Drugs ch1

What is the minimum number of DSM-5 criteria that must be met in order for someone to be diagnosed with substance use disorder?

2

A person's use of more than one drug at a time is of little concern because it happens so infrequently.

False- Although multiple drug use is not as frequent as use of a single substance, it is hardly rare, especially among young people. It is of great concern because combining drugs sometimes has unpredictable effects that may be life-threatening.

A person's reaction to a drug depends mostly on the biological action of the drug in the body.

False- Biology is important, but psychological and social or environmental factors must also be included to explain the effects of psychoactive drugs on humans.

Within the United States, similar patterns of alcohol and other drug use are found even among different subgroups of the population.

False- Drug use has been found to vary with characteristics of the person and of the environment.

Because drug use is complicated, it is impossible to estimate patterns of drug use for the population of a whole country.

False- Drug use is complicated, but sophisticated sampling methods and computers have made it possible to select large numbers of people and survey them to derive precise estimates of drug use in a given population.

Because the effects of drugs are both predictable and obvious, it is relatively easy to define drug abuse.

False- Drugs have a variety of effects on people, and the way drugs are perceived may vary in different cultures and subcultures. As a result, it has proved difficult to create a definition of drug abuse that is generally agreeable.

The continued use of any drug will eventually lead to tolerance of and physical dependence on that drug.

False- The continued use of many, but not all, drugs may lead to tolerance of and physical dependence on that drug.

The total economic cost of alcohol and drug abuse in the United States is about $1 billion annually.

False- The most recent estimates suggest it is more than 400 times that amount.

The chemical action of alcohol and other drugs causes violence and crime.

False- The use of alcohol and other, but not all other, drugs is associated with violence and crime but does not directly cause such behavior.

A diagnosis of drug use disorder is made when a person has become either physically or psychologically dependent on a drug.

False- Tolerance and physical dependence are two of 11 criteria in DSM-5 that must be considered in making a diagnosis of drug use disorder. In DSM-5, psychological dependence "is not among the criteria for a drug use disorder."

Modern researchers rely on definitions of alcohol and other drug use that are free of social or cultural biases.

False- We are improving our ability to rid our definitions of biases, but due to the influence of social and cultural factors on alcohol and other drug use and the perception of such use, it is unlikely that we will ever arrive at bias-free definitions.

drugs can be classified by

Origin, therapeutic use, site of drug action, chemical structure, mechanism of action, or street name

Cost-of-illness studies provide researchers with a broad perspective on which of the following aspects of drug abuse?

Social costs

Definitions of addiction emphasize overwhelming involvement with a drug.

True- Addiction is identified when a person has overwhelming involvement with using a drug. The person's life centers on getting an adequate supply of the drug, which takes priority over most or all other parts of life, such as school, job, family, and friends.

The highest rates of alcohol and other drug use are found among 18- to 25-year-olds.

True- People in this age group, called "young adults," have the highest rates of alcohol and other drug use in the United States.

A drug's street name sometimes describes the actual effects of that drug.

True- Street names, which come from drug subcultures and the street drug market, sometimes do reflect actual drug effects.

psychoactive drugs

affect mood, thinking, and behavior. Some substances have been designated formally as psychoactive, such as alcohol, whereas others have not, such as aspirin. Psychoactive drugs are the ones that people are most likely to use,

Which drug has the highest rate of usage in the United States?

alcohol

Drug

any chemical entity or mixture of entities, other than those required for the maintenance of normal health (like food), the administration of which alters biological function and possibly structure- World Health Organization

Experiencing withdrawal when stopping use of a particular drug primarily reflects which type of response?

physical

Yuri regularly drinks vodka and smokes marijuana, mostly on weekends. Yuri would best be categorized as a ________.

polydrug user

Pharmacology

the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems

psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior