dynamic study module questions chapters 3-17

carboxyl group

-COOH

β pleated sheet

A common secondary structure in proteins formed by hydrogen bonds between strands.

α helix

A common structural motif in proteins characterized by a right-handed coil.

sickle-cell anemia

A disease caused by a single amino acid change in the primary structure of the protein.

hydroxyl (-OH)

A functional group that interacts with a carbonyl group to form ring structures in sugars.

carbonyl (-C=O)

A functional group that interacts with a hydroxyl group to form ring structures in sugars.

chitin

A long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, a derivative of glucose.

Water

A molecule that is always involved in hydrolysis reactions.

cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that mediates the movement of organelles within the cytoplasm.

diffusion

A passive process that describes the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

selective permeability

A property of cell membranes facilitated by proteins embedded in two layers of phospholipids.

endomembrane system

A system that includes the endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear envelope, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles.

human skin cell

A type of cell that can be identified by observing fluorescent micrographs with intermediate filaments.

ATP importance

ATP stores the potential to react with water, thereby removing a phosphate group and releasing energy for cellular processes.

Organic molecule base behavior

Amino.

Golgi apparatus

An organelle expected to secrete a lot of protein in a cell with extensive development.

rough endoplasmic reticulum

An organelle that synthesizes proteins that are secreted as glycoproteins.

Amino acids components

Both -COOH and -NH2.

seawater effect on cells

Both red blood cells and plant cells would lose water; the red blood cell would shrivel, and the plant plasma membrane would pull away from the cell wall.

Carbon atomic number

Carbon has 6 electrons; after completing the first energy level, carbon has 4 valence electrons and can form 4 bonds.

Chemical elements of life

Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphate, and sulfur.

Element in organic chemistry

Carbon.

Functional groups pair

Carboxyl is to acid as amino is to base.

plasmodesmata; gap junctions

Cell junctions in plant cells and communicating junctions in animal cells, respectively.

Eukaryotic cells

Cells that are compartmentalized, allowing for specialization.

ribosomes

Cellular structures present in prokaryotic cells.

Cilia

Cellular structures that aid in movement and are associated with basal bodies.

Polymer example

Cellulose, a plant cell wall component

Cell motility

Changes both in cell location and in the movement of cell parts, requiring interactions of the cytoskeleton with motor proteins.

plasmodesmata

Channels that allow dye injected into a plant cell to enter an adjacent cell.

Double bond formation

Cis-trans isomers can form.

multiple copies of linear DNA molecules

Evidence that supports the prokaryotic origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

microfilaments

Filaments that function in cell motility including muscle contraction, amoeboid movement, and cytoplasmic streaming in plants.

Ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Groups primarily involved in synthesizing molecules needed by the cell.

Properties of hydrocarbons

Hydrophobic, nonpolar, and a good source of stored energy.

Carbon skeleton variation

Lacking hydrogen atoms.

Sex hormones class

Lipids

phospholipids

Lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes.

Enantiomers effectiveness

May not be equally effective.

Peroxisomes

Membrane-bound metabolic compartments that specialize in the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and its conversion to water.

DNA regulation group

Methyl group (-CH3).

Hydrocarbons definition

Molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen.

Single-enantiomer drugs

One enantiomer may provide an effective treatment whereas the other may be ineffective or even toxic.

Inorganic vs organic carbon

Organic carbon always has a hydrogen atom covalently attached to it.

Microorganisms in their digestive tracts

Organisms that help cows hydrolyze cellulose to individual glucose units.

integral proteins

Proteins that exhibit both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.

Motor proteins

Proteins that interact with the cytoskeleton to facilitate movement in cilia and flagella.

Weak acid

R-COOH.

Weak base

R-NH2.

Sugar molecules relationship

Structural isomers.

Chromosomes

Structures that are only visible as a cell is about to divide.

tight junctions

Structures that bind intestinal cells together, preventing fluid leakage.

centrioles

Structures that make up centrosomes in animal cells.

Protein structure stabilization

Sulfhydryl group (-SH).

Functional group absent

Sulfhydryl.

plasma membrane

The barrier that a substance must pass through to move from outside the cell into the cytoplasm.

Red blood cell in hypertonic solution

The cell will decrease in size as water flows out of it.

Acidic chemical group

The chemical group that acts as an acid.

middle lamella

The layer that forms between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells.

cytoskeleton

The network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in a cell.

extracellular matrix

The network outside the cell that provides structural and biochemical support.

central vacuole

The organelle in plant cells that stores inorganic ions such as potassium and chloride.

Exocytosis

The process along with smooth and rough ER that accounts for the replacement of lipids and proteins lost from the plasma membrane.

Endocytosis

The process by which large protein molecules, such as antibodies, enter the cells lining a nursing infant's digestive tract.

diffusion gradient

The reason oxygen will diffuse more rapidly into cell B, which is steeper than in cell A.

nucleoid

The region of a bacterial cell that contains the genetic material.

Structural isomers definition

The same molecular formula but different covalent arrangements of their carbon skeletons.

endosymbiont theory

The theory explaining the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Peripheral proteins

These proteins are found only on the surface of the plasma membrane.

Functional groups

They all help give each biological molecule its unique properties.

Chemical groups significance

They contribute to the molecular shape of a molecule and its unique properties.

Membrane potential

This voltage is called a(n) membrane potential and is often maintained by electrogenic pumps.

centrosomes

Unique organelles in animal cells composed of structures called centrioles.

Biologically important chemical groups

Water (H2O).

hydrogen bonds

Weak attractions between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.

ATP formation

When three phosphate groups are covalently attached to adenosine.

Tetravalent carbon atom

a carbon atom can complete its valence shell by forming four covalent bonds

Peptide bond

a covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide.

Components of nucleic acids

a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate.

Glycogen

a polysaccharide that is used for storing energy in human muscle and liver cells.

Purines examples

adenine and guanine

Protein molecules composition

are polymers (chains) of amino acid molecules.

Chaperonins role in proteins

assist in the proper three-dimensional shape and folding of a protein.

Hydrophobic compounds

compounds that do not mix with water

Polysaccharide in exoskeletons

contains the polysaccharide chitin.

Bond joining monomers into polymers

covalent bond

DNA structure

exists as a double helix with the strand(s) running antiparallel.

Sugars composition

have a 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O and are called carbohydrates.

Unsaturated fats characteristics

have cis double bonds and are liquids at room temperature.

Macromolecules of life

include all of the following except trace elements.

Tertiary structure of a protein

includes all of the following interactions except peptide bonds.

Cellulose subunits linkage

linked together by glycosidic linkages.

Enantiomers

mirror-image isomers of a molecule

Chaperonins function

shields a newly forming protein from cytoplasmic influences while it is folding into its functional form.

Disaccharides examples

sucrose, lactose, and maltose are all disaccharides.

Cholesterol

the molecule with four fused rings that is found in animal membranes and is the precursor of vertebrate sex hormones.

Primary structure of a protein

the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

Carbohydrates function

used in our bodies mainly for energy storage and release.

Dehydration synthesis reaction by-product

water

Phosphorus shortage effect

would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture DNA.