DNA and Protein Synthesis

Which are segments of DNA that code for specific traits? genes chromosomes proteins codons

genes

Which of the following could be a nucleotide of RNA? deoxyribose + phosphate group + thymine deoxyribose + phosphate group + uracil ribose + phosphate group + thymine ribose + phosphate group + uracil

ribose + phosphate group + uracil

Which type of mutation occurs only in reproductive cells? somatic mutation germline mutation point mutation frameshift mutation

germline mutation

Which change to the chromosome causes Robertsonian translocation? part of the chromosome breaks off, causing missing genes on the chromosome movement of genes on the same chromosome duplication of genes on the same chromosome arms of the chromosome are unproportioned, with extra or missing genetic material

arms of the chromosome are unproportioned, with extra or missing genetic material

Consider the chromosome.Which best describes the function of the part labeled b? carries all the genetic information of the organism provides all of the master instructions of the cell joins sister chromatids codes for a specific trait

codes for a specific trait

Many different types of mutations can occur within the body. Tay-Sachs disease is a deadly disorder that is caused by a missing codon in the gene coding for production of the hex A enzyme in the body. Which type of mutation is responsible for causing Tay-Sachs disease? substitution replacement insertion deletion

deletion

The diagram shows a nucleic acid in the shape of a double helix. Which sugar is present in the nucleic acid that is represented in the diagram? phosphate uracil deoxyribose ribose

deoxyribose

What was Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei's contribution to our current understanding of the genetic code? discovery of codons discovery and extraction of DNA creation of a model of DNA creation of Photo 51

discovery of codons

Which flowchart correctly lists the structures in order from smallest to largest? gene → DNA → chromosome → nucleus gene → chromosome → DNA → nucleus DNA → gene → chromosome → nucleus DNA → chromosome → gene → nucleus

gene → DNA → chromosome → nucleus

Organisms inherit specific traits and characteristics from their parents. Albinism is an inherited disorder that occurs when an organism is unable to produce or distribute melanin. Melanin is a substance in the body that helps determine skin color, hair color, and eye color. Which is the basic unit of heredity that carries the trait of albinism from parent to offspring? base pairs genes proteins codons

genes

As DNA is replicated, which DNA base pair will bond to cytosine? adenine thymine cytosine guanine

guanine

Justin is looking at two chromosomes that have identical alleles for a particular trait.What are these chromosomes consideredas? heterozygous homozygous petit queue

homozygous

Which discovery is attributed to Phoebus Levene? extraction and observation of DNA identification of ribose and deoxyribose recognition of RNA as DNA's messenger construction of an accurate DNA model

identification of ribose and deoxyribose

Why does prolonged exposure to UV light from the Sun or tanning beds increase the risk for getting skin cancer? increased exposure to UV light decreases the risk of a mutation occurring increased exposure to UV light increases the risk of a mutation occurring increased exposure to UV light decreases the immune system function increased exposure to UV light has no effect on the risk for getting skin cancer

increased exposure to UV light increases the risk of a mutation occurring

Why is it important to know the difference between science and pseudoscience? to look intelligent to make informed decisions to score well on tests to tell believable stories

to make informed decisions

What is the role of RNA? to provide the original blueprint for protein production to move information from the ribosomes to the nucleus for protein synthesis to break down proteins into amino acid monomers to move information from the nucleus to the ribosomes for protein synthesis

to move information from the nucleus to the ribosomes for protein synthesis

Which term describes the chromosomal abnormality of having three copies of a single chromosome? haploidy diploidy trisomy tetrasomy

trisomy

Which illustration depicts homologous chromosomes? one allele two alleles one chromosome two chromosomes

two alleles

Which of the following precautions should be taken to reduce the risk of chromosome mutations? have routine X-rays taken every week to make sure that your body is healthy refuse any X-ray procedures, regardless of the reason for needing the X-ray wear a lead protective shield when having teeth X-rays no precautions can reduce the risk of chromosome mutations

wear a lead protective shield when having teeth X-rays

Which is considered a chemical mutagen? tanning beds tobacco X-rays sunlight

tobacco

According to Chargaff's rule, base pairing in DNA should resemble which of the following? A = T; C = G A = C; T = G A = G; T = U A = U; C = G

A = T; C = G

Which summary below correctly describes what occurs during transcription? A DNA template is used to create an mRNA strand. An mRNA template is used to create a DNA strand. A DNA template is used to create a ribosome. An mRNA template is used to create a tRNA strand.

