglobin

bright red

Amino acids

building blocks of proteins

saturated fat sources

butter, cheese, whole milk, cream, ice cream, fatty meats, cream, sausage, ground beef

Macronutrients are

carbohydrates, fat, and proteins

VLDL (very low density lipoprotein)

carries fats packaged or made by the liver to various tissues in the body

Tannins

cause astringent feeling in the mouth (puckering dry sensation found in tea, wine, chocolate, and underripe fruit) like in an underripe banana

respiratory acidosis

caused by hypoventilation; CO2 retention and emphysema

respiratory acidosis

caused by hypoventilation; rise of CO2 which increases H+ (lowers pH)

Fatty acids

chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms with a methyl group (CH3) at one end and a carbonyl group (COOH) at the other end. Classified by # of carbons in the chain, position of first double bond, and # of double bonds. Position of first double bond is counted starting with the methy end and designated by omega sign

Humectants

chemicals that increase the capability of embalmed tissues to retain moisture

Winterization

chilling oil to 45F to remove FA with higher melting points and filtering them out. Oils are clear and not cloudy. Example: corn, soy, condensed oils (salad dressings)

Marketing Mix: Promotion

communicates value, communication by a marketer that informs, persuades and reminds potential buyers about a product or service to influence their opinion or elicit a response

Agency shop

company in which employees are not required to join the union, but must pay union dues

Pharmacist SOPP

compounding of parenteral formula

Principle 1 of HACCP

conduct a harzard analysis in which any food safety hazard, such as those presented by chemical, biological or physical composition and/or properties is determined

Broil

cook by direct heat

Al dente

cooked enough to be firm but not soft

HIPPA

covers genetic related info

Most common single allergen for infants

cow's milk protein

Marketing Mix: Product

creates value by developing a variety of offerings including goods, services, and ideas to satisfy customer needs

Management Function: Organizing

deciding where decisions will be made, who will do what jobs and tasks, and who will work for whom

high albumin levels indicate

dehydration

job specification

describes the minimum qualifications a person must have to perform the job successfully Ex: title, education, experience, knowledge, skills, physical and mental requirements

Performance Budget

details what it costs to perform an activity

Weight for length/stature

detects short term changes in nutritional status -distinguish stunting from wasting

Principle 2 of HACCP

determine critical control points by setting limits, which serve to eliminate and/or reduce any potential food risk

Principle 5 of HACCP

develop corrective actions that will rectify any situation in which the monitoring procedures show that critical limits have not been reached

dysuria

difficult or painful urination

APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service)

division of USDA that does the physical annually inspections Primarily involved in regulations

Alkaline Detergents

effectively remove organic soils but can leave a residual film that requires an acidic detergent to follow

Country Club Management

employee centered, seeking approval and acceptance. comfortable, friendly atmosphere

Lipoprotein lipase

enzyme that breaks down triglycerides in chylomicrons and VLDL molecules into fatty acids and monoglycerides for absorption into tissue cells

hypochromic cells

erythrocytes that appear lighter in color than normal because of a deficiency of hemoglobin

Food record

exact record of everything eaten in a specific period of time

Impoverished Management

exertion of minimum effort to get required work done

Standards of quality

federal standards for product quality attributes such as tenderness, color, and freedom from defects

Stored form of iron

ferritin

Kidney function

filter blood cells

preference test

find out if consumers like a product

Hospice

focus of care is palliative, not curative, treatment Begins post treatment for disease has stopped and pt will not survive able

Functional foods

foods that have a potentially beneficial effect on health when consumed as part of a varied diet on a regular basis at effective levels

Pectic acid

found in overripe fruits and vegetables

Sources of vitamin C

fruits and vegetables: asparagus, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kiwi, papaya, strawberries, oranges, red pepper

G cells secrete

gastrin

HDL

good cholesterol

USDA

grade standards

Tomatoes

have lycopene which may reduce prostate cancer risk

fermented dairy products

have probiotics which support GI health

Heterozygous

having two different alleles for a trait Type of distractor

Vit D

helps calcium be reabsorbed in intestine

neutropenic diet

helps protect against bacteria and other harmful organisms. It is typically followed by patients with cancer and severely weakened immune systems. The diet recommends beverages including tap water, commercial bottled water, all canned/bottled/powdered beverages, tea and coffee brewed with boiling water, and commercial nutritional supplements. The diet discourages beverages including well water (unless tested yearly and found safe), cold-brewed tea, sun tea, eggnog, fresh apple cider, homemade lemonade, spring water, beer, and wine.

