EAB 3764 midterm
Which of the following problems would most likely result from a poorly operationalized definition? -Experimenter A's data varies greatly across days of the week and times of the day -Experimenter A's data varies depending on whether he/she observes the client in a large or small room -Experimenters A and B have very similar data even when they make their observations at different times -Experimenters A and B have very different data even when they make their observations at the same time of the day
Experimenters A and B have very different data even when they make their observations at the same time of day
Identify the statement that is the best description of operationally defined behavior: -Jimmy is very immature -Susie really has a hang-up -John has a red face and he perspires when angry -Sam becomes very angry in emotionally charged situations
John has a red face and he perspires when angry
At the school level, who or what is responsible for primary prevention? -SST. -PBST. -School principal. -School psychologist and counselor(s).
PBST
A major difference between the PBST and the SST is: -The SST focuses on the schoolwide discipline issues while the PBST's primary focus is on the individual. -The SST sets priorities within the school, while the PBST requests specialized assessments as needed -The SST conducts regular screening while the PBST determines the areas of need within the school -Both a and b
The SST conducts regular screening while the PBST determines the areas of need within the school
Whose name is associated with methodological behaviorism? -Skinner -Watson -Thorndike -Jung
Watson
Which of the following is a facet of ABA? -Applied -Behavioral -Conceptual -a and b only -a, b, and c
a and b only
A functional relation is demonstrated by: An A-B-C contingency analysis A direct relationship between the independent and dependent variables A procedure that shows extraneous variables are at work between the independent and dependent variables Both a and b
a direct relationship between the independent and dependent variables
A baseline phase consists of: -Repeated measurement of the treatment variable over several days -A short adaptation period prior to intervention -A representation of typical performance prior to treatment -Repeated measurements of the dependent variable prior to the adaptation phase
a representation of typical performance prior to treatment
ABA is applied to individuals' behaviors: -With autism -With developmental disabilities -Who are normal -All the above
all of the above
Behavior analysts must __________________ of the behavior-change program before implementation or making significant modifications. -obtain the client's written approval -receive written consent -ensure the client is in agreement with the procedures -all of the above
all of the above
Functional analyses can be used to discover the function of the following behaviors: -SIB -aggression -property destruction -all of the above
all of the above
Select the goals that: -Are foundational -Maximize the benefits and minimize the costs to the client and others -Are direct rather than indirect -Functional -All the above
all of the above
Treatment integrity: -Refers to the program being implemented as planned. -Is related to intervention effectiveness. -Is related to contextual fit. -All the above.
all of the above
Which of the following activities is or are important to establishing a supportive environment for program development and selection? -Establish a support base (e.g., a team or involve others). -Assure contextual fit. -Select and request the program implementer apply the intervention that research shows is the most effective for the client. -All the above. Both a and b.
all of the above
Which of the following are important points to implement during treatment monitoring: Observations are regularly plotted on a graph including small initial improvements Data are compared against baseline levels Visual evidence of progress is made available to all change agents involved All of the above
all of the above
Which of the following may account for lack of treatment effect? Objectives are inappropriate Contingencies are inappropriate Procedures are not being implemented as originally planned All of the above
all of the above
The definition of stimulus is: -An object or event that may influence behavior -An object or event that influences behavior -A contingency -A request or consequence to a behavior -Both c and d
an object or event that may influence behavior
Stimulus control in operant learning refers to: -Antecedent stimuli gaining control of the occurrence of a behavior (i.e., they evoke or abate it) -A one-to-one relationship between the antecedent stimulus and the response -Reinforcement or punishment increasing or decreasing the behavior -All the above
antecedent stimuli gaining control of the occurrence of a behavior
The functional analysis model described by Iwata (1982/1994) tests all 3 aspects of the behavioral contingency, which include -antecedent, trait, consequence -mood, behavior, outcome -antecedent, behavior, consequence -mood, trait, outcome
antecedent, behavior, consequence
Which of the following is NOT likely to be part of the same response or operant class? -Asking -Kicking mom -Throwing objects at mom -Spitting at mom
asking
Which of the following questions should be asked when a behavior analyst assesses behaviors? Is this: Diagnosis correct according to the behavioral model? Diagnosis correct according to the psychoanalytic model? Client going to like this diagnosis? Assessment useful for treatment?
