Digestive System

kallikrein

-processes protein to form the pellicle coat found in saliva covering teeth

Submucosa/Meissner's plexus

-sense mucosa and lumen and send message back to brain

Gastrin

from enteroendocrine gland- cause parietal cells to secrete HCl

In the small intestines, what molecule does not require energy for breakdown?

fructose

Paneth cells are only found where?

in small intestines

intralobular vs interlobular

intralobular- between acinis interlobular- between lobules So intralobular ducts go into interlobulated/excretory ducts

Parietal Cells

look like fried eggs (clear cytoplasm) have microvilli. Produce HCL and intrinsic factor which binds to vitamin B. Sole source of vitamin B is dietary.

pulp

loose connective tissue and cappilaries, lymphatics and nerves/

ondotoblasts

makes dentin- living layer of tooth

Where would you find serious demilunes

only in mixed acini glands- so submandibular and sublingual

Pellicle coat

produced by saliva and protects teeth from infection.

ito cells

produces retonoid which goes to eye using retinoic acid/ vitamin A. Can contract and casue portal hypertension

What is the function of large intestines

reabsorb water ane electrolytes, secrete mucous proteins, eliminate undigested food

Striated ducts do what and make saliva what type of osmoralitiy?

removes sodium out of saliva making it hypo-osmotic (having a lower solute concentration)

Chief Cells

secrete pepsinogen and lipase zymogen

Myenteric plexus

- between the two muscle layers - deals with muscle contraction in the GI tract

How many layers does the muscularus externa have in the stomach? What is the primary function of the stomach?

3- it has an extra oblique layer • Site of denaturation (no digestion) ○ Allows proteins to have space for enzymes to break bonds

Cells of the large intestines

Absorptive columnar cells (enterocytes of large intestines) Goblet cells Enteroendocrine cells M cells (make sense have germinal centers) pericryptal fibroblasts

What stimulates the release of pancreatic juice?

CCK and secretin secreted by enteroendocrine cells Enterokinase from enterocytes (in duodenum) activate trypsin which in turn activates pancreatic zymogen

what is the carbonic anhydrase reaction taking place in parietal cells?

CO2 + H20 + carbonic anhydrase = H2CO3 Bicarbonate is exchanges for CL • Bicarb leaves CL enters cell Sodium potassium pump used to transport H+ to combine with CL- to form HCL Also used to reset equilibrium between sodium and potassium in cell

What do parakaritinized Cells produce?

Calprotectin which is antimicrobial in nature. Parakeritanized layer found in masticatory and lining mucosa.

enterocytes

Cells of small intestines. Have glycocalyx that contain enzymes. Have junctional complexes (tight junctions). secrete enterokinase which activates turns pancreatic enzyme trypsinogen into trypsin which activates all the other zymogens from pancreas. Rich in Na/K+ for transport of all its enzymes. Secrete and absorb materials

Between Chief and Parietal cells- which one would have more mitochondria? Which one would have more RER?

Chief cell produce protein- have more RER. Parietal cells have a lot of mitochondrai due to ATP needed for sodium potassium pums

enteroendocrine cells produce?

Have to stain with special silver stain to find them. Paracrine secretions include: CCK, gastrin, somatostatin, grhelin (stimulates hunger), Gastric inhibitory polypeptides GIP (neutralize stomach acids), motalin, histamine (activates parietal cells), secretin

What does saliva contain?

IgA secreted into striated ducts by plasma cells i, amylase for starch and lipid digestion, lipase

Lining Mucosa vs. Masticatory Mucosa

Linin mucosa has both non keratinized and parakeraztinzed non keratinized portion- basal, spinosium, superficially. Masticatory mucosa has parakeritanized and keritanized

How are fats digested?

Lipase + bile = emulsification enter enterocyte and go to smooth ER where triglycerides are added. Proteins are added in smooth ER forming chylomicrons which enter lacteals, which join to lymphatic vesels and then blood stream

space of Mall

Lymphatic around portal triad. Cant structurally see it but its there

Ameoblasts

Make the enamel (98%hydroxyapatite). Never remade once its gone

Where in the mouth does the mucosa strongly adhere to bone.

Masticatory mucosa of gingiva and raphae. Lining mucosa underneath tongue

What do paneth cells produce and where are they located

Mostly found in jejunum in base of intestinal glands. Stain pink. secrete acidophilic granules containing lysozymes and alpha defensins.

What are the main differences between parotid and pancreatic glands since both a serious glands that secrete zymogens.

Pancreas- no striated ducts (parotid has striated ducts) just interculated duct that secretes bicarb Pancreas- centroacinar cells (not in parotid) Pancreas- islets (not in parotid)

What are the cells of the small interstines

Paneth cells (mainly found in jejunum), goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, entorocytes and M cells (mostly found in ileum due to peyers patches)

Portal Vein? Hepatic Vein? Hepatic Artery?

Portal vein- brings 80% deoxyblood to liver Hepatic Artery- brings 20% oxyginated blood Hepatic Vein- brings blood back to heart

What do brunners glands produce and where are they located

Produce bicarb located in duodenum. neutralize acidic contents of stomach. Digestive enzymes work in basic conditions

Kupffer cells

Resident macrophages of the liver. Have to been stained with trypan blue to see

Space of disse

Space between fenestrated endothelial cells of sinudsoids and kupffer cells of hepatocytes and on the other side between the ito cells and hepatocytes

What are the names of the 3 lobules the liver can be defined by and what are the names?

The area indicated in blue shows the . The classic lobule has the terminal hepatic venule (central vein) at the center of the lobule and the portal canals containing portal triads at the peripheral angles of the lobule. The portal lobule has a portal canal at the center of the lobule and terminal hepatic venules (central veins) at the peripheral angles of the lobule. The liver acinus has distributing vessels at the equator and terminal hepatic venules (central veins) at each pole.

Glands are formed by?

epithelial tissue

Neuroepthelial/Sensory cells- synapse with neurons • Have microvilli tips Supporting cells/sustenticular cell (elongated looking ones) basal cells The supporting and receptor cells taper toward an opening, the taste pore. Microvilli from these cells extend into the taste pore.

What are the three cells of the taste buds

Pancreas

What is this an image of >

1.Zone 1 2. Zone 1 3.Zone 3

Which zone gets the most oxygen? least? which zone would be most affected by an influx of toxins? Where would a person with congested heart failure experience the most apoptosis?

interculated ducts add? What type of osmorality does saliva have here?

bicarbonate and are proximal to the gland. Saliva is iso-osmotic

pericryptal fibroblasts

born down at base of gland, form sheath around gland- when migrate up turn into microphages. found only in large intestines

peridontial liagament

connects teeth to bone. In between cementum and aveolar bone. acts as a sensor for stress and movement

Which two organs in the alimantary canals have submucosal glands

duodenum and esophagus

aveolar bone

thin compact bone that forms tooth socket