digestive system (test)
what is the benefit of the stomach having rugae?
allowing the expansion of the lumen
in the oral cavity, the digestive enzyme __________ is found in saliva and begins the digestion of __________.
amylase; starch
the small, slender structure that is attached to the large intestine and is suffused with lymphoid nodules is the __________.
appendix
it is lined with rugae
describe the lining of the stomach.
the chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments that can be absorbed by the digestive epithelium is __________.
digestion
what is the main stimulus that triggers the defecation reflex?
distension of the rectum
small intestine
duodenal glands are characteristic of the?
the bile duct and the pancreatic duct both enter the duodenum at the _____________.
duodenal papilla
the esophagus enters the abdominopelvic cavity by passing through the _________ of the diaphragm.
esophageal hiatus
which of the following causes an immediate increase in the rates of glandular secretion and peristaltic activity in all segments of the small intestine?
gastroenteric reflex
which of the following is not a function of saliva?
increasing dental caries
which of the following is not true of the parotid glands?
secretions empty along the lingual frenulum
mesentery
the __________ is a double sheet of peritoneal membrane that suspends the visceral organs and carries nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels.
cementum
the root of a tooth is covered by?
parotid
which salivary gland produces a serous secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase?
which of the following are absorbed in the large intestine?
- organic wastes, such as urobilinogens - water - certain vitamins, such as vitamin k
the primary functions of intestinal juices include which of the following?
- to moisten the chyme - to dissolve digestive enzymes and the products of digestion - to assist in buffering acids
what is the correct sequence of events in moving a bolus of food to the stomach?
bolus is moved to oropharynx; epiglottis folds over glottis; esophageal peristalsis; opening of lower esophageal sphincter
which of the following is NOT a function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
breaking down disaccharides into monosaccharides
triglycerides coated with proteins create complexes known as __________.
chylomicrons
the numerous transverse folds in the small intestine that serve to increase the surface area for absorption are the __________.
circular folds (plicae cicrulares)
if you put marbles in your mouth, which cranial nerve monitors receptors that detect their presence and causes the salivary reflex?
cranial nerve V
the reflex that occurs in the large intestine and promotes the movement of feces toward the anus is the __________.
defecation reflex
which of the following is not a step in the overall digestive process?
excretion
produces buffers and enzymes
exocrine pancreas?
there are some obvious bends in the colon that you don't see in the small intestine. What are the names of these bends?
flexures
fatty acids and lipids are absorbed into the ____________ found in each villus of the small intestine.
lacteal
which process is NOT involved in the secretion of hydrochloric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach?
movement of Cl- from the intestinal lumen to the interstitial fluid.
mass
movements unique to the large intestine are __________ movements?
which of the following does NOT digest proteins?
nuclease
which of the following does NOT digest carbohydrates?
pancreatic lipase
which cells secrete intrinsic factor?
parietal cells
which of the following enzymes is active at the lowest pH?
pepsin
which of the following digestive regions is responsible for the propulsion of materials into the esophagus?
pharynx
mass movements
powerful peristaltic contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called?
which of the following is NOT produced by the gastric glands in the stomach of an adult?
rennin
how does the mucosa of the rectum compare with that of the colon and the cecum?
the colon and the cecum are lined with a simple columnar epithelium for absorption, whereas the rectum is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium because the rectum is next to the opening to the exterior of the body.
what is the importance of the mesenteries?
- stabilizing the attached organs - a route for blood vessels to and from the digestive tract - preventing the intestines from becoming entangled
why would you NOT be able to swallow a completely dry food bolus?
- the dry food would inhibit parasympathetic activity in the esophagus. - friction with the walls of the esophagus would make peristalsis ineffective. - the dry food would stimulate sympathetic activity, inhibiting peristalsis.
which of the following is correct for adult dentition?