A DNA template is used to create an mRNA strand.

Which nucleic acid provides the master code for protein synthesis? DNA RNA mRNA tRNA

DNA

A single strand of DNA helix has the code CGCTAA. Which would be the complementary code on the other strand of the helix? CGCAUU TATCGG ATAGCC GCGATT

GCGATT

Anita thinks that she has heterozygous alleles for red hair. If she is correct, which of these diagrams best illustrates Anita's alleles for red hair? RR Rr R rr

Rr

Which best describes the process of insertion? occurs when part of a chromosome breaks off and is placed into the middle of another chromosome occurs when part of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches backward on the same chromosome occurs when part of a chromosome breaks off and does not reattach occurs when part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome

occurs when part of a chromosome breaks off and is placed into the middle of another chromosome

Consider the chromosome. Which is indicated by the letter a? petit arm queue arm centromere gene

petit arm

Which term describes the chromosomal abnormality of having extra chromosomes? heterosomy polysomy haploidy diploidy

polysomy

What kind of effect can a chromosomal change can have on an organism? positive, negative, or no effect positive or no effect negative effect positive or negative effect

positive, negative, or no effect

Which is composed of amino acids and determines all the structures and functions of organisms? DNA ribosome mRNA protein

protein

Gary has a chromosomal deletion and Heather has a chromosomal insertion. Which best describes which disease each may have? Gary might have DiGeorge syndrome and Heather might have Fragile X syndrome. Gary might have Kleinfelter's syndrome and Heather might have Fragile X syndrome. Gary might have Fragile X syndrome and Heather might have Down syndrome. Gary might have DiGeorge syndrome and Heather might have Down syndrome.

Gray might DiGeorge syndrome and Heather might have Fragile X syndrome.

What is the role of RNA polymerase? It creates the DNA strand. It bonds the DNA strand. It helps transcribe the DNA strand. It translates the DNA strand.

It helps transcribe the DNA strand.

In 1953, who developed the model that is shown below? James Watson and Francis Crick Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei Rosalind Franklin Erwin Chargaff

James Watson and Francis Crick

Who is credited with creating the first accurate model of DNA? Rosalind Franklin Friedrich Miescher James Watson and Francis Crick Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei

James Watson and Francis Crick

Based on scientific research, which statement best describes mutations? Mutations are rare occurrences. Mutations are always harmful. Mutations cannot be inherited. Mutations cannot be acquired.

Mutations are rare occurrences.

The study of Escherichia coli (E. coli) led researchers to new experimental designs for studying operons. Which experimental design did the scientists use? Used a microscope to observe cell division to determine the structure of operons. Tested the response of E. coli to a variety of chemicals to determine the number of operons that are present. Inserted the operons from one organism into another to determine the mechanism of operon expression. Read the genome sequence to determine the quantity and organization of operons.

Read the genome sequence to determine the quantity and organization of operons.

Which best describes genetic mutations? Some inherited genetic mutations can be good for the offspring. Different genetic mutations cause few forms of cancer. Somatic mutations can be inherited from parents or acquired during life. Genetic mutations that cause diseases are always passed on to offspring.

Some inherited genetic mutations can be good for the offspring.

A single strand of DNA helix has the code ATAGGC. Which would be the complementary code on the other strand of the helix? AUACCG CGCTTA GCGAAT TATCCG

TATCCG

Ji wants to write an example of a frameshift mutation using the following sentence: THE CAT SAW THE RAT. Which sentence best shows a frameshift mutation? THC ATS AWT HER AT. CAT THE SAW RAT THE. EHT TAC WAS EHT TAR. THE THE CAT SAW THE RAT.

THC ATS AWT HER AT.

Which best describes the outcome of DNA replication? The new DNA molecule is identical to the original DNA. The new DNA molecule is synthesized from amino acids. The new DNA molecule has a different number of codons. The new DNA molecule is single-stranded.

The new DNA molecule is identical to the original DNA.

What did Chargaff discover while studying bases in the DNA of organisms? The bases in the DNA of each organism were unique. The ratios of thymine and adenine were similar, as were the ratios of guanine and cytosine. The overall percentages of bases were different from one organism to the next. There were equal amounts of all four bases in every organism, or 25 percent of each base.