assessment useful for treatment
Self-recording can result in desired behavior change. Therefore, to obtain a more valid picture of the pattern of one's behavior, one might have to be careful not to use this procedure during the __________ phase of the program. Procedure Baseline Treatment Maintenance
baseline
If teachers are to implement a program that they have been trained to implement during a workshop, the training must: -Be followed-up with on-the-job support and feedback for program implementation -Involve role-playing -Involve modeling -Both b and c
be followed-up with on the job support and feedback for program implementation
Junior is the new behavior analyst on the board. Being ambitious, he constructs a behavioral assessment inventory which permits the scoring of 10 different behaviors in 15 second intervals. Which of the following weaknesses is most likely to interfere with the validity of this instrument? -Reactivity -Instructional demand -Observer's awareness that reliability is being assessed -Behavioral complexity and frequency
behavioral complexity and frequency
Avoid selecting an ABAB design when: The behavior is highly aggressive or self-injurious Treatment can be delayed The behavior is highly valued by those in the natural environment Both A and C All the above
both a and c
The advantages of single subject designs include: Using ipsative data Using normative data Demonstrating functional relations All the above Both a and c
both a and c
Operant behavior is: -Controlled primarily by its antecedents -Controlled primarily by its consequences -Elicited -Voluntary -Both b and d
both b and d
When this article came out, most of the studies used _______ functional analyses, and only a few used __________ functional analyses. However, now a days, more and more clinicians are relying on this method of functional analysis, which can be done in a single outpatient session. -full; brief -complete; incomplete -incomplete; complete -brief; full
brief; full
Behavior analysts minimize the use of items as potential reinforcers that may be harmful to the health and development of the client, or that may require excessive motivating operations to be effective. Some examples of harmful reinforcers can include: -excessive praise -candy -additional choices in play -social interaction
candy
The multiple-baseline across individuals involves: Collecting data on different behaviors across different individuals in the same settings Collecting data on the same behavior of several persons Collecting data on different behaviors across settings None of the above
collecting data on same behavior of several persons
Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing feature of ABA? -Concerned with inner processes -Performance based -Analytical and contextual -Socially important
concerned with inner processes
Behavior analysts design behavior-change programs that are conceptually ___________ with behavior- analytic principles -consistent -filled -influenced -inconsistent
consistent
In a functional analysis, test conditions involve some potentially relevant independent variable (e.g., contingency between problem behavior and access to toys), whereas ______________ conditions are generally constructed so that the same independent variable is absent. -test -control -escape -attention
control
ABA focuses on objective and observable behavior because: -Behavior analyst assume that there is no such thing as private events -Behavior analysts have an ethical obligation not to pry into people's private thoughts and feelings -Overt behavior is more valid -Covert behavior is difficult to study scientifically
covert behavior is difficult to study scientifically
Fred will hit the ball with his racket at least once in each of five 20-minute blocks of time. The underlined part is an example of a: -Problem -Goal -Criterion level -Topography
criterion level
Which type of graph or chart would be best for recording each day a homework assignment was handed in on time? -Line graph -Bar graph -Cumulative graph -Standard celebration chart
cumulative graph
The standard graphing format does NOT include: -Phase labels -A label for the graph -Labels for the units of measurement on both the ordinate and abscissa -Data points connected across phases
data points connected across phases
Which of the following is an accurate behavioral assessment sequence? Evaluate outcome; define target behavior; select measures Define target behavior; select measures; evaluate outcome Select measures; define target behavior; evaluate outcome Select measures; evaluate outcome; define target behavior
define target behavior; select measures; evaluate outcome
The term reinforcement is used to: -Describe a process -Describe a procedure -Describe both a process and procedure -Decrease behavior
describe both a process and procedure
The studies included in the functional analysis review (and most, if not all, functional analyses for that matter) required that the behaviors be -described in detail by the caregivers -directly observed -reported to occur in multiple settings -reported to occur a minimum of 10 times a day
directly observed
Being seated is measured by recording the length of time Rene is seated in his seat. This is an example of: Duration recording Permanent product recording Momentary time-sampling Event recording
duration recording
What is the best recording method for discrete behaviors, such as kicking a sibling? Latency Event or frequency Duration IRT Permanent product
event or frequency
A counselor was asked by a teacher to observe the misconduct of a child in a classroom. After observing the child for a period of time, the counselor identified three undesirable behaviors: poking other students, speaking without permission, and getting out of her seat without permission. The counselor then tallied the number of times each behavior occurred for an hour in the morning and an hour in the afternoon. The counselor has used: Event recording Time sampling Duration recording Intermittent time sampling
event recording
Behavior analysts continue services with the client even when the established criteria for discontinuation are attained, as in when a series of agreed-upon goals have been met. True False
false
If environmental conditions hinder implementation of the behavior-change program, behavior analysts seek to terminate the treatment plan True False
false
During training of program implementers, which is most important to sustaining program implementation: -Modeling. -Role-playing. -Follow-up support and feedback from behavior analyst. -Supportive feedback during workshop training. -Follow-up support and feedback from significant others.