Gout

hereditary metabolic disease that is a form of acute arthritis, characterized by excessive uric acid in the blood and around the joints

HDL

high-density lipoprotein

9 essential amino acids

histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine

#10 can

holds 13 cups; 6 lbs 9oz; think large can of peaches

High food security

households had no problems or anxiety about consistently accessing adequate food

Diabetes symptoms

hyperglycemia (frequent thirst and urination), polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, glucosuria, abnormal fasting Hypoglycemia (hunger and disorientation)

Assessment

identify adequate info to determine nutrition related problems, Knowledge & Behavior, Access, Physical Activity & Function, Intake, Anthropometics, Biochemical, Physical Exam, Client History, Comparative Standards.

Where is B12 absorbed?

ileum along with bile acids, requires intrinsic factor

Emulsifiers

improve stability, consistency, homogeneity

Carbohydrate digestion begins

in the mouth with salivary amylase

Protein digestion begins

in the stomach with hydrochloric acid and enzyme protease, pepsin. Pepsin is formed when its inactive form pepsinogen, is activated by hydrochloric acid

three types of muscular contractions in the GI tract

include segmentation, peristaltic waves, and sleeve contractions. Each type of contraction serves to mix chyme with digestive juices, circulate intestinal contents along the mucosal walls, and propel chyme towards the ileocecal valve.

Diverticulitis

inflammation of the diverticula *treated with a clear-liquid, low-fiber diet

sickle cell disease

inherited blood disorder, results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin Affects African and Mediterranean descent most Deformed cells are fragile and increase hemolysis resulting in anemia, pain, impeded blood flow

Nutrition Diagnosis Domains

intake, clinical, behavioral-environmental

Management Function: Planning

involves determining in advance what should happen

Liver cirrhosis

irreversible hardening of the liver Patients at risk for hepatic encephalopathy

Nutrition education goal for adults

is enhancing their knowledge and skills to improve their diet and decrease their physiological risk of developing chronic disease

Behavioral-environmental domain

knowledge, attitude, beliefs, physical environment, access to food, or food safety (ex. food security)

FTE/week equation

labor hours worked per week / 40 hour normal work load

Glucose and galactose makes

lactose

glucose + galactose

lactose

Fat free

less than 0.5 grams of fat per serving

Branch chain amino acids

leucine, isoleucine, valine They have aliphatic side chains with a branch (carbon atom bound to more than two carbon atoms)

Insoluble fibers

lignans, cellulose, hemicellulose

Essential fatty acids

linoleic acid (omega 6) and linolenic acid (omega 3)

Marketing Mix: Price

list price, discounts, allowances, payment period, credit terms

hypoguesia

loss of taste Occurs in cancer due to chemo and radiation therapy

Convert from g to mEq

mEq = (mg/atomic weight) X valence Ex: calcium atomic wt: 40 valence of 2 1g= 1000 mg (1000mg/ 40) X 2 = 50 mEq

Bulgur

made from durum wheat, parboiled dried and de-branned Found in Middle East cuisine Made by boiling hard wheat berries until about to crack open. Then allow to dry (outer bran layer rub off) and grains are ground

Celiac disease

malabsorption syndrome caused by an immune reaction to gluten

glucose + glucose

maltose

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

maximum chronic daily intake level of a nutrient that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects in almost all people in a specific life stage

DRI

meant to replace RDA

process objectives

measurable activities carried out by team members of program Specific short term activity usually conducted by program staff that is integral to accomplishing outcome objectives

glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C)

measures 2-3 months Can diagnose diabetes and determine how well an individual is controlling diabetes * the higher the A1C% the higher the blood glucose has been elevated

Line spread test

measures viscosity of liquids or semi-solid foods that flow on a flat surface

Viscosimeter

measures viscosity of liquids that flow; measures the flow on an incline plane or on a rotational basis Typically used in syrup testing

Micronutrients

minerals and vitamins essential but needed in small amounts

Simple carbs

monosaccharides and disaccharides Increase blood glucose levels rapidly

Transitional feeding

moving from one type of feeding to another * parenteral to oral * enteral to oral * parenteral to enteral First meals lactose free Decreased sodium Decreased carbs

very low food security

multiple indications of disrupted eating patterns and reduced food intake

Flavonoids

naturally occurring water-soluble plant pigments that act as antioxidants

LPL (lipoprotein lipase)

necessary for the metabolism of chylomicrons and very-low-densify lipoproteins (VLDL), can release free FAs from triglycerols in lipoproteins

Antacids

neutralize the acids in the stomach

vegan

no animal products

r = 0

no correlation between the 2 variables

Kosher

no meat and dairy at same meal; no pork, shellfish

Low fat

no more than 3 grams of fat per serving

label regulations for low calorie

no more than 40 kcals/ serving

BMI 18.6-24.9

normal

mortality rate

number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time Rate of death

morbidity rate

number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period Rate of a disease