4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 bicuspids, and 6 molars on each side
gastrin
G cells of the stomach secrete?
incisors
_________ are blade-shaped teeth that function in cutting or clipping.
three
_________ pairs of salivary glands secrete into the oral cavity.
appendix
a small, wormlike structure attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum is the?
precedes the gastric phase
all of the following are true of the intestinal phase of gastric digestion except that it?
recycles bile
all of the following are true of the lining of the stomach except that it?
cholecystokinin
an intestinal hormone that stimulates contraction of the gallbladder to release bile is?
gastrin
an intestinal hormone that stimulates gastric secretion is?
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
an intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells is?
7
approximately ___________ liters of fluid are secreted and reabsorbed into the peritoneal cavity each day.
descending colon
at the left colic flexure, the colon becomes the?
transverse colon
at the right colic flexure, the colon becomes the?
which macromolecules begin being digested in the oral cavity?
carbohydrates and lipids
increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine
circular folds and intestinal villi?
circumferential folds in the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine
circular folds are?
breakdown of proteins into fatty acids by enzymes
define emulsification.
a liver cell
define hepatocyte.
entry of food and liquids into the digestive tract through the mouth
define ingestion.
which of the following is the term for swallowing?
deglutition
inflammation of the liver
describe hepatitis.
dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials in preparation for elimination
describe the function of the large intestine.
the vagus nerve innervates the stomach
during the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?
antibody production
each of the following is a function of the liver except?
produces hormones
endocrine pancreas?
what cells in the digestive epithelium produce hormones that help regulate the digestive tract?
enteroendocrine cells
which of the following is not found in the lamina propria?
epithelial tissue
what component of the food would increase the number of chylomicrons in the lacteals?
fats
no digestive enzymes are produced in the large intestine but digestion continues from the enzymes present that were secreted or produced in the small intestine
how does digestion occur in the large intestine?
sphincters
in the digestive and urinary systems, rings of smooth muscle, called ___________, regulate the movement of materials along internal passageways.
which type of tooth is responsible for clipping and cutting?
incisor
the active process that occurs when food enters the digestive tract via the mouth is __________.
ingestion
absorption
involves the movement of nutrients across the digestive epithelium into the interstitial fluid
submucosa
large blood vessels and lymphatics are found in the?
mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa
name the four layers of the digestive tract beginning from the lumen of the digestive tract?
chief cells in the gastric glands secrete ________________.
pepsinogen
the digestive tract motility and secretions are controlled by a complex set of mechanisms. Which of the following is NOT a normal way the digestive tract functioning is controlled?
somatic motor neurons
internal anal sphincter
the ________ is composed of smooth muscle fibers and is not under voluntary control.
neck
the ________ of the tooth marks the boundary between the crown and the root.
which of the following does not properly describe tooth structure?
the bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix simiar to bone called enamel.
dentin
the bulk of each tooth consists of mineralized matrix similar to the bone called?
pulp cavity
the chamber within a tooth that contains blood vessels and nerves is the?
amylase
the enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates is?
pancreatic acini
the exocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of?
wisdom teeth
the first teeth to appear are not associated with?
four
the human liver is composed of _________ lobes?
mucosa
the lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the?
lamina propria
the layer of loose connective tissue that directly supports the digestive epithelium is the?
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
the order of the small intestine segments, from proximal to distal, is?
ileum
the portion of the small intestine that attaches to the cecum is the?
fundus
the portion of the stomach that is superior to the junction between the stomach and the esophagus is the?
many visceral smooth muscle networks have rhythmic cycles of activity in the absence of neural stimulation because of __________.
pacesetter cells that spontaneously depolarize and trigger the contraction of entire muscular sheets
myenteric plexus
sandwiched between the layer of circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscular layer in the?
which of the following major layers of the digestive tract is described as a layer of dense, irregular connective tissue filled with blood vessels and the plexus of Meissner?
submucosa
gomphosis
the articulation between the periodontal ligament and the one at the base of the tooth is what type of joint?
chemical digestion
the breakdown of food
what type of tooth can have two or three roots and is best suited for helping in mastication by grinding and crushing food?
molars
what is the order of the layers of the gastrointestinal tract, starting with the layer in contact with the food?
