DX2 Final
One tessla is equal to
10,000 gauss
What's the frequency in diagnostic ultrasound?
10MHz
The LD of humans is close to ___________ rad.
300
For lung and prostate malignant tumors, a typical course of radiation treatments will result in a cumulative dose of approximately __________ rads
7000
"Hot spots" on a static bone scan image correspond to A. Osteogenesis activity B. Tumor neovasculariy C. Extravascular blood pooling D. Glomerular filtration rate
A
A CT scanner initially obrains adult images in which plane? A. Axial B. Biaxial C. Transaxial D. Orthoaxial
A
A CT scanner, initially obtains adult images in which plane? A. Axial B. Biaxial C. Transaxial D. Orthoaxial
A
A housefield unit (HU) A. Is the numeric value of a pixel B. Is the numeric value of heat units C. Is the volume of voxel expressed in mm cubed D. Takes on values from -100 to +100
A
A hypothesized bioeffect of increasingly stronger MRI magnet strength is A. Heating B. Ionization C. Conduction D. Skin Erythema
A
A radiographic study which brings into focus only those objects in a single plane of interest is: A. Tomography B. Plain films C. Bone scan D. Magnetic resonance
A
As the kilovoltage waveform ripple decreases the patients absorbed dose: A. Decreases B. Increases C. Stays the same
A
Considering MRI physics, during nuclear relaxation: A. The gyromagnetic ratio changes B. Radiation is absorbed C. Radiation is emitted
A
Diagnostic ultrasound intensity is measured in A. W/cm squared B. Rads C. Grays D. Decibels
A
Diagnostic ultrasound intensity is measured in A. W/cm squared B. Rads C. Grays D. Decibels
A
How are heat units calculated? A. KVP time mAs B. The temp of the processing chemicals C. The amount of heat necessary to cause thermionic emission at the filament D. The room temp in the X-ray room
A
If all other factors remain constant, radiation dose is related source to object distance A. By the inverse square law B. Directly C. Exponentially D. Geometrically E. Inversely
A
If all other factors remain constant, radiation dose is related source to object distance A. By the inverse square law B. Directly C. Exponentially D. Inversely
A
In the darkroom, assuming a filter matched to the film being used, what is the max safelight wattage for direct illumination that may be used without potential for film fogging? A. 15 watts B. 25 watts C. 60 watts D. 75 watts
A
Milliamperage controls the __________ of the electrons flowing from the cathode to the anode A. Number B. Direction C. Speed D. Focusing
A
Radiation induced damage in biological tissues: A. Is related in the presence of increased oxygen levels of the tissue being radiated B. Is irreversible C. Is caused by basic interaction at tissue level
A
Radiation induced damage is biological tissues A. Is related in the presence of increased oxygen levels of the tissue being radiated B. Is irreversible C. Is caused by basic interaction at tissue level D. Generally results in only latent effects
A
Spin density can be defined as hydrogen A. Concentration B. Charge C. Relaxation D. Configuration
A
SuperTech problem: You have a 66 year old male patient who has fallen and injured his hip. Your exam suggests dislocation of the iliofemoral joint. Measurement through the hip is 22cm. What will your factors be? A. Bucky, 40" FFD, kVp 86, MAS 18 B. Buck, 40" FFD, kVp 86, MAS 18 C. Nonbucky, 40" FFD, kVp 86, MAS 25 D. Nonbucky, 72" FFD, kVp 86, MAS 12
A
The 10 day rule states that A. Appropriate X-ray exam should be scheduled within 10 days after the onset of menstruation B. Appropriate X-ray exam should be scheduled during the 10 days preceding the onset of menstruation C. All X-ray exam should be scheduled in the 10 day interval after the completion of menstruation
A
The line focus principle is most important when using the focal spot A. Small B. Large
A
The single most important advantage of spiral CT is which of the following? A. Imaging of a large volume of anatomy in one breath hold B. Imaging of a large volume of anatomy at a low patient dose C. Improved spatial resolution D. Improved contrast resolution
A
The weakest link in the chain of diagnostic imaging is? A. The processing system B. Large film on the cathode C. Rotating anode capable of 150kHU D. The small filament on the cathode
A
The whole boy radiation does encountered in a technetium bone scan is approximately how many rads? A. .2 B. 2 C. 20 D. 200
A
Using currently available equipment, comparing seven views of the cervical spine and a fluoroscopic (motion) exam of the cervical spine (approximately 2 minutes of exposure); the exam will generally result in _________ exposure to the patient. A. More B. Less C. Same amount
A
What is the greatest problem associated with radiolysis of water? A. Development of free radicals B. Production of macromolecules (protein bound water) C. Bremsstrahlung production D. Liberation of deuterium
A
When manually processing radiographs the ratio of developing time to fixing time is: A. 1:2 B. 2:1 C. 1:4 D. 4:1
A
Which of the following has the highest gyromagnetic ratio? A. H B. C C. Na D. K
A
Which of the following has the highest gyromagnetic ratio? A. H B. C C. Na D. P E. K
A
X-rays: (choose more than one) A. Have no mass B. Travel at the speed of light C. Travel at the speed directly proportional to the mAs D. Travel at a speed inversely proportional to the kVp E. Can expose photosensitive materials
A and B
Lines on radiographs running perpendicular to the direction of teh film traveling through the processor are (choose more than one) A. An indication of dirty rollers B. Usually repeated every 3.14 inches C. Caused by dirt on the crossover racks D. Repeated at 1 inch intervals
A and b
Probably the greatest hazard associated with MRI is
A projectile
The cardinal principle of radiation protection are (choose one or more) A. Distance B. Time C. Recovery D. Biological variability E. Shielding
A, B, and C
Lines on radiographs running perpendicular to the direction of the film traveling through the processor are
An indication of dirty rollers and usually repeated every 3.14 inches
The 10 day rule states that
Appropriate xray exam should be scheduled WITHIN 10 days after the on set of menstration
A CT image matrix is listed at 512 by 512. What does this mean? A. The field of view is 512 mm by 512 mm B. The anatomical image is composed of more than 200,000 picture elements C. There are 1024 radiation detectors surrounding the patient
B
Adding filtration to the X-ray beam as when sectional filters are used, causes the HVL to _________ and average photon energy to _________. A. Decrease, decrease B. Increase, increase C. Increase, decrease D. Decrease, increase
B
Assuming a focal film distance of 72 inches which is the max allowable deviation of the collimation from the actual x ray beam size? A. .8 inches B. 1.2 inches C. 1.4 inches D. 2.0 inches
B
For any given X-ray examination the number of X-rays reaching the film is directly related to the time the tumble is energized and the: A. Total filtration (inherent plus added) B. KVP setting C. Temperature of the developer solution D. Tube current
B
Given two different radiographic exposures of teh abdomen: exposure A is 70 kVp/50 mAs, exposure B is 80 kVp/25 mAs. Which one had the greatest percentage of Compton interactions? A. Exposure A B. Exposure B
B
If all other factors remain constant, radiation does is related to X-ray beam on time A. By the inverse square law B. Directly C. Exponentially D. Geometrically E. Inversely
B
In general, restriction of the primary beam with cones or collimator requires that the device restrict the beam to an area whose measured dimensions differ from the desired dimensions by no more than __________ of SID A. 15% B. 2% C. 3% D. 4%
B
In general, restriction of the primary beam with the cones or collimator requires that the device restrict the beam to an area whose measured dimensions differ from the desired dimensions by no more than _______ SID A. 15% B. 2% C. 3% D. 4% E. 5%
B
Making a radiograph through an upside down focused grid results in a film: A. Which appear perfectly normal B. Has a central band of normal image and lateral margins that are unexposed C. Has a central area of underexposure and lateral margins with normal image D. Has a central band of normal image and lateral margins that are grossly overexposed
B
Of the following, which is the single greatest source of exposure of the human population to man-made radiation? A. Nuclear reactors that create electric power B. Radiation used for diagnostic purposes C. Nuclear reactors that power ships and planes D. Radioactive material used in testing pipe welds
B
Per your classroom instruction, at what size does a body become sufficiently thick to warrant the use of a grid? A. 1 cm B. 12 cm C. 20 cm D. 24 cm
B
Radiation production guidelines in the US are based on which type of dose-response relationship? A. Linear threshold B. Linear non-threshold C. NLT D. NLNT
B
Radiographic workers (X-ray technicians and doctors) are primarily protected from the isotopic production of X-rays by the: A. Inverse square law B. Lead lined tube housing C. Vacuum inside the glass envelope D. Lead content of the glass envelope
B
Regarding dorsoplantar radiography of the forefoot, due to the inherent shape of the part, the best solution to create a more uniformly exposed X-ray would require the use of: A. Split screens B. Sectional filtration C. Gradient screens
B
Regarding thoracic spine radiography, dude to the inherent non uniformity of part thickness, the best solution to create a more uniformly exposed X-ray would require the use of: A. Split screens B. Sectional filtration C. Gradient screens D. Focused grids E. Sight developing
B
Supertech problem A. A 20 year old male patient is complaining of sinus symptoms. Transillumination of the maxillary sinuses shows opacity on the right side. Measurement for a Water's projection is 21cm. A. Bucky, 36" FFD, kVP 86, MAS 18 B. Bucky, 40" FFD, kVp 86, MAS 18 C. Nonbucky, 40" FFD, kVp 86, MAS 50 D. Nonbucky, 72" FFD, kVp 86, MAS 200
B
The RF signal emitted by tissues follows RF excitation is call a A. Tessa B. Free induction decay C. Gyromagnetic ratio D. Precession
B
The ability of an X-ray machine to procure constant radiation output at various conditions of mA and exposure time producing the same mAs is called? A. Reproducibility B. Linearity C. Accuracy D. Precision
B
The added filtration required by Federal regulations is placed b/w the: A. Anode and cathode B. Collimator and tube housing C. Collimator and patient D. Patient and the grid
B
The dose of standard radiation necessary to produce a given effect divided by the dose of test radiation which produces the same effect defines the: A. Linear energy transfer B. Relative biologic effectiveness C. Low of bergonie and tribondeau D. Radiation absorbed dose
B
The exchange of __________ between two systems of a specific __________ is called __________. A. Resonance, frequency, energy B. Energy, frequency, resonance C. Frequency, resonance, energy D. None of the above
B
The generally accepted range of useful densities on a radiograph is _________ above base + fog A. .1 to .3 B. .5 to 2.5 C. 1.0 to 3.0 D. 1.5 to 4.0
B
The medical physicist ________________ accurately relate the dose in milliroetegans, millirads, or millirems from only the technique factors set into the X-ray machines A. Can B. Cannot
B
The pH developer is A. Acidic B. Basic C. Neutral
B
When a very high electrical potential (kVp) is applied across the X-ray tube, then electrons are _____________ by this anode. A. Repelled by B. Attracted to C. Magnetized by D. Vaporized by
B
When performing an AP view of the femur, one should: A. Place the anode facing toward the knee B. Place the anode facing toward the hip C. Place the anode facing laterally D. Use a very short focal film distance
B
When selecting exposure factors on a single phase X-ray machine it is most important to enter on the console the: A. KVp before the mA B. MA before the kVp C. Time of exposure before all other factors D. The selection order is irrelevant
B
Which of the following factors would yield the most radiation protection for the patient being exposed? A. Utilizing a high grid B. Using a high kVp low mAs technique C. Decreased focal film distance D. Using the small focal spot
B
Which of the following is not part of the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau A. Stem cells are radiosensitive B. A fetus is less radiosensitive than an adult C. When metabolism is high, so is radiosensitive D. When proliferation rate is high, so is radiosensitive
B
Which of the following is not part of the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau? A. Stem cells are radiosensitive B. A fetus is less radiosensitive than an adult C. When metabolism is high, so is radiosensitivity D. When proliferation rate is high, so is radiosensitivity
B
Which type of X-ray production contributes most to the patients absorbed dose? A. Characteristic B. Bremsstrahlung
B
Assuming a focal film distance of 72 inches, which is the max allowable deviation of the collimation from the actual X-ray beam size? A. .8 inches B. 1.2 inches C. 1.4 inches D. 2.0 inches
B. 1.2 inches