Sources of vitamin E

nut/seed oils, avacados

To pinpoint individuals that are nutrition risk or malnourished

nutrition screening - pinpoints individual at nutrition risk or already malnourished - determines if additional assessment is needed Nutrition assessment - used to obtain, verify, interpret data needed to identify nutrition problems - step #1 is nutrition care process

BMI 30-34.9

obesity class I

BMI > 40

obesity class III (extreme obesity)

% sag

objective measure of custard quality

negative nitrogen balance

occurs during AIDS, cancer, starvation, and low calorie diets

positive nitrogen balance

occurs during growth, recovery from illness, and during pregnancy

Addison's disease

occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone and androgens

Requisition

official order laying claim to the use of property or materials Example: manager using internal form to request items from a purchasing manager

marginal food security

one or two reported indications—typically of anxiety over food sufficiency or shortage of food in the house. Little or no indication of changes in diets or food intake.

Zest

outer skin of an orange used for giving a special taste to food; spice; interest; flavor; spirited enjoyment; Ex. add a certain zest to the affair; Ex. zest for life

A BMI of 25 to 29.9 is considered

overweight

BMI 25-29.9

overweight

Gamma cells secrete

pancreatic polypeptide

Coenzymes needed for energy production

pantothenic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin Required to produce Acetyl CoA from pyruvic acid

ranking test

participants are given samples and asked to rank them from lowest to highest for a specific characteristic

Soluble fibers

pectin, gum, mucilages, and some hemicelluloses

aromatic amino acids

phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan

cross-connection

physical link through which contaminants from drains, sewers, and other wastewater sources can enter the potable water supply

Levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Management function

planning, organizing, (staffing), directing, controlling, evaluate

Management function

planning, organizing,directing and coordinating, evaluating

complex carbohydrates

polysaccharides Broken down to monosaccharides Increase blood glucose levels more slowly but for a longer time

Intracellular electrolytes

potassium, magnesium, phosphate K+ Mg++ P

Informational power

power derived from control over information

referent power

power that comes from subordinates' and coworkers' respect, admiration, and loyalty

reward power

power that comes from the ability to provide rewards or favors

expert power

power that is based on the special knowledge, skills, and expertise that a leader possesses

IDL

precursor to LDL that enables fats and cholesterol to move within water based solution of the bloodstream

diverticulosis

presence of diverticula in the GI tract, especially the colon nd is treasured with a high-fiber diet

Beef Grades (best to worst)

prime, choice, select, standard, commercial, utility, cutter, canner

PRN

pro re nata (as needed)

Marketing Mix (4 P's)

product, price, promotion, place

Albumin

protein made by the liver

complete proteins

proteins that contain all nine of the essential amino acids

incomplete proteins

proteins that lack one or more of the essential amino acids

just in time purchasing

purchase products as needed for production and immediate consumption by the customer without having to store and record products in inventory In order to increase efficiency, decrease waste, and reduce inventory costs

Prime cost method

raw food cost + labor cost involved in making the item Selling price determined by multiplying prime food cost by markup factor, where prime cost equals raw food cost plus labor cost. Mark up is calculated by dividing 100 by food cost percentage plus labor cost percentage

Galactosemia

recessive genetic disorder; characterized by body's inability to tolerate galactose

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

recommendations for average daily amounts of essential nutrients that healthy population groups should consume over time

EPA

regulates pesticides

low food security

reports of reduced quality, variety, or desirability of diet. Little or no indication of reduced food intake

Tetany

results from low blood calcium

Where are fats absorbed?

small intestine

delta cells secrete

somatostatin

Polysaccharides

starch, cellulose, glycogen, pectin, dextrin

SWOT

strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats

SWOT analysis

strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats

SOAP

subjective, objective, assessment, plan

S in SOAP

subjective: includes tolerance of diet, what patient reports (wt changes, appetite, chewing/swallowing problems, food allergies, diet history)

Emulsifiers

substances with both water-soluble and fat-soluble portions that promote the mixing of oils and fats in watery solutions

glucose + fructose forms

sucrose

Disaccharide examples

sucrose, lactose, maltose

Polyunsaturated fat sources

sunflower oil, corn oil, safflower oil, fish oil Fish oils, plan oils, peanuts

cancer treatments

surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

categories of taste

sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami

Gelatinization

swelling that occurs when starch is heated in water close to the boiling point and causes a paste to thicken

Evaluation

systematic comparison of current findings with previous status, intervention goals, and or a reference standard

