Drugs & Crime E1

Two international surveys provide information on the question of drug-taking behavior around the world. One is the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs and the other is

World Drug Report

When the combination of two drugs result in an acute effect that is equivalent to the sum of the effects of either drug administered separately, the effect is known as:

additive

What drug (normally in combination with another drug) is commonly the third top drug and almost always in the top five drug in the DAWN reports?

Alcohol

Viking warriors known as Berserkers displayed wild behavior due to ingestion of what psychoactive drug?

Amanita muscaria, also known as fly agaric

What law in the 1980s mandated minimum sentences for federal drug convictions?

Anti drug abuse act 1986

Hundreds of newly synthesized psychoactive drugs are produced on this continent.

Asia

A former drug-dependent individual is advised to avoid surroundings associated with his / her drug-taking behavior because it may provoke psychological effects opposite to the drug effect through their association with prior drug taking behavior. This type of tolerance is called:

Behavioral tolerance

Most of the absorption process is accomplished within how many minutes after ingestion?

Between five and thirty minutes

George has taken a barbiturate for weeks. Unfortunately, he has developed a tolerance to this drug, and also developed a tolerance to another barbiturate that he has never taken. What is this type of reaction called?

Cross tolerance

One of the most important drug laws passed in the 1980s was the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988. This legislation created a cabinet-level Director of National Drug Control Policy, often referred to in the media as the "Drug King Pin."

False

Placebo is derived from the Latin, "I refuse to comply."

False

The 1980s law that mandated minimum sentences for federal drug convictions was the Comprehensive Crime Control Act

False

The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 made it illegal for opiate drugs to be used without a prescription.

False

The World Drug Report found that the prevalence rates for specific illicit drugs in all nations is relatively the same.

False

The law that enabled local and federal drug enforcement agencies to keep most of the money made from the sale of seized assets was the Clean Dollar Bill Act of 1993.

False

The capacity of a drug dose to have a gradually diminished effect on the user as it is taken repeatedly is known as:

drug tolerance

The four principle routes through which drugs can be delivered into the body are all of the following EXCEPT:

osmosis

The Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution restricted which of the following psychoactive drugs?

Alcohol

The rate of elimination of a particular drug can be determined by an index called:

Elimination of half-life

A prominent nineteenth century advocate of cocaine use was Alexander Fleming.

False

A shaman is a historically "extinct" individual who relies upon elaborate rituals

False

As a result of the Harrison Act of 1914, the Federal Bureau of Narcotics was established

False

China White was the black market selling of ivory, in which the profit was redistributed back into the trafficking of heroin

False

FARC is concentrated primarily in the southeast region of Mexico.

False

In 2011, patients admitted for drug-related ED visits were twice as likely to be females compared to males

False

How did the Harrison Act impact drug use in America?

It restricted access to opium-related drugs via taxation

Which legislation established 5 categories for drugs based on the drugs' abuse potential?

The Pure Food and Drug Act

Most of the marijuana from Mexico is smuggled by

land

An interval of time during which the blood levels of a drug are not yet sufficient for a drug effect to be observed is called:

latency period

Alcohol (normally in combination with another drug) is commonly the third top drug and almost always in the top five in the DAWN reports

true

American adolescents are less likely than their European counterparts to use cigarettes and alcohol, but are more likely to use illicit drugs

true

An injection technique in which a needle is inserted into the tissue underneath the skin is called subcutaneous.

true

During 1985 and 1996, the number of inmates in US prisons and jails rose nearly 100k

true

For two decades (mid 1970s-1990s) two of the most powerful criminal organizations in history that controlled the production and distribution of cocaine are the Medellin and Cali drug cartels

true

Four decades of conservative drug control policy resulted in the great expansion of the prison population between 1970s and 2010

true

In a double-blind procedure, neither the individual administering the drug or placebo nor the individual receiving the drug or placebo knows which substance is which is being taken.

true

In recent years, drug trafficking routes have splinted and diverged in directions that involve nations that had not been a part of drug trafficking

true

It is difficult to come up with an exact right figure of the total worth of global illicit drug trade, but it is financially successful

true

Marijuana is currently classified as Schedule I controlled substance defined as the highest potential for abuse with no accepted medical use

true

Mexico is currently the major foreign source for marijuana smuggled into the United States

true

Potentiation involves the using two drugs; one (when taken alone) has no effect at all.

true

President Clinton was the president who urged Congress to appropriate a $100 million increase in the budget for drug interdiction and increased foreign aid to stop the supply of drugs at their source at the same time he signed the Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act into law in 1996.

true

Regardless of which route of administration is used, the goal is for the drug to be absorbed into the bloodstream.

