Digestive system quiz

The liver is one of the major organs in our body that can chemically decompose drugs and toxins to help detoxification. If a patient has a severe liver disease causing the liver to NOT be able to detoxify drugs effectively, we should: Select one: A. carefully reduce medicine's dosage and frequency. It is because the patient will have higher levels of the medicine in the blood and the medicine will last for a longer time than people with normal liver functions. B. none of the choices are correct. C. give medicine the same way as we would on other types of patients. D. increase medicine's dosage. It is because the patient's liver doesn't work well, so, higher dosages of medicine are needed to help the patient. E. increase medicine's dosage. It is because the patient's liver doesn't work well, so, more medicine is filtered out by the liver, causing less amount of medicine to go to the rest of the body.

A. carefully reduce medicine's dosage and frequency. It is because the patient will have higher levels of the medicine in the blood and the medicine will last for a longer time than people with normal liver functions.

The walls of the stomach and intestines are made of several layers of different types of tissues. Which of the following description of these layers is correct? Select one: A. The smooth muscles in the stomach wall have three layers (oblique, circular, longitudinal), but the smooth muscles of the small intestine have only two layers (circular, longitudinal). B. The middle layer is made of connective tissue and a serous membrane. This is the part that can secrete the stomach & intestinal fluids. C. The innermost layer (facing the lumen) is made of smooth muscle tissues. This is the part that can secrete the stomach & intestinal fluids. D. The outside-most layer is made of epithelial tissue, and this is where food nutrient absorption happens. E. The innermost layer is the submucosa layer. Underneath the submucosa is the mucosa layer. The middle layer is made of connective tissues

A. The smooth muscles in the stomach wall have three layers (oblique, circular, longitudinal), but the smooth muscles of the small intestine have only two layers (circular, longitudinal).

If a patient suffers from hyperglycemia (a condition where blood glucose levels are too high), the action of which of the following hormones may be deficient (not enough, or too low)? Select one: A. insulin B. glucagon C. cholecystokinin D. secretin E. gastrin

A. insulin

The pancreas is the source of two very important hormones. Which of the following choices correctly describe the hormones from the pancreas? Select one: A. When blood glucose levels are too high, the pancreas releases a hormone called "glucagon". Glucagon is the main hormone that lower blood glucose levels. B. When blood glucose levels are high, the pancreas releases a hormone called "insulin". Insulin is the main hormone that lowers blood glucose levels. C. When blood amino acid levels are too low, the pancreas releases a hormone called "secretin". Secretin is the main hormone that increases blood amino acid levels. D. When blood lipid levels are too low, the pancreas releases a hormone called "cholecystokinin". Cholecystokinin is the main hormone that increases blood lipid levels. E. When blood glucose levels are too low, the pancreas releases a hormone called "insulin". Insulin is the main hormone that increases blood glucose levels.

B. When blood glucose levels are high, the pancreas releases a hormone called "insulin". Insulin is the main hormone that lowers blood glucose levels.

Please arrange the following terms into the correct sequence to reflect the physiological process of food digestion & nutrient absorption. Note, not every item should be included in the correct answer. (1) liver (2) absorbed into enterocytes (3) food proteins (4) food lipids (5) inferior vena cava (6) amino acids (7) lacteal vessels (8) hepatic portal vein (9) amylase (10) pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin Select one: A. 3→ 6→ 10→ 7→ 2→ 8→ 1 B. 3→ 10→ 6→ 2→ 8→ 1→ 5 C. 3→ 8→ 7→ 1→ 5→ 9→ 2 D. 4→ 9→ 2→ 7→ 8→ 1→ 5 E. 4→ 10→ 9→ 2→ 7→ 8→ 5→ 1

B. 3→ 10→ 6→ 2→ 8→ 1→ 5

The gastrointestinal tract is anatomically divided into many sections. Please arrange the items on the list so that they are in the sequence from the mouth to the anus. (1) jejunum (2) transverse colon (3) cecum (4) stomach (5) descending colon (6) ascending colon (7) duodenum (8) ileum (9) esophagus (10) sigmoid colon (11) pyloric sphincter (12) ileocecal valve Select one: A. 4→ 12→ 9→ 8→ 1→ 7→ 6→ 3→ 2 →11 → 10→ 5 B. 9→ 4→ 11→ 7→ 1→ 8→12 → 3→ 6→ 2→ 5→ 10 C. 4→ 9→ 6→ 8→ 11→ 7→ 12→ 1→ 2→ 3→ 10→ 5 D. 9→ 12→ 4→11 → 2→ 6→ 5→ 3→ 7→ 10→ 1→ 8 E. 9→ 4→ 8→ 12→ 7→ 1→ 11→ 3→ 5→ 2→ 6→ 10

B. 9→ 4→ 11→ 7→ 1→ 8→12 → 3→ 6→ 2→ 5→ 10

Which one of the following choices correctly describes the main function of the organ "liver" in the digestive system? Select one: A. it is the major source of GI hormones (such as gastrin and secretin) that regulate GI tract movement and secretion. B. newly absorbed food glucose and amino acids from the small intestine are transported to the liver first before these substances are sent to the rest of the body. C. the liver coordinates the reflexes through the GI tract D. the liver is one of the major sources of digestive enzymes needed for digesting food carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. E. newly absorbed food lipids by the small intestine are transported to the liver first before these lipids are sent to the rest of the body

B. newly absorbed food glucose and amino acids from the small intestine are transported to the liver first before these substances are sent to the rest of the body.