Why is MRI non ionizing? A. Due to their small size it is chemically impossible to ionize hydrogen protons in teh presence of 1 or more tesla magnets B. The electron binding force of atoms that make up human tissues is greater than the energies associated with the main magnetic field(B0) and the radiofrequencies used in MRI C. Because the magnetic fields inherently associated with spinning polar protons these fields effectively shield its electrons from being removed from their orbits
B. The electron binding force of atoms that make up human tissues is greater than the energies associated with the main magnetic field(B0) and the radiofrequencies used in MRI
A minimal CT exam of a body part includes
Bone and soft tissue windows
A CT scan is made with a .5 mm slice thickness and a .5mm pixel size. What is the size of the voxel? A. 2.5mm cubed B. .15 mm cubed C. .125mm cubed D. .100mm cubed
C
Considering MRI physics, during nuclear relaxation A. The gyromagnetic ratio changes B. Radiation is absorbed C. Radiation is emitted D. Nuclei are stationary
C
Due to the size of the wrist, radiograph may best be performed using: A. A moving Bucky or stationary grid B. A low grid ratio C. A table-top technique D. Par speed screens
C
How many heat units are generated when xraying a 10cm neck in the lateral view (tube is positioned 72 inches form the film) with exposure values of 70kVp, 100mA, and 0.1 seconds? A. 7 HU B. 70 HU C. 700 HU D. 7000 HU
C
If a small anatomical detail occupies less volume than that of one voxel which it is being projected, that detail may be rendered invisible. This is an example of A. Windowing B. Level setting C. Partial volume averaging D. None of the above
C
If you choose to purchase a stationary grid the minimum number of lead lives per inch you will need to avoid visible grid lines is _________ lines per inch A. 52 B. 68 C. 85 D. 103
C
If you were to expose each of the following screens to the same amount of radiation which one would proceed the most light? A. Lanex fine B. Lanex regular C. Lanex fast
C
Kilovoltage controls the ___________ of the electrons flowing from the cathode to the anode A. Number B. Direction C. Speed D. Focusing
C
Of the various macromolecules sensitive to radiation damage, _______________ is (are) considered most sensitive A. Proteins B. Free radicals C. DNA D. RNA
C
Probably the greatest hazard associated with MRI is A. The main magnetic field B. RF energy C. A projectile D. Soft tissue heating
C
Radio waves, in the presence of a strong magnetic field, can cause hydrogen protons to deviate from that field. This motion is know as: A. Proton flux B. Impedance C. Procession D. Gyration
C
Supertech problem: Your first day in practice brings a 15 year old female who fell off a new pair of 4" heels. There is marked swelling over the lateral malleolus. YOU DO NOT OWN AN EXTREMITY CASSETTE due to lack of initial funds, therefore you are using measurement for the AP ankle is 10cm. A. Bucky, 40" FFD, kVp 63, MAS 20 B. Bucky, 40" FFD, kVp 63, MAS 12.5 C. Nonbucky, 40" FFD kVp 63, mAS 1.7 D. Nonbucky, 40" FFD, kVp 63, MAS 2.5
C
The LD of humans is close to A. 100 rad B. 200 rad C. 300 rad D. 400 rad
C
The diagnostically useful portion of a characteristic curve mostly includes the _________ portion of the curve A. Base plus fog B. Toe C. Straight line portion D. Shoulder
C
The principe on which ultrasound is based is called the ___________ effect. A. Photoelectric B. Crystalline C. Piezoelectric D. Transducer
C
The rate of precession of any polar portion of any element is called: A. Dipole moment B. Gyromagnetic ratio C. Larger frequency D. 11 weighting E. Tesla
C
What is the single most important source of scatter radiation during radiography? A. X-ray tube B. Collimator C. Patient D. Grid E. Cassette
C
What material is generally used for added filtration to meet National Commission of Radiation Protection (NCRP) recommendation? A. Pb B. W C. Al D. Fe
C
Which of the following will always appear black on MRI regardless of the pulse sequence? A. Kidney B. Bone marrow C. Cortical bone D. Skin
C
What are the cardinal principles of radiation protections? (Choose more than one answer) A. KVP B. MAS C. Time D. Distance E. Shielding
C, D, and E
Fusion scans can combine _______ and _______ images
CT -- PET
The medical physicist __________ accurately relate the dose in milliroetegens, millirads, or millirems from only the technique factors set into the X-ray maching
Cannot
Spin density can be defined as hydrogen
Concentration
Radionucleotide imaging is a ____________ and ___________ imaging modality
Sensitive -- nonspecific
A minimal CT examination of a body part includes A. AP and lateral views B. Axial and reconstructed images C. T1 and T2 weighted images D. Bone and soft tissue windows
D
A spinning top is used to check the accuracy of a timing device on a full wave rectified single phase X-ray machine. The resulting film demonstrates 24 "dots" of exposure. The actual time of exposure was: A. 1/100 second B. 1/20 second C. 1/10 second D. 2/10 second
D
All of the following are contraindications of MRI except A. Intracranial vascular clips B. Old pacemakers C. Cochlear implants D. Total hip replacements
D
Because of the unavoidable large size of the thorax. When performing a PA chest radiograph, unmagnification can be reduced by using focal film distance of: A. 36in B. 40in C. 60in D. 72in
D
Dose fractionation is less effective than a single dose of therapeutic radiation because A. Dose fractionation has a lower LET B. Dose fractionation has a low OER C. Fractionation doses are lower D. Recovery occurs b/w doses
D
For lung and prostate malignant tumor, a typical course of radiation treatments will result in a cumulative dose of approximately A. 7 rads B. 70 rads C. 700 rads D. 7000 rads
D
Fusion scans combine _________ and _________ images A. CT/MRI B. X-ray/CT C. Bone Scan/fluoroscopy D. PET/CT
D
In the formula to determine max permissible dose, the value 18 represents: A. The 1/2 life of diagnostic X-rays B. The average of patient would most likely be first xrayed C. The tenth value layer (TVL) for lead shielding D. The minimum starting age for employment as a radiation worker
D
In the formula to determine maximum permissible dose, the value "n" represents: A. The 1/2 life of giagnostic X-rays B. The average age a patient would most likely first be xrayed C. The tenth value layer (TVL) for lead shielding D. The minimum starting age for employment as radiation worker
D
One Tessla is equal to A. 10 gauss B. 100 gauss C. 1000 gauss D. 10000 gauss
D
Radionucleotide imaging is a _________ and ___________ imaging modality A. Specific/structural B. Unsensitive/structural C. Specific/functional D. Sensitive/nonspecific
D
The MRI image appearance is determined by which of the following? A. T1 relaxation time B. T2 relaxation time C. Spin density D. All of the above
D
The heel effect is: A. An artifact caused by xraying a load of bread B. Particularly important on X-rays of the lumbar spine C. A physical phenomenon but not of practical importance D. Is caused by photon absorption by the anode
D
The primary biologically reactive molecular byproducts formed during the radiolysis of water are thought to be A. O2 and H2O B. H2O C. SH compounds D. H and OH
D
The units of gyromagnetic ratio associated with polar protons are expressed as A. Damadiana B. Columbia C. Volts D. MHz/T
D
Transverse relaxation is also called A. Gyromagnetic ratio B. Spin lattice relaxation C. Lattice-lattice relaxation D. Spin-spin relaxation
D
What is the most likely source of error in the imaging chain? A. Operator error in setting exposure values B. Fluctuating incoming line voltage C. Operator error in estimating patient body habitus D. Processing errors
D
Which film/screen combination is the fastest? A. Lanex fine, T Mat G film B. Lanex Regular, T Mat G film C. Lanex Fast, T Mat G Film D. Lanex Fast, T Mat H film
D
Which of the following frequencies would include diagnostic ultrasound? A. 10Hz B. 10kHz C. 100kHz D. 10MHz
D
Which of the following imaging technologies has the best contrast resolution? A. Radioisotope imaging B. Radiography C. Computed tomography D. MRI
D
Of the various macromolecules sensitive to radiation damage, ______________ is(are) considered most sensitive
DNA
Transverse relaxation is also called
Spin spin relaxation
The diagnostically useful portion of a characteristic curve mostly includes the ___________ portion of the curve
Straight line portion
T/F According to Bushong there is evidence to suggest females are less radiosensitive than males
T
T/F At this point in time (excluding specific contraindications) it can be said that there are no harmful effects from magnetic resonance imaging.
T
T/F Color Doppler ultrasound is useful in "visualizing" blood flow rates
T
T/F Diagnostic ultrasound oscillates at a frequency more than that necessary for audible sound
T
T/F If an X-ray room is properly designed a secondary barrier may require no leading.
T
T/F In most states of the US an inspector form the Department of Health has the right by law to inspect your X-ray equipment during reasonable hours.
T
T/F Some radiation damage is reversible
T
T/F Some states have legislated specific exposure values for various average sized body parts with may not be exceeded
T
T/F X-rays can travel through a vacuum
T
A CT image is listed at 512 by 512. What does this mean?
The anatomical image is composed of more than 200,000 picture elements
Why is MRI non ionizing?
The electron binding force of atoms that make up human tissues is greater than the energies associated with the main magnetic field (B0) and the radiofrequencies used in MRI
A Hounsfield Unit (HU) is
The numeric value of a pixel
If all other factors remain constant, radiation dose is related to X-ray beam on time A. By the inverse square law B. Directly C. Exponentially D. Inversely
Directly
The cardinal principals of radiation protection are
Distance, time, and shielding
All of the following are specific contraindications for magnetic resonance except: A. Intracranial vascular clips B. Sheet metal workers with embedded metal shavings C. Patients with pacemakers D. Cochlear implants E. Hip prosthesis
E
An imaging procedure which demonstrates distribution of hydrogen protons within the body is: A. Mammography B. Complex motion tomography C. Computerized axial tomography D. Diagnostic ultra sound E. Magnetic resonance
E
Which of the following factors would yield the least radiation protection for the patient being exposed? A. Utilizing a low ratio grid B. Using a high kVp, low mAs technique C. Decreased focal film distance D. Using the small focal spot E. Using a low kVp, high mAs technique
E
The exchange of ___________ b/w two systems of a specific _______________, is called ______________.
Energy -- frequency -- resonance
T/F Because of patient discomfort, the use of compression during mammography is left to the technicians discretion.
F
T/F Diagnostic ultrasound beams of higher frequencies result in the deepest penetration of matter
F
T/F Diagnostic ultrasound can travel through a vacuum
F
T/F Sonography is ideal for imaging lungs due to its non-ionizing nature
F
T/F The X-ray beam used in fluoroscopy has such great penetrating energy that the average patient dose is comparable to plain film X-rays of the same body part.
F
T/F There is a minimum amount of radiation a human can tolerate, less than 100mR, with no adverse biological effects
F
T/F There is minimum amount of radiation a human can tolerate less than 100mR with no adverse biological effects
F
The FR signal emitted by tissues following FR excitation is called a
Free induction decay
The more narrow the CT window setting the ____________ the contrast of the displayed image.
Greater
The rate of precession of any polar portion of any element is called its
Gyromagnetic ratio
The primary biologically reactive molecular byproducts formed during the radiolysis of water are thought to be
H+ and OH-
A hypothesized bioeffect of increasingly stronger MRI magnet strength is
Heating
The single most important advantage of spiral CT is what?
Imaging of a large volume of anatomy in one breath hold
Radiation production guidelines in the US are based on which type of dose-response relationships?
Linear non threshold
The ability of an X-ray machine to produce constant radiation output at various conditions of mA and exposure time producing the same mAs is called
Linearity
The units of gyromagnetic ratio associated with polar protons are expressed as
MHz/T
Which imaging technologies has the best contrast resolution?
MRI
"Hot spots" on a static bone scan image correspond to
Osteogenic activity
If a small anatomical detail occupies less volume than that of one voxel which is being projected, that detail may be rendered invisible. This is an example of
Partial volume averging
The principle on which ultrasound is based is called the ___________ effect.
Piezioelectric
Dose fractionation is less effective than a single dose of therapeutic radiation becaue
Recovery occures between doses
The whole body radiation dose encountered in a technetium bone scan is approximately how many rads?
.2
The generally accepted range of useful densities on a radiograph is ____________ above base + fog
.5 to 2.5
Match the estimated average whole body radiation dose (rads) with their man made origin: MAN MADE SOURCE 1. Fallout 2. Radiopharmaceuticals 3. Diagnostic X-rays 4. Miscellaneous ANNUAL DOSE A. 1 B. 4 C. 10 D. 80
1-A 2-C 3-D 4-B
Match the units of radiation measurement with he questions under which the measurements are made. CONDITIONS 1. The quantity of radioactive material 2. Intensity of x or gamma rays 3. Exposure of radiation monitor 4. Radiation absorbed by patient UNITS OF MEASUREMENT A. REM B. Roeigens C. Curies D. Rads
1-C 2-B 3-A 4-D
The weakest link in the chain of diagnostic imaging is
The processing system