Diarrhea

the abnormally frequent flow of loose or watery stools

Iron absorption is enhanced by:

the acidity of chyme in the duodenum

Reduction

the addition of electrons to another substance 1/2 O2 + 2e- + 2H+ —> H2O

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

the average daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy people; a goal for dietary intake by individuals

Adequate Intake (AI)

the average daily amount of a nutrient that appears sufficient to maintain a specified criterion; a value used as a guide for nutrient intake when an RDA cannot be determined

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

the average daily amount of a nutrient that will maintain a specific biochemical or physiological function in half the healthy people of a given age and gender group

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

the average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a particular life stage or gender group

Fermentation

the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms in a metabolic process that converts sugars to acids, gases or alcohol under anaerobic conditions. Example: during fermentation process of making beer/wine/liquor, sugars are converted to ethyl alcohol. Example of fermented foods: beer, wine, miso, tempeh, kimchi, pickled foods, yogurt, tofu, soy sauce, cheese

Formative evaluation

the evaluation that is conducted during the planning and implementing processes to improve or refine the program

Validity

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

the highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in a particular life stage and gender group

Tetany

the inability of the muscle to relax

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

the intake level for a nutrient at which the needs of 50 percent of the population will be met

Nonheme iron

the iron in foods that is not bound to proteins; found in both plant-derived and animal-derived foods

Business marketing

the marketing of goods and services to individuals and organizations for purposes other than personal consumption

Queueing Theory

the mathematical study of waiting lines. Often used to make business decisions about resources needed to provide a service

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

the maximum daily amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most healthy people and beyond which there is an increased risk of adverse health effects

epigenetic inheritance

the passing of an epigenetic change from parent to offspring via parental germline (eggs & sperm) cells to offsprings somatic (body) cells. Nutrition can change expression of epigenetic marks because they are not permanent

legitimate power

the power a person receives as a result of his or her position in the formal hierarchy of an organization

Hydrogenation

the process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids to make fat more solid and resistant to the chemical change of oxidation (making fats more saturated and stable)

Determinants of health

the range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status Include biological and genetic makeup, individual behavior, social interactions and norms, physical environment, and access to health services

Process Variation

the range of values that a quality metric can take as a result of different causes within the process

Goal

the result or achievement toward which effort is directed

cross-contamination

the spreading of bacteria or other pathogens from one food to another

Smoke point

the temperature which fat begins to break down and smoke producing acrolein

VLDL (very low density lipoprotein)

the type of lipoprotein made primarily by liver cells to transport lipids to various tissues in the body; composed primarily of triglycerides.

Triangle testing

there samples are presented; two are alike. Determine which two are identical. May be used to determine whether two products are different. Various businesses use it to study wether changes in the makeup of their product make it noticeably different from the original. Major advantage: efficiency, or ease of execution

Braise

to cook in a small amount of liquid in a tightly covered pan over low heat

Roast

to cook meat or poultry in the oven by dry heat

Blend

to mix until a smooth texture is reached

Marinate

to soak meat in a solution containing an acid, such as vinegar or tomato juice, that helps tenderize the connective tissue

Macerate

to soften fruits/ veggies by soaking, to cause to waste away

VLDL (very low density lipoprotein)

transports triacylglycerols from liver to fat cells

complementary proteins

two or more dietary proteins whose amino acid assortments complement each other in such a way that the essential amino acids missing from one are supplied by the other

numerical continuous

underlying continuous scales (blood pressure)

BMI < 18.5

underweight

Polysaccharides

undesired quanlity can be lessened in cooking process

Union steward (shop steward)

union employee who is elected to represent other union members in their relations with an immediate supervisor or other managers

The most common micronutrient deficiencies worldwide are

vitamin A, iron, and iodine

BMI

weight (kg) / height (m^2)

carry over cooking

when meat is removed from oven, this occurs for about 10 minutes; internal temperature will rise 15-25F -allow roast to stand for 30 mins. before carving 10 mins sitting minimum prior to carving

Medical chart

written legal record of all medical care a patient, resident, or client receives

biological leavening agents

yeast and bacteria

Inverse relationship between pressure and altitude

⬆️ altitude = ⬇️ pressure ⬇️altitude = ⬆️ pressure

Macrocyclic anemia (megaloblastic)

⬇️RBC ⬇️hemoglobin ⬇️hematocrit ⬆️MCV mean corpuscular volume ⬆️MCH mean corpuscular hemoglobin Norm. CHHC mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration -large RBC few ⬇️folate ⬇️cobalamin B12

During ⬆️ altitude cooking process..

⬇️air pressure causes gas to expand faster and steam to form earlier. As a result, gas expansion may occur before protein has coagulated and starch has gelatinized, leaving an unstable structure—> decrease baking powder and increase liquid