true

The "French Connection" ended in the 1970s as a result of successful prosecution of drug trafficking cases

true

The Comprehensive Drug Act of 1970 established a federal drug classification system called schedules on the basis of approved medical uses, potential for abuse, and producing dependence

true

The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 was the legislation that increased the ability for federal authorities to tap telephones, tightened the enforcement of money laundering activities, as well as broadened the scope of jurisdiction to areas of narcoterrorism.

true

The early years of Prohibition did show positive effects in the area of public health and alcohol related deaths, cirrhosis, mental disorders, and alcohol related crime declined

true

The federal agency that regulates pharmaceutical companies drugs within the United States is the US Food and Drug Administration(FDA)

true

The property of a synergistic drug interaction in which one drug combined with another drug produces an enhanced effect, when one of the drugs alone would have had no effect is called potentiation.

true

The significance of the Pure Food & Drug Act of 1906 was that it was the first regulatory act regarding drug consumption

true

Two examples of hyperadditive combinations are synergism and potentiation.

true

an instrument drug user takes a drug because they like the feeling of being high

true

in exploring the trends in drug use the MTF survey is limited to examining drug use within the past 30 days

true

the dark web is a place where drug transactions can be made with increased anonymity

true

What is a shaman?

A healers whose practice often includes the inducing of trances

This country uses hydroponics to grow marijuana which is primarily exported to the United States

Canada

While Bolivia and Peru remain significant players in the global cocaine market, most of the world's coca cultivation and cocaine production today takes place in what country?

Colombia

What Legislation restricted access to over-the-counter cold medications that could be used to manufacture methamphetamine, established limits on the amounts purchased, and required consumers to provide photo identification at time of purchase?

Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act

What was the law that enabled local and federal drug enforcement agencies to keep most of the money made from the sale of seized assets?

Comprehensive crime control act of 1984

Nixon was the president that authorized 88 million in aid to Colombia that was tightly restricted to police and counterdrug efforts and not intended to support Colombia's war against insurgent groups.

False

What kind of procedure is conducted when the individual receiving the drug and the person administering the drug are unaware of whether a drug or a placebo is being given?

Double blind experiment

This legislation created a cabinet-level Director of National Drug Control Policy, often referred to in the media by what nickname?

Drug Czar

The larger the quantity of a drug the ________ the body tries to get rid of it.

Faster

This is the cultivation, manufacture, distribution, and sale of illicit drugs in practically all regions of the world

Global illicit drug trade

A major opium-producing region of southwest Asia, comprising Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkey, Iran, and former regions of the Soviet Union are commonly referred to as

Golden Crescent

A major opium-producing region of Southwest Asia, comprising Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkey, Iran, and former regions of the Soviet Union are commonly referred to as:

Golden Cresent

If the combined effect is equivalent to 11, what is the combined drug effect called?

Hyperadditive

What was the significance of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906?

It was the first regulatory act regarding drug consumption

What would a laissez-faire policy regarding drugs involve?

Little or no regulation

According to the text, what six drugs are typical examples of club drugs that are normally ingested at all night "raves" and dance clubs and parties?

MDMA (Ecstacy), GHB, ketamine, Rohypnol, methamphetamine, and LSD

Which of these is a Schedule I drug? What is the consequence of a drug being on Schedule I of the DEA's schedules of controlled substances?

Marijuana. The drug is considered to have a high potential for abuse and no medicinal uses

What drug cartel was one of the most powerful criminal organizations in history, controlling production and distribution of cocaine and formed an allegiance with Pablo Escobar?

Medellin

After the metabolic (chemical breakdown) and urinary excretion called biotransformation through enzymes in the liver, what are the end-products of this process called?

Metabolites

This term refers to an antigovernment political groups which operate political insurgency and illicit drug trafficking.

Narcoterrorism

What is the most frequently used drug on a daily basis by high school students?

Nicotine

In nearly all metropolitan areas surveyed in the DAWN report, what are the two most frequently reported drugs?

Opiates and cocaine

What is the correct list of routes for administration of drugs?

Oral, injection, inhalation, absorption

Black Tar heroin was a result of:

Poor processing methods

What were the mandates of The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906?

Required manufacturers to list the amounts of alcohol or habit forming drugs on product labels

What was the result of the Harrison Act of 1914?

Several other drugs were classified as narcotics, narcotics were banned from medical use so both a and b

Which statement is NOT true?

Shamanism was eventually replaced by a more extreme form in certain parts of the world and then died out completely

Based on the consequences of the drug was in America, which shift in drug policy would many experts in the drug abuse field support?

Shifting efforts from use reduction to harm reduction

Who was a prominent nineteenth century advocate of cocaine use?

Sigmund freud

William is prescribed a drug from his doctor, and then prescribed a different drug from his dentist. He did not tell either doctor about the other prescription. Unfortunately, when taken together, drug one cancels out drug two, so the secondary drug has no effect. This type of drug effect is:

Synergistic

How did the Comprehensive Drug Abuse prevention and Control Act of 1970 influence drugs regulation

The Act established the Office of National Drug-Control Policy and provided funding for the "Just Say No" and Drug Abuse Resistance Education programs

What is the reason why there were no major drug control policies in the nineteenth century?