The liver is one of the accessory organs of the digestive system. One of the many functions of the liver is that it is involved in bile acids metabolism. Which of the choices below about the bile acids is correct? Select one: A. The gallbladder synthesizes bile acids. After they are made, bile acids are stored in the liver. B. When more bile acids are lost to feces, the liver will have to synthesize more bile acids to make up for the loss. As a result, the blood cholesterol level will rise to higher levels. C. After bile acids are secreted into the small intestine to help with food digestion, a portion of the bile acids will get out of the body in feces, while the remaining portion is reabsorbed by the intestine. D. If more bile acids are reabsorbed by the intestine, the liver will have to synthesize more bile acids to make up for the loss. E. Bile acids are needed to help our body digest food carbohydrates and proteins.

C. After bile acids are secreted into the small intestine to help with food digestion, a portion of the bile acids will get out of the body in feces, while the remaining portion is reabsorbed by the intestine.

What is the form of food proteins that can be absorbed by our small intestine? Select one: A. polypeptides and polysaccharides. B. small pieces (after chewing properly) of meat, cheese, and eggs can get through the small intestine directly and reach blood circulation. C. amino acids, dipeptides, tripeptides. D. trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin. E. protein molecules can be absorbed by the small intestine directly and reach blood circulation.

C. amino acids, dipeptides, tripeptides.

What is the main function of the organ "pancreas" in the digestive system? Select one: A. the pancreas secretes acetylcholine to regulate small intestine mucosa secretion and smooth muscle contraction. B. it is the major source of the GI hormone "gastrin". C. the pancreas is a major source of digestive enzymes needed to digest food carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. D. newly absorbed food nutrients from the small intestine are transported to the pancreas before being sent to the rest of the body. E. it is the main source of sympathetic nervous impulses that supply the GI tract.

C. the pancreas is a major source of digestive enzymes needed to digest food carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

Which of the following statements about the mouth is correct? Select one: A. the anterior part of the palate is the soft palate. It moves downwards to help seal off the windpipe during the process of deglutition. B. the space between the lips and gingiva is a part of the soft palate. C. on the superior side of the tongue, there is a connective tissue called the lingual frenulum. This tissue helps keep the tongue in its place. D. the bulk of saliva (about 75%) is secreted from salivary gland openings underneath the tongue. E. on the posterior (or inner) side of the lips around the oral cavity, there is a ring of primary lymphoid tissues giving immune protection, including the tonsils and adenoids.

D. the bulk of saliva (about 75%) is secreted from salivary gland openings underneath the tongue.

What is the part of the stomach that first receives the food we eat? What is the last part of the stomach before processed food (chyme) is sent to the small intestine? Select one: A. esophagus ..... lower esophageal sphincter B. duodenum ..... fundus C. gastric glands ..... smooth muscles D. cardia ..... pyloris E. body ..... greater curvature

D. cardia ..... pyloris

The central nervous system can regulate GI tract movement & secretion. Which of the following choices correctly describes the way how the nervous system regulates GI functions? Select one: A. GI tract function is voluntarily controlled. We can consciously make it speed up or slow down to better suit the situations in which we encounter. B. The sympathetic nerve impulses can speed up GI tract processing of ingested foods. C. The neurotransmitter norepinephrine can speed up GI tract movement and secretion, increasing the speed by which food goes through the GI tract. D. The parasympathetic nerve impulses can slow down GI tract processing of ingested foods. E. If we use medicine to inhibit acetylcholine activity, we can slow down the GI tract movement and secretion, decreasing the speed by which food goes through the GI tract.

E. If we use medicine to inhibit acetylcholine activity, we can slow down the GI tract movement and secretion, decreasing the speed by which food goes through the GI tract.

The gastrointestinal tract has the "short reflex" where one section of the GI can go through a reflex to affect and coordinate the action of another section of GI. Which of the following statements about these GI short reflexes is correct? Select one: A. All of the choices are correct. B. The central nervous system acts through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves to coordinate GI activity with the main action of the rest of the body. C. The gastrocolic reflex starts when the colon has accumulated lots of fecal material, the colon initiates a reflex to speed up the contraction and secretion of the stomach. D. The gastroileal reflex occurs when the stomach is activated by food, and the stomach can temporarily slow-down the activity in the ileum and keep the ileocecal valve closed. E. The enterogastric reflex is initiated when chyme enters the duodenum, the duodenum induces a reflex to slow down the action of the stomach.

E. The enterogastric reflex is initiated when chyme enters the duodenum, the duodenum induces a reflex to slow down the action of the stomach.

Which of the following statements about the digestive system is correct? Select one: A. most of the food nutrients are absorbed in the ascending & descending colon area of the GI tract. B. the stomach releases partly digested food into the ileum (the small intestine section that's connected to the stomach). C. if the stomach fluid is too acidic (pH too low), the situation may damage gastric mucosa, causing upper abdominal pain or a burning ache. D. fluid secreted from duodenum goes into the stomach to help food digestion inside the stomach. E. backflow of esophageal fluid into the stomach can damage the heart, causing heartburn. It is because the esophageal fluid is strongly basic (high pH) that it damages cardiac tissues.

if the stomach fluid is too acidic (pH too low), the situation may damage gastric mucosa, causing upper abdominal pain or a burning ache.