Digestive

Why does antibiotic usage often cause vitamin deficiencies?

Antibiotics kill beneficial bacteria in the large intestine which usually form vitamins B and K

What portions of the colon are identified below?

Ascending colon, transverse, colon, descending colon

Which layer is dentin?

Dentin is layer B.

Proteins are broken down by which enzymes? In this process, the proteins are broken into individual _________ acids.

Pepsin, pancreatic enzymes, brush border enzymes. Amino.

Name the 3 layers of muscle found in the stomach.

longitudinal muscularis, circular muscularis, oblique muscularis

Which are the incisors and what is their function?

A are incisors. They are responsible for cutting food.

How many teeth does a toddler have? How many teeth does an adult have?

A toddler has 20 teeth. An adult has 32.

Lipids are broken down by which enzymes? Because lipids are insoluble, they must be ________ before being broken down.

Bile salts, pancreatic lipase. Emulsified.

How do catabolism and anabolism differ?

Catabolism is the breaking down of complex molecules to release energy and anabolism is the opposite process.

Are salivary glands responsible for mechanical or chemical digestion? What molecules do they break down?

Chemical digestion; they break down starches/carbohydrates.

Which is voluntarily controlled- the internal or external anal sphincter?

External anal sphincter

What are the 2 types of muscle contractions found in the large intestine? How do they differ?

Haustral contractions & mass movements. Haustral contractions are shorter in duration and less powerful.

Name 3 macronutrients required by the body.

Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins (water is also considered a macronutrient)

What process is responsible for directing food through the esophagus?

Peristalsis or peristaltic contractions

Name 2 functions of the liver.

Removing bacteria and old red blood cells, detoxifying blood from drugs and poisons, storing glycogen and producing fats, manufacturing proteins, storing iron and copper, secreting bile

Name 2 functions of the pancreas.

Secreting digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate, secreting hormones (insulin)

Why is segmentation of chyme in the small intestine important?

Segmentation slows down the movement of chyme allowing for better absorption.

What are the 4 layers of the alimentary canal from superficial to deep?

Serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa

Name 2 structures in the digestive system responsible for mechanical digestion.

Teeth, stomach

How do the liver and gallbladder work together?

The liver produces bile and the gall bladder stores it for release into the small intestine.

How do vitamins and minerals differ?

Vitamins are organic molecules required in small amounts and minerals are inorganic molecules required in small amounts.

Name 2 micronutrients required by the body.

Vitamins, minerals

What are rugae?

Wrinkles in the mucosa of the stomach to help it stretch.

What two circular rings of muscle act as gatekeepers for the stomach?

cardiac sphincter and pyloric sphincter

Mastication is commonly called ___________.

chewing

Name the three portions of the small intestine starting with the most superior.

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Name the 4 regions of the stomach.

fundus, body, cardiac region, pyloric region

Name 3 types of cells in the stomach that secrete gastric juices.

mucous cells, parietal cells, chief cells

The small intestine primarily absorbs ________ while the large intestine absorbs ________.

nutrients, water

Carbohydrates are broken down by which enzymes? What is this process called?

salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, brush border enzymes. Process is called cellular respiration.

What are the 2 phases of deglutition?

the buccal phase & the pharyngeal-esophageal phase

What finger-like projections are found in the small intestine and what is their function?

villi, they increase surface area for more efficient nutrient absorption