The United States did not have any agencies regulating the medical field. Federal laws limiting the use of drugs would have been seen as a serious challenge to states' rights. Both A and B

What does the term "chronic toxicity" refer to?

The psychological and physical harm a drug could cause over a long period of use

What was the American government's attitude toward drugs and drug-related behavior prior to the 20th century?

There was little regulation and control

Which is not a factor working against drug-control authorities in locating drug-trafficking routes?

Trafficking routes are fixed and stable

When narcoterrorism begins to influence individuals and groups across international borders without specific allegiances to individual nations, this is known as

Transnational Narcoterrorism

Bush was president when Colombia was awarded a substantial amount in U.S. aid to begin a unified campaign against drug trafficking and the activities of groups designated as terrorists.

True

During 1985 and 1996, the number of inmates in U.S. prisons and jails rise nearly

True

If the acute effect of one drug is diminished to some degree when administered with another drug, this is called antagonistic.

True

In 1956, it was made a capital offense to sell heroin to individuals under the age of 18.

True

Relatively little of the heroin from Afghanistan and other countries in the Golden Crescent are destined for the United States.

True

Shadow facilitators are private donors that support transnational narcoterrorism

True

The Comprehensive Drug Act of 1970 established a federal drug classification system called schedules, on the basis of approved medical uses, potential for abuse, and producing dependence.

True

The DSM has a separate diagnosis for substance abuse and substance dependence and neither uses the word "addiction" in the classification or criteria.

True

The Monitoring the Future National Survey asks students in eighth, tenth, and twelfth grades to participate in order to examine trends in drug taking behavior.

True

The USA Patriot Act I was the legislation that increased the ability for federal authorities to tap telephones, tightened the enforcement of money laundering activities, as well as broadened powers toward acts of terrorism and acts such as drug trafficking.

True

The legislation that restricted access to over-the-counter cold medications that could be used to manufacture methamphetamine, and limits purchases was the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act.

True

What Federal agency regulates pharmaceutical companies' drugs within the Unites States?

US Food and drug Administration FDA

According the World Drug Report, this country averages higher rates in all five major illicit drug categories relative to the worldwide average.

United States

According to the World Drug Report, this country averages higher rates in all 5 major illicit drug categories relative to the worldwide average

United States

What is the most common means of drug elimination through excretion?

Urine

What was the significance of The Harrison Act of 1914?

Was designed to regulate drugs through taxation

Which of the following is not one of the three major trafficking systems for the Golden Crescent heroin?

Western route through Europe

As the popularity of patent medicines grew, so did drug abuse. Unlike many of today's drug abusers, who was the typical nineteenth-century abuser?

White middle or upper class married women

Psychoactive drugs affect our behavior and experience through their effects on the functioning of the ________.

brain

A model of drug dependence based on the idea that the drug abuser is motivated by a craving for the pleasurable effects of the drug is called physiological dependence.

false

For two decades, (mid-1970s to the mid -1990s), two of the most powerful criminal organizations in history that controlled the production and distribution of cocaine is the Zetas andLa Familia Michoacana cartels

false

Four primary sources of heroin in the world are Afghanistan, Mexico, Libya, and Asia

false

If the combined drug effect is 10, then the term for this combination is hyperadditive drug effect.

false

Intramuscular injections are often referred to as skin-popping.

false

Narcoterrorism is the cultivation, manufacture, distribution, and sale of illicit drugs in practically all regions of the world.

false

President Bush restricted and reduced financial aid Colombia received when compared to President Clinton

false

The 1980s law that mandated minimum sentences for federal drug convictions was the Comprehension Crime Control Act

false

The DSM does not have an official standard for defining and diagnosing drug-taking behaviors.

false

The Harrison Act of 1914 moved the emphasis in the field of drug abuse from a criminal one to a medical one

false

The age group most likely to use illicit drugs are middle and high school students aged 12-17

false

The name for the measure of a drug's relative safety for use, computed by the ratio of the lethal dose for 50% of the population over the effective dose is called toxicity index.

false

The two models (physical and psychological dependence) are not mutually exclusive.

false

from the late 1990s to early 2000s the focus for drug related emergencies was on methamphetamine abuse

false

psychoactive drugs are those that affect our feelings and perceptions, but not our behaviors

false

the term chronic toxicity is used to describe a person who has had more than one drug overdose

false

It is more common for drug-related deaths to be a result of what of drug-taking behavior?

multiple/ poly drug

Domestic drug trafficking of marijuana has been complicated as a result of

some states legalizing it in various amounts and for various reasons.