follow-up support and feedback from significant others
Sylvia still laughs inappropriately. Her mother complains that her laughter is either too long, too short, or too often. Event recording is not a valid measure in this case because she could be laughing: For widely varying durations Too often Not often enough When it is appropriate on occasion
for widely varying durations
The best way to prevent observer drift is to assess agreement: -Frequently without prior notice, but making clear at the onset of the treatment what is expected of observers and reinforcing the observers for adhering to these expectations -By telling observers exactly when agreement will be assessed in order to allow for adaptation -By taking advantage of the observers' reactivity by announcing that assessments will be carried out on a regular basis without telling them the exact time -A the onset of training and to train observers well so that further assessment won't be necessary
frequently without prior notice, but making clear at the onset of the treatment what is expected of observers and reinforcing the observers for adhering to these expectations
Records, standardize tests, and questionnaires: -Are not used in applied behavior analysis programs -Furnish indications of a client's or student's general level of functioning -Take up too much time -Are rarely available to a behavior analyst
furnish indications of a client's or student's general level of functioning
Maria will reduce her instances of blushing by 80% in a social situation. The underlined part is an example of a: -Problem -Goal -Topography -Behavioral dimension
goal
A major goal of applied behavior analysis is to: -Reduce inappropriate behavior -Restructure the manner in which education is provided today -Utilize only positive approaches in dealing with behavior -Help individuals function more independently without outside interference
help individuals function more independently without outside interference
One of the behavior analyst's first tasks is to: -Measure the behavior's occurrence -Select alternatives to the problem behavior -Select a contextually appropriate intervention -Help the program implementer or client operationalize the problem behavior.
help the program implementer or client operationalize the problem behavior
If asked, "How variable are your data?" you are being asked: -What is the change in the mean value of your data set? -How evenly or irregularly is the change taking place? -Is the pattern of the data rising or falling over time? -What is the average standard deviation of your data?
how evenly or irregularly is the change taking place?
A three term contingency refers to a(n): -Causal effect of contingencies on behavior -Interdependencies or relationships of contingences with -A response class of antecedent stimuli -None of the above
interdependencies or relationships of contingencies with
The vertical axis on a graph: -Is the abscissa -Is the ordinate -Is the X-axis -Displays data points across phases -Both a and c
is the ordinate
It is important to provide a sufficient adaptation period because: -It reduces reactivity through habituation -It increases reactivity leading to clear behavioral effects -It can be used in lieu of baseline data -It provides important information regarding atypical performance
it reduces reactivity through habituation
Which of the following activities is NOT helpful in minimizing goal conflicts and promoting contextual fit? -Selecting goals jointly -Permit client or advocate to terminate serves at any time -Severely disabled clients should be represented by an advocate -Implement a behavioral contract -Just accept the goals set by the client or guardian
just accept the goals set by the client or guardian
The field of applied behavior analysis (ABA) began applications to human behavior during the: -Late 1950's to early 1960's -Early 1900's -Late 1800's -The 1920's
late 1950s to early 1960s
Behavior analysts review and appraise the restrictiveness of procedures and always recommend the _________ restrictive procedures likely to be effective. -most -least -most current and -least researched and
least
A variety of experimental designs can be used to conduct a functional analysis. However, in the review, the design that was used the most was the -multielement -reversal -pairwise -combination
multielement
Martha frequently fidgets, swear, and cuts class. Which design would be most appropriate to evaluate a contingency program? Multiple-baseline across subjects Multiple-baseline across behaviors Reversal Multiple probes
