Dr Dinehart Exam 3

People who are gifted have an IQ of

130 or higher

According to Bandura's model of observational learning, what are the four primary processes involved in observational learning?

According to Bandura's model of observational learning, what are the four primary processes involved in observational learning? Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation

People's decisions are likely to be biased because they tend to seek out and listen to others whose views confirm their views while they avoid those with dissenting views. This is a characteristic of

Conformation Bias

Which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer?

Food

In the context of the role of language in cognition, which of the following is a contribution of linguist BenjaminWhorf (1956)?

He argued that languagedetermines the way people think.

Which of the following is true of algorithms and heuristics used for solving real-life problems?

Heuristics are shortcut strategies.

Matteo specializes in the study of religious faith, practice, and experience. He is especially interested in the study of God and of God's relation to the world. According to Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences, Matteo is most likely to score high on

Intrapersonal intelligence

Which of the following is the smallest unit of language that carries meaning?

Morpheme

Nathan is a happy and healthy 3-month-old baby. Based on preferential-looking and habituation research, what can you predict about Nathan's perceptual abilities?

Nathan will prefer real faces to scrambled faces and he will also prefer his mother's face to a stranger's face.

Larry is grounded each time he hits his little brother. After being grounded frequently, Larry's misbehavior toward his little brother decreases. Grounding Larry is an example of

Negative Punishment

Liam is studying in his room for an exam but is disturbed by the loud music from his neighbor's house. He closes the window so that he can no longer hear the loud music. In this scenario, Liam's behavior demonstrates ________ inoperant conditioning.

Negative Reinforcement

Which of the following is true of observational learning?

Observational learning is one way in which human infants acquire skills.

Some bears kept in zoos allow veterinarians to routinely conduct total body checkups. These bears open their mouths for teeth cleaning and present their paws for nail clipping. Your friend wonders how anyone could ever get these dangerous animals to be so cooperative without anesthesia. You, a psychology student, quickly summarize that the bears had most likely undergone

Operant Conditioning

Which of the following is true regarding learning through operant conditioning?

Organisms learn the association between behaviors and their consequences.

Spanking is a form of ________; time-out is a form of ________.

Positive punishment, negative punishment

If an intelligence test produces the same score over multiple repetitions but it doesn't accurately measure intelligence, then the test is ________ but not ________.

Reliable but not valid

According to ________ there are three forms of intelligence, whereas according to ________ there are nine typesof intelligence.

Sternberg's triarchic theory/Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

Recent research on prosocial behavior has found that

Supportive parenting is related to more prosocial behavior in children

In the context of prenatal development, which of the following statements is true of teratogens?

The effects of teratogens depend on the timing on exposure.

Your psychology assignment is to observe and list the behaviors of your relatives that indicate learning. Which of the following should be included in your list?

Your little brother whines whenever he wants something

According to Piaget, accommodation occurs when individuals

adjust their schemas to new information

Ian came home after curfew. Without asking for an explanation, his parents sent him to his room and informed him that he was grounded for a month. Which type of parenting did Ian's parents demonstrate?

authoritarian

_______ is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable actions and responses.

behaviorism

According to Thorndike's law of effect _____.

behaviors followed by desirable outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by undesirable outcomes are weakened

Sarah feels sick every time she travels by air. She associates flying with physical illness and, as a result, hates air travel. She also finds it difficult to watch movies with airplanes or read books about airplanes because they make her uncomfortable. This scenario illustrates the learning process of

classical conditioning

The work of Harry Harlow established that

contact comfort is more important than feeding in the attachment process.

Dr. Ambrose conducts an intelligence test, and one question asks, "During which month of the year does theNational Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball championship start?" Students from various groups within the United States, as well as students from other countries, may have problems with this question because it is probably

culturally biased

In the context of creative thinking, ________ produces many solutions to the same problem.

divergent thinker

Jose's employer pays him every Friday. This is an example of which of the following schedules of reinforcement?

fixed interval

Samuel, a line worker in a factory, is required to produce 50 units to be paid $10. In the context of the schedules of reinforcement, this scenario most likely exemplifies a

fixed-interval schedule.

Jason, a 13-year-old, is working on an experiment during his science class. He is following a procedure to systematically analyze the outcome. Jason is most likely in the ________ stage of cognitive development.

formal operational

Which of the following is the correct course of prenatal development?

germinal period, embryonic period, fetal period

An analogy is sometimes drawn between human cognition and the way computers work. The physical brain is analogous to a computer's ________, and cognition is analogous to a computer's ________.

hardware; software

According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to young children's

inability to take another person's mental state into account

Tolman demonstrated that rats could learn to run a maze correctly even though they were never reinforced for successfully running through it. This demonstrated that the rats called on their ________ to help them reach the end of the maze more quickly.

latent learning

Developmental psychologists use the term "________" to refer to a person's biological inheritance, especially his or her genes.

nature

You tried to play peek-a-boo with your 1-month-old nephew, but whenever you hid your face, he would cry. You try it again 6 months later, and now he laughs and enjoys the game, trying to uncover your face with his hands. Your nephew has begun to develop

object permanence

Which of the following is true of gender identity?

permissive

Sam is a participant in a study of moral development. In response to the Heinz moral-dilemma story, Sam says"Heinz shouldn't steal the drug because he will go to jail if he steals. Jail is a bad place so Heinz shouldn't take the risk of such harsh punishment." Sam appears to be operating at which of the following stages of moral development?

preconventional

Benjamin, a six-year-old, loves putting together puzzles. He has recently mastered putting together a 10-piece sesame Street puzzle. His mother claps at his accomplishment but wants to continue challenging Benjamin just beyond his current abilities. The next time they play, she gives Benjamin a 15-piece puzzle and offers some guidance on how to sort the pieces out. According to Vygotsky, Benjamin's mother provides_______________ that allows Benjamin's cognitive abilities to be built higher and higher.

scaffolding

Marie visits her neighbor's house along with her 7-month-old son, Noah. When she places Noah on the floor of her neighbor's house, he crawls away from her and starts exploring nearby objects. However, he occasionally glances at Marie to ensure that she is close by. In the context of socioemotional development, which of the following concepts is exemplified by Noah's behavior?

secure attachment

Juan is a child with a low activity level, and he tends to withdraw from new situations. He is inflexible and displays low mood intensity. According to psychiatrists Stella Chess and Alexander Thomas, Juan is said to have what type of temperament?

slow-to-warm-up

Which of the following is the best example of an unconditioned response?

sneezing after sniffing pepper

In John Watson's experiment on classical conditioning, a white rat was used as a(n) ________ to condition Albert.

stimulus

Adolescents often have difficulty controlling their emotions and making sound decisions about risky behavior. Brain research suggests that this is due to the fact that during adolescence,

the amygdala is developed earlier than the prefrontal cortex.