Early Childhood: Psychosocial Development
A kind of social play in which children interact, sharing material, but their play is not reciprocal.
Associative play
A drive that comes from inside a person is called an: A. extrinsic motivation. B. personal motivation. C. inner drive. D. intrinsic motivation.
B
Across cultures, children of parents who are __________ are less able to regulate their emotions. A. shameful B. emotionally handicapped C. prideful D. aggressive
B
______ theorists believe that gender differences are related to patterns found throughout the culture.
Sociocultural
Running skills develop BEST when children chase or race each other, not when a child runs _____. Peers provide an audience, role models, and sometimes competition.
alone
The ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person, especially when they differ from one's own.
empathy
A dimension which indicates parent vary in expectations for responsibility and self-control.
expectations for maturity
A dimension which indicates some parents are warm and affectionate; others, cold and critical.
expressions of warmth
Diana Baumrind found that parents different on four important dimensions, which are:
expressions of warmth , strategies for discipline , communication , expectations for maturity
Behavior that hurts someone else because the aggressor wants to get or keep a possession or a privilege.
instrumental aggression
An example of a(n) _____ problem is excessive shame.
internalizing
Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves turning one's emotional distress inward, as by feeling excessively guilty, ashamed, or worthless.
internalizing problems
A variety of conditions in which an individual is born with sexual or reproductive anatomy that is not able to be categorized as either male or female.
intersex
A drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that comes from inside a person, such as the desire to feel smart or competent.
intrinsic motivation
An approach to a child rearing in which the parents are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their children's lives.
neglectful/uninvolved parenting
If someone believes in the _____ perspective, they might cites as evidence the fact that young children tend to emulate people who follow the rules of the community.
nurture
Biological differences between males and females, in organs, hormones, and body type.
sex differences
An individual's sexual attraction to and sexual preference for members of the same sex, members of the opposite sex, and/or members of either sex. While some research suggests that this endures over time, even over a lifetime, other research suggests that this may not fit neatly into these categories and may be fluid and change over the course of a lifetime.
sexual orientation
Pretend play in which children act out various roles and themes in stories that they create.
sociodramatic play
A kind of social play in which a child plays along, unaware of any other children playing nearby.
solitary play
A dimension which indicates parents vary in how they explain, criticize, persuade, and punish.
strategies of discipline
In psychoanalytic theory, the judgmental part of the personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents.
superego
a disciplinary technique in which a child is separated from other people for a specified time
timeout
What are the problems in Baumrind's styles?
- Her participants were not diverse in SES, ethnicity, or culture. - She focused more on adult attitudes than on adult actions. - She overlooked children's temperamental differences. - She did not recognize that some "authoritarian" parents are also affectionate. - She did not recognize that some "permissive" parents provide extensive verbal guidance.
List 5 kinds of social play described by the American sociologist Mildred Parten in 1932, in order of the least to the most advanced one.
1. Solitary play 2. Onlooker play 3. Parallel play 4. Associative play 5. Cooperative play
According to the text, children's gender differences are influenced by: A. All of the answers are correct. B. peers. C. teachers. D. parents.
A
Girls whose behavior problems got worse over the first years of primary school were more likely to engage in _____________ than boys were. A. reparative behavior immediately B. storytelling C. make-believe D. aggressive actions
A
Leo punches Alan in the face after Alan accidentally tripped Leo on the playground. Leo's aggression would be described as _____ aggression. A. reactive B. instrumental C. bullying D. relational
A
Most children become capable of intentional prosocial or antisocial behavior: A. by age 4 or 5. B. by age 2 or 3. C. by age 6 or 7. D. by age 7 or 8.
A
Physical punishment, such as slapping and spanking, is used more on children ______ than on children of any other age-group. A. between infancy and age 6 B. ages 6 to 7 C. ages 1 to 2 D. over age 6
A
The sociodramatic play of boys often revolves around: A. themes of good versus evil. B. vocational themes. C. family themes. D. domestic themes.
A
When a child feels excessive guilt, shame, or worthlessness, he or she is: A. internalizing problems. B. pathological. C. emotionally regulated. D. externalizing problems.
A
Which theory of gender differences focuses primarily on children's understanding of gender? A. cognitive theory B. sociocultural theory C. psychoanalytic theory D. behaviorism
A
Wrestling is an example of _____ play. A. rough-and-tumble B. sociodramatic C. solitary D. parallel
A
Billy and Tish do not believe that it is right to expect their young children to exhibit too much self-control or to take responsibility for most of their behaviors. This aspect of Billy and Tish's parenting would fall into which of Diana Baumrind's dimensions of parenting? A. communication B. expectations for maturity C. expressions of warmth D. strategies for discipline
B
Children who master ___________ have learned when and how to express emotions. A. behavioral control B. emotional regulation C. emotional development D. behavioral regulation
B
Displaying deliberate prosocial or antisocial behavior requires a child to have: A. brain maturation. B. All of these answers are correct. C. interactions with caregivers. D. emotional regulation.