multiple-baseline across behaviors
Terrance decided to see what effect giving out coupons for the ward store would have upon keeping the desk clean, engaging in group activities, and medication taking. Select the best design to examine this situation. Multiple-baseline across behaviors Multiple-baseline across subjects Reversal Changing criterion design
multiple-baseline across behaviors
Professor Caresalot has been having a continuing problem with one of her students. He is always interrupting her by asking irrelevant questions, first in class because she was very patient, polite and answered his questions. Then he began to come to her office and finally he began seeking out the good professor during lunch and dinner. She decided that something had to be done. First, she ignored his irrelevant questions at lunch. Then she began ignoring when he came to her office and asked irrelevant questions. Finally, she began to ignore his talking about irrelevant subjects in class. Results indicated that ignoring reduced irrelevant questions each time it was introduced. This illustrate a: Multiple-baseline across behaviors Multiple-baseline across subjects Multiple-baseline across situations Withdrawal
multiple-baseline across situations
Which of the following is most likely to be an independent variable? The: Duration of a smile Number of aversive stimuli delivered to a rat's tail Frequency of nagging comments Numbers of blurt-outs in a room
number of aversive stimuli delivered to a rat's tail
Reliable measures are most always: Valid Objective Dependent Independent
objective
By carefully designating the response properties that constitute the target behavior, we maximize: -Validity -Objectivity -Sensitivity -Sensibility
objectivity
Tom and Mary had a perfect inter-observer coefficient of agreement. A month later their scores began to diverge. This is an example of: The slippery slope effect Calibration Observer drift Reactivity
observer drift
The description of program objectives and the means by which they will be accomplished is a(n) _____________ process throughout the duration of the client-practitioner relationship. -difficult -ongoing -periodic -short term
ongoing
ABA procedures are relevant to: -School children and developmentally disabled adults only -People who have psychotic diagnoses as well as business managers -People who have a mental illness but not people who have a physical illness -Individuals but not groups
people who have psychotic diagnoses as well as business managers
A student, Michele, was causing a disruption. The teacher yelled at her to be quiet. She stopped her disruption. Over time, it is discovered that Michele's disruptions are increasing even through the teacher keeps yelling at her when she is disruptive. It appears that the teacher's yelling is __________ Michele's disruptions. -Punishing -Providing extinction to -Negatively reinforcing -Positive reinforcing
positive reinforcing
Primary prevention attempts to: -Prevent discipline problems from occurring in the first place. -Use small group tutoring and social skills training. -Use functional assessments and individualized programs. -Implement both a and b above.
prevent discipline problems from occurring in the first place
Behaviors in a response class: -All look alike -Are part of the same chain of behaviors -Produce the same reinforcers under similar circumstances -Produce extinction
produce the same reinforcers under similar circumstances
A positive behavior support team is necessary because it: -Promotes staff support and sustainability of schoolwide discipline or behavior management programs. -Provides support for individual student behavior programs. -Conducts proactive, regular student screening. -Conducts social skills assessments for identified students.
promotes staff support and sustainability of schoolwide discipline or behavior management programs
To improve reliability, Joe video taped behavioral episodes and asked observers to score each interval several times in mixed order until they agreed on a point-by-point basis. This is most likely an example of: -Adaptation -Supervision -Reactivity -Recalibration
recalibration
If punishment procedures are necessary, behavior analysts always include ________________ procedures for alternative behavior in the behavior-change program. -escape -aversive -reinforcement -the same
reinforcement
Which of the following is NOT a factor related to treatment integrity? -Treatment acceptability. -Treatment complexity. -Time required to implement treatment. -Skills of intervention agent. -Reinforcer satiation.