mucosa; submucosa; muscularis externa; serosa
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
name the three segments of the small intestines from proximal to distal?
peristalsis
waves of the muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called?
helicobactor pylori
what bacterium is responsible is for most peptic ulcers?
regulates the release of chyme into the duodenum
what is the function of the pyloric sphincter?
wisdom teeth
what is the name sometimes given to the third set of molars?
to neutralize the acidic chyme entering the small intestine
what is the primary function of the duodenum?
submandibular
what is the salivary gland that secretes a watery mixture rich in salivary amylase and buffers?
both bicuspids and molars
what teeth crush and grind food?
liver
which accessory organ of the digestive system is responsible for almost 200 known functions?
increases the sensation of hunger
which of the following descriptions is not related to cholecystokinin (CCK)?
brush border enzymes break down the fats so they can be directly absorbed into the bloodstream
which of the following does not describe how products of fat digestion are absorbed and transported?
lacteals
which of the following is not found in "layer 3"?
crushing
which of the following is the function of the incisors?
parotid
which pair of salivary glands contributes most to saliva production?
the hormone gastrin __________.
increases the activity of the parietal and chief cells
why is diarrhea potentially life threatening?
loss of water and electrolytes
what is the average composition of fecal waste material?
75 percent water, 5 percent bacteria, and 20 percent indigestible materials, inorganic matter, and epithelial remains
the absorption of which vitamin would be impaired if the stomach were removed?
B12
which peptide hormone causes the secretion of insulin from the pancreatic islets?
GIP
what is the hormone secreted by the small intestine that dilates capillaries in the small intestine area?
VIP
put the regions of the stomach in the order through which food and chyme would pass.
cardia, fundus, body, pyloric part
which of the following is NOT a region of the small intestine?
cecum
what is the correct sequence of parts in the colon moving from the small intestine to the anus?
cecum; ascending colon; transverse colon; descending colon; sigmoid colon; rectum
the enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal glands are responsible for producing which intestinal hormones?
cholecystokinin and secretin
a large connective tissue structure, composed mostly of fat, that hangs like an apron from the lateral and inferior borders of the stomach describes the ________________.
greater omentum
what are the pouches that give the colon its typical appearance?
haustra
when two fluids are separated by a selectively permeable membrane, water tends to flow into the fluid that has the __________.
higher concentration of solutes
it would be more acidic than normal
how would the pH of the intestinal contents be affected if the small intestine did not produce secretin?
the muscular sphincter that guards the opening between the ileum and the cecum is the __________.
ileocecal valve
the primary effect of secretin is to __________.
increase the secretion of bile and buffers by the liver and the pancreas
the plicae of the intestinal mucosa, which bears the intestinal villi, are structural features that __________.
increase the total surface area for absorption
parasympathetic stimulation
increased secretion by all salivary glands result from?
which of the following produces, on a daily basis, the least number of the peristaltic contractions that force food through the digestive tract?
large intestine
an error in swallowing is most likely detected by the __________.
larynx
which two factors play important parts in moving the chyme from the stomach into the small intestine?
stomach distension and gastrin release
constantly being replaced, contains gastric pits, covered by thick , alkaline mucus, simple columnar epithelium
stomach lining facts?
what type of epithelium makes up the oral mucosa?
stratified squamous
rugae
the prominent ridges in the lining of the empty stomach are called?
gingiva
the ridge of oral mucosa that surrounds the base of a tooth is the?
aveolus
the root of each tooth sits in a bony cavity known as?
vestibule
the space between the cheeks or lips and the teeth is called the?
the two positive-feedback loops involved in the defecation reflex are __________.
the stretch receptors in the rectal walls and the sacral parasympathetic system
which oral structure(s) is/are responsible for manipulating food to assist in chewing and in the production of the enzyme lipase?
tongue
what is perhaps the most important function of the large intestine?
water reabsorption
which hormone is secreted when chyme, expecially when it's rich in lipids and partially digested proteins, enters the duodenum?
CCK
what is the benefit of the large folds of the lining of the esophagus?
expansion for swallowing
