digestive system
3 subdivisions of small intestine
1. duodenum - receives chyme 2. jejunum - chemical digestion & nutrient absorption 3. ileum
hydrolysis
add water
nasopharynx
air
rectum
anal canal
vestibule
area between teeth & lips/cheeks
colon
ascending transverse descending
pancreatic enzymes & hormones
bicarbonate - neutralizes chyme insulin - regulates blood sugar levels cholecytokinin (cck)
cholesterol
bile is synthesized in the liver from ___
organic molecules
carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids
stomach parts
cardia fundus body pyloris rugae
large intestine parts
cecum colon rectum
mechanical digestion
chewing
mechanical digestion
churning
ingestion
eating
defecation
elimination of feces
chemical digestion
enzymatic breakdown
villi
finger-like projections of the intestinal mucosa that increases the surface
rugae
folds of stomach mucosa
laryngopharynx
food & air
oropharynx
food & air
HCl
for the stomach protein-digesting enzymes to become active, ___ is needed
liver ducts
hepatic bile cystics
propulsion
includes swallowing
esophagus
literally a food chute, has no digestive or absorption role
liver functions
metabolic & hematological regulation & bile
carbohydrates
monomers (monosaccharides) & disaccharides
polyunsaturated fats
more than 1 double covalent bond between carbon atoms
small intestine
organ into which stomach empties
large intestine
organ primarily involved in water absorption and feces formation
small intestine
organ responsible for most food & water absorption
mucus
since living cells of the stomach (and everywhere) are largely protein, it is amazing that they arent digested by the activity of stomach enzymes. the most important means of stomach protection is the ___ is produces
saturated fats
single covalent bond between carbon atoms
lipid structures
single glycerol 3 fatty acids hydrolysis
hepatocytes
the cells in the liver that secrete bile are called ___
lipases
the pancreas produces protein-digesting enzymes, amylase, and nucleases. it is the only important source of ____
plicae
transverse folds that line the intestinal wall
monounsaturated fats
1 double covalent bind between carbon atoms
rennin
a milk protein-digesting enzyme found in children but uncommon in adults is ___
bile
a non-enzyme substance produced by the liver that causes fat to be dispersed into smaller globules is ____
pharynx
common passageway for food and air
extrinsic muscles
moving food & forms bolus
small intestine
organ that receives pancreatic juice and bile
salivary glands
parotid sublingual submandibular
epiglottis
prevents choking
uvula
prevents food from going into nasal cavity
liver
produces bile, which is transported to the duodenum via the common bile duct
pancreas
produces lipases, carbohydrates & proteases
cholecystokinin
production and secretion of pancreatic enzymes ins controlled by ___
pepsin
protein foods are largely acted on in the stomach by ___
denaturation
protein loses characteristic and is no longer functional
pyloric sphincter
regulates flow of chyme
dehydration synthesis
removal of water
parietal cells
secrete intrinsic factor and HCl in stomach
chief cells
secrete pepsinogen in stomach
salivary glands
secretion includes salivary amylase, which begins starch digestion in the mouth
propulsion
segmentation & peristalsis
intrinsic muscles
speech & swallowing
pyloric sphincter
sphincter controlling movement of food from the stomach into duodenum
salivary amylase
starch digestion begins in the mouth when ___ is ducted in by the salivary glands
gastric wall
stomach lined with mucus epithelium secretes alkaline
lipids
store energy conserve hear protect organs chemical messengers
mesentary
structure that suspends the small intestine from the posterior/dorsal body wall
deglutition
swallowing bolus or liquid
absorption
transport of nutrients from the GI tract to the blood
oral cavity & stomach
two anatomical regions involved in the physical breakdown of food