reinforcer satiation
To be valid a measure must be: Reliable Dependent Independent All of the above
reliable
Which of the following is an example of an overt behavior? -Expecting something to happen based on a dream -Thoughts about a dream -Reporting a dream -Dreaming of something
reporting a dream
Most of the studies included in the review included multiple conditions that were tested for each behavior. One of the conditions includes: -social-positive reinforcement -pre-test -post-test -baseline
social-positive reinforcement
Which of the following is sufficiently operational and measurable? -Speaking audibly in class -Attending to the teacher -Participating -Anxiety
speaking audibly in class
Which type of graph or chart shows the proportional or relative changes in behavior? Line graph Bar graph Cumulative graph Standard celebration chart
standard celeration chart
When changing unwanted behavior, the behavior analyst: -Aims solely at terminating the unwanted behavior -Will usually select a punitive procedure to reduce or stop its occurrence -Teaches alternative replacement behaviors -Both a & b
teaches alternative replacement behaviors
Interval time-sampling would NOT be the appropriate measurement procedure to use when: It is necessary to record a number of behaviors simultaneously The behaviors are of a continuous nature The behaviors of interest is a low-rate problem behavior (e.g., only occurs once a month) The observational intervals are briefer than twenty seconds
the behaviors of interest is low-rate problem behavior
A constructive approach usually includes: -A behavioral contract -An advocate -The identification of current effective repertoires -All the above
the identification of current effective repertoires
In general, the first problem you should explore when encountering low agreement scores between observers is the possibility of: The use of an inappropriate observational system The lack of operationally clear target definitions The use of the wrong formula An insufficient number of behavioral samples
the lack of operationally clear target definitions
A teacher asked Maria, "What is 3x3?" Maria responds, "6." The teacher then asks Tyrone, "What is 3x3?" He responds, "9." The teacher then says, "Yes, that's correct Tyrone. Maria, what is 3x3"? Maria responds, "9," and receives praise. In this example, -The teacher is attempting to develop 3x3 into an SDp for Maria to say 9 and a SDe for saying 6. -The teacher is attempting to develop 3x3 into an SDr for Maria to say 9 and an S? for saying 6. -The teacher is attempting to develop 3x3 into an SDp for Maria to say 9 and a SDr for saying 6. -The teacher is attempting to develop 3x3 into an S? for Maria to say 9 and an SA for saying 6.
the teacher is attempting to develop 3x3 into an SDr for Maria to say 9 and an S? for saying 6
Indices of interobserver agreement must be assessed: Until observers become so used to the cuing devices that they can pace themselves without external cues To check for observer drift To impress the observers with the scientific approach By using both B and C
to check for observer drift
Select the true statement: -Training program implementers effectively to change their behaviors can often be done through seminars or workshops on ABA. -Training, inspiration, and initial commitment without follow-up support are usually worthless. -The most effective intervention should most always be selected and implemented by the contingency managers. -The behavior analyst should be the one to select the goal for he client because of his or her understanding of ABA and the results of the functional assessment.
training, inspiration, and initial commitment without follow-up support are usually worthless
Behavior analysts ensure that aversive procedures are accompanied by an increased level of training, supervision, and oversight. True False
true
Behavior analysts must tailor behavior-change programs to the unique behaviors, environmental variables, assessment results, and goals of each client. True False
true
True or false: functional analysis methodology reemphasized the importance of applied research in contributing to an understanding of the determinants of behavior as the basis for identifying effective treatments that produce generalized results. True False
true
True or false: there is an increasing trend in the number of articles published with functional analysis data True False
true
Functional Analysis methodology identifies _______ that influence the occurrence of problem behavior -traits -people -variables -characteristics
variables
A dependent variable: Can be depended upon Is systematically changed by the experimenter Varies as another variable is changed systematically Does not vary because it depends on the subject
varies as another variable is changes systematically
The most efficient way of placing data on a graph is: -While baseline and treatment data continue to be gathered -When all of the baseline and treatment data have been gathered -Putting the time dimensions on the ordinate -None of the above
while baseline and treatment data continue to be gathered
Momentary time-sampling can be used best: With behaviors that last only for a moment within an interval From moment to moment whenever the subject feels like it With behaviors that are short in duration With behaviors that occur frequently
with behaviors that occur frequently
Ms. Pantfeld decided to see what effect a special class activity would have on her first period class attendance. Select the most appropriate design to research this dilemma Multiple-baseline across behaviors Multiple-baseline across subjects Alternating treatment design Withdrawal
withdrawal
Extinction involves: -Removing a certain number of reinforcers -Placing the individual in a quiet room for a short time period (e.g., 3- 5 minutes) -Withholding all reinforcement from the behavior's occurrence -Providing an aversive stimulus to stop or "extinguish" the behavior -Ignoring
withholding all reinforcement from the behavior's occurrence
Which of the following is NOT an element of ABA? -Applied -Behavioral -Conceptual -A and b only -A, b, and c
A, b, and c