The ratios of thymine and adenine were similar, as were the ratios of guanine and cytosine.

Which best describes somatic mutations? They are usually passed on to offspring. They can cause different kinds of cancer. They always result from point mutations. They only occur in reproductive cells.

They can cause different kinds of cancer.

Which represents a strand of RNA bases? TGGCTCGAA UGGCUCGAA GTTAGTGCC CAATCTAGG

UGGCUCGAA

Which structural characteristic is seen in RNA but not in DNA? double strands a single strand chains of nucleotides a helical shape

a single strand

Pedigrees and karyotypes provide the means for individuals to identify their risks of genetic disorders. What can be observed on a karyotype but not on a pedigree? family carriers of a genetic disorder family history of a genetic disorder risk of a genetic disorder in offspring a visual image of a chromosomal defect

a visual image of a chromosomal defect

Which bases are found in a strand of DNA? thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil guanine, cytosine, uracil, adenine cytosine, glycine, adenine, thymine adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

A mutagen is a living thing that has undergone a mutation. an agent that causes a mutation in DNA. a mutation that has affected one gene. any chemical that can poison living cells.

an agent that causes a mutation in DNA.

Karyotypes can be studied to determine an organism's chromosomal makeup and to detect genetic defects. Turner syndrome occurs when a female has an incomplete set of sex chromosomes. Symptoms of Turner syndrome include swollen hands and feet, short stature, and infertility. Which type of chromosomal mutation is responsible for causing Turner syndrome? polyploidy tetraploidy aneuploidy trisomy

aneuploidy

The DNA sequence reads ACGTTCATT before a mutation occurs. After the mutation, the DNA sequence reads ATCGTTCATT. Which type of mutation occurred? substitution insertion deletion point

insertion

Which occurs during translation? mRNA is created by using a DNA template. mRNA codons are joined by tRNA anticodons to assemble amino acids to form a protein. Protein is formed when a polypeptide chain is broken apart and released from ribosome. One strand of DNA is copied into a strand of rRNA.

mRNA codons are joined by tRNA anticodons to assemble amino acids to form a protein.

Which term describes a permanent change to a genetic sequence? mutation karyotype mutagen phenotype

mutation

Chromosomal mutations can have a variety of effects on individuals. Down syndrome is a disorder that causes problems such as mild to moderate mental retardation and slow or stunted development. A common form of this disorder is the result of a genetic mutation that occurs when there is an extra chromosome 21.Which type of chromosomal mutation causes this form of Down syndrome? nondisjunction inversion deletion insertion

nondisjunction

Where is the DNA located in a eukaryotic cell? ribosomes nucleus cytoplasm cell membrane

nucleus

Which organelle is the location where mRNA is translated into a protein? nucleus ribosomes cytoplasm cell membrane

ribosomes

A point mutation changes the DNA sequence CGA to CGT, but the same protein is still produced. Which point mutation occurred? nonsense missense silent frameshift

silent

On which feature is pseudoscience based? detailed research with reliable sources static information that does not change repeated investigations testable experience

static information that does not change

Which describes a promoter? the first part of an operon that regulates where, when, and to what level a gene is expressed the part of an operon that, if attached by a repressor protein, suppresses the expression of a gene a cluster of genes that are expressed or repressed as a group an enzyme that helps DNA unzip prior to transcription

the first part of an operon that regulates where, when, and to what level a gene is expressed

Only the proteins that the bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) needs are synthesized at any given time. For example, when lactose is available in the environment, E. coli will express the lac genes that allow it to break down lactose to obtain energy. When lactose is not present, these genes are not expressed.Which prevents the lac genes in the DNA of E. coli from being expressed most of the time? the lac repressor the lac operator the lac promoter the lac locator

the lac repressor

Which is the purpose of transfer RNA? to code for protein synthesis to carry the synthesized genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes to synthesize proteins from RNA to bring amino acids to the ribosomes to be assembled into proteins

to bring amino acids to the ribosomes to be assembled into proteins

Which is one of the primary goals of the Human Genome Project? to cure all diseases that affect humans to sequence the genome of every living individual to identify the 20,000 to 25,000 genes that comprise the human genome to measure the length of human DNA

to identify the 20,000 to 25,000 genes that comprise the human genome