dynamic study module questions chapters 3-17
carboxyl group
-COOH
β pleated sheet
A common secondary structure in proteins formed by hydrogen bonds between strands.
α helix
A common structural motif in proteins characterized by a right-handed coil.
sickle-cell anemia
A disease caused by a single amino acid change in the primary structure of the protein.
hydroxyl (-OH)
A functional group that interacts with a carbonyl group to form ring structures in sugars.
carbonyl (-C=O)
A functional group that interacts with a hydroxyl group to form ring structures in sugars.
chitin
A long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, a derivative of glucose.
Water
A molecule that is always involved in hydrolysis reactions.
cytoskeleton
A network of fibers that mediates the movement of organelles within the cytoplasm.
diffusion
A passive process that describes the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
selective permeability
A property of cell membranes facilitated by proteins embedded in two layers of phospholipids.
endomembrane system
A system that includes the endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear envelope, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles.
human skin cell
A type of cell that can be identified by observing fluorescent micrographs with intermediate filaments.
ATP importance
ATP stores the potential to react with water, thereby removing a phosphate group and releasing energy for cellular processes.
Organic molecule base behavior
Amino.
Golgi apparatus
An organelle expected to secrete a lot of protein in a cell with extensive development.
rough endoplasmic reticulum
An organelle that synthesizes proteins that are secreted as glycoproteins.
Amino acids components
Both -COOH and -NH2.
seawater effect on cells
Both red blood cells and plant cells would lose water; the red blood cell would shrivel, and the plant plasma membrane would pull away from the cell wall.
Carbon atomic number
Carbon has 6 electrons; after completing the first energy level, carbon has 4 valence electrons and can form 4 bonds.
Chemical elements of life
Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphate, and sulfur.
Element in organic chemistry
Carbon.
Functional groups pair
Carboxyl is to acid as amino is to base.
plasmodesmata; gap junctions
Cell junctions in plant cells and communicating junctions in animal cells, respectively.
Eukaryotic cells
Cells that are compartmentalized, allowing for specialization.
ribosomes
Cellular structures present in prokaryotic cells.
Cilia
Cellular structures that aid in movement and are associated with basal bodies.
Polymer example
Cellulose, a plant cell wall component
Cell motility
Changes both in cell location and in the movement of cell parts, requiring interactions of the cytoskeleton with motor proteins.
plasmodesmata
Channels that allow dye injected into a plant cell to enter an adjacent cell.
Double bond formation
Cis-trans isomers can form.
multiple copies of linear DNA molecules
Evidence that supports the prokaryotic origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
microfilaments
Filaments that function in cell motility including muscle contraction, amoeboid movement, and cytoplasmic streaming in plants.
Ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Groups primarily involved in synthesizing molecules needed by the cell.
Properties of hydrocarbons
Hydrophobic, nonpolar, and a good source of stored energy.
Carbon skeleton variation
Lacking hydrogen atoms.
Sex hormones class
Lipids
phospholipids
Lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes.
Enantiomers effectiveness
May not be equally effective.
Peroxisomes
Membrane-bound metabolic compartments that specialize in the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and its conversion to water.
DNA regulation group
Methyl group (-CH3).
Hydrocarbons definition
Molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen.
Single-enantiomer drugs
One enantiomer may provide an effective treatment whereas the other may be ineffective or even toxic.
Inorganic vs organic carbon
Organic carbon always has a hydrogen atom covalently attached to it.
Microorganisms in their digestive tracts
Organisms that help cows hydrolyze cellulose to individual glucose units.
integral proteins
Proteins that exhibit both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.
Motor proteins
Proteins that interact with the cytoskeleton to facilitate movement in cilia and flagella.
Weak acid
R-COOH.
Weak base
R-NH2.
Sugar molecules relationship
Structural isomers.
Chromosomes
Structures that are only visible as a cell is about to divide.
tight junctions
Structures that bind intestinal cells together, preventing fluid leakage.
centrioles
Structures that make up centrosomes in animal cells.
Protein structure stabilization
Sulfhydryl group (-SH).
Functional group absent
Sulfhydryl.
plasma membrane
The barrier that a substance must pass through to move from outside the cell into the cytoplasm.
Red blood cell in hypertonic solution
The cell will decrease in size as water flows out of it.
Acidic chemical group
The chemical group that acts as an acid.
middle lamella
The layer that forms between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells.
cytoskeleton
The network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in a cell.
extracellular matrix
The network outside the cell that provides structural and biochemical support.
central vacuole
The organelle in plant cells that stores inorganic ions such as potassium and chloride.
Exocytosis
The process along with smooth and rough ER that accounts for the replacement of lipids and proteins lost from the plasma membrane.
Endocytosis
The process by which large protein molecules, such as antibodies, enter the cells lining a nursing infant's digestive tract.
diffusion gradient
The reason oxygen will diffuse more rapidly into cell B, which is steeper than in cell A.
nucleoid
The region of a bacterial cell that contains the genetic material.
Structural isomers definition
The same molecular formula but different covalent arrangements of their carbon skeletons.
endosymbiont theory
The theory explaining the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Peripheral proteins
These proteins are found only on the surface of the plasma membrane.
Functional groups
They all help give each biological molecule its unique properties.
Chemical groups significance
They contribute to the molecular shape of a molecule and its unique properties.
Membrane potential
This voltage is called a(n) membrane potential and is often maintained by electrogenic pumps.
centrosomes
Unique organelles in animal cells composed of structures called centrioles.
Biologically important chemical groups
Water (H2O).
hydrogen bonds
Weak attractions between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.
ATP formation
When three phosphate groups are covalently attached to adenosine.
Tetravalent carbon atom
a carbon atom can complete its valence shell by forming four covalent bonds
Peptide bond
a covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide.
Components of nucleic acids
a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate.
Glycogen
a polysaccharide that is used for storing energy in human muscle and liver cells.
Purines examples
adenine and guanine
Protein molecules composition
are polymers (chains) of amino acid molecules.
Chaperonins role in proteins
assist in the proper three-dimensional shape and folding of a protein.
Hydrophobic compounds
compounds that do not mix with water
Polysaccharide in exoskeletons
contains the polysaccharide chitin.
Bond joining monomers into polymers
covalent bond
DNA structure
exists as a double helix with the strand(s) running antiparallel.
Sugars composition
have a 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O and are called carbohydrates.
Unsaturated fats characteristics
have cis double bonds and are liquids at room temperature.
Macromolecules of life
include all of the following except trace elements.
Tertiary structure of a protein
includes all of the following interactions except peptide bonds.
Cellulose subunits linkage
linked together by glycosidic linkages.
Enantiomers
mirror-image isomers of a molecule
Chaperonins function
shields a newly forming protein from cytoplasmic influences while it is folding into its functional form.
Disaccharides examples
sucrose, lactose, and maltose are all disaccharides.
Cholesterol
the molecule with four fused rings that is found in animal membranes and is the precursor of vertebrate sex hormones.
Primary structure of a protein
the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
Carbohydrates function
used in our bodies mainly for energy storage and release.
Dehydration synthesis reaction by-product
water
Phosphorus shortage effect
would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture DNA.