B
Jose works hard to be respectful and fair towards his children. He tries to consistently enforce pre-set rules and strongly believes in natural and logical consequences for their behavior. His parenting style could be best described as: A. authoritarian. B. authoritative. C. permissive. D. neglectful.
B
Terrance says to his daughter, "If you do not tell me that you love me, then I may go away and never come back." This disciplinary technique is called: A. withdrawal of love. B. psychological control. C. induction. D. persuasive control.
B
Three-year-old Tim knocks Dan to the ground to get a toy away from him. Tim is MOST likely demonstrating: A. bullying aggression. B. instrumental aggression. C. reactive aggression. D. relational aggression.
B
What was a limitation of Baumrind's research on parenting styles? A. There should have been only two identified parenting styles. B. The sample had little economic, ethnic, or cultural diversity. C. It focused too much attention on the child's contribution to parent-child relationships. D. The topic had already been extensively researched.
B
Which of the following is TRUE concerning permissive parents? A. They show their children little warmth. B. They are extremely nurturing and accepting. C. They have high expectations for maturity. D. They are uninvolved in their child's daily life.
B
Young children who never play: A. tend to be very independent. B. may have emotional and academic problems later. C. usually don't have any siblings. D. have increased empathy.
B
Trace and Emmitt are running around outside. Their goal is to catch the other, tackle him to the ground, and wrestle until the other gets up and they begin the chase again. They are most likely engaging in: A. parallel play. B. onlooker play. C. rough-and-tumble play. D. sociodramatic play.
C
______ theorists believe that gender differences are a result of social reinforcement.
Behaviorists
According to longitudinal studies, children who become successful, happy, and generous adults generally have parents who were: A. permissive. B. expressive. C. authoritative. D. authoritarian.
C
Adelaide is 22 months old. Her parents have seen advertisements for infant videos that claim to increase the intelligence of babies. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics and other organizations, Adelaide's parents should: A. allow Adelaide to watch up to 3 hours per day as long as the videos were made for infants. B. buy the videos and limit Adelaide to 1 hour per day of watching them. C. not buy the videos, because there are no videos that are beneficial for infants. D. allow Adelaide to watch up to 30 minutes of these videos per day.
C
Emotional regulation differs between: A. cultures. B. girls and boys. C. All of the answers are correct. D. younger and older children.
C
Externalizing and internalizing children tend to be: A. able to stabilize their emotions by engaging in sociodramatic play. B. able to regulate their emotions properly. C. unable to exercise enough control over their emotions. D. generally happy children.
C
Five-year-old Emmy is convinced that she would have no problem climbing to the top of an extremely tall tree at her cousin's house. This unrealistic estimate of her abilities would be called: A. self-esteem. B. initiative. C. protective optimism. D. self-concept.
C
Five-year-old Faila gets very upset when her kindergarten teacher corrects the way she writes her letters of the alphabet. She begins to sob and thinks that she is a bad girl. Faila is MOST likely: A. externalizing problems. B. extrinsically motivated. C. internalizing problems. D. emotionally regulated.
C
Six-year-old Gemma gets angry at her classmate Ava and tells Ava that she is not going to invite her to her birthday party anymore. Gemma is engaged in what type of aggression? A. bullying aggression B. instrumental aggression C. relational aggression D. reactive aggression
C
What are the benefits of rough-and-tumble play? A. It enhances emotional regulation. B. It stimulates development of the prefrontal cortex. C. All of these answers are correct. D. It allows children to practice social skills.
C
What is the major concern when children spend more time exposed to video games and other media? A. Children will replace television watching with time spent playing video games. B. The way researchers evaluate the role of electronic media in cognitive development .delays remains controversial. C. The time spent engaged with electronic media reduces the time spent in social and educational activities. D. Children will not develop appropriate social skills.
C
______ theorists believe that gender differences may be attributed to immature categorization.
Cognitive
A kind of social play in which children play together, creating dramas or taking turns.
Cooperative play
According to Erikson, the negative side of crisis in the third developmental stage is __________, not ___________. A. shame; low self-esteem B. low self-esteem; guilt C. shame; guilt D. guilt; shame
D
According to the text, which nation do some developmentalists believe emphasizes the regulation of pride? A. the United States B. Puerto Rico C. Mexico D. China
D
At night, Brooks, age 4, is afraid of the sound of the train whistle and of going to bed without a light on. His excessive fears are an expression of: A. a lack of maturation in his hearing and vision. B. adequate and expected emotional regulation. C. poor parenting to reassure him. D. the developmental level of his prefrontal cortex.
D
Gail says to her son, "After all the cooking and cleaning I've done for you, you are not considerate enough to pick up your toys! Mommy is not going to love you if you do not pick up your toys." This disciplinary technique is known as: A. persuasive control. B. withdrawal of love. C. induction. D. psychological control.
D
Keeva believes that she needs to show her children that she is in charge and has many strict rules about their conduct. At times she spanks her kids or gets them to do what she wants through force. What style of discipline is this? A. neglectful B. authoritative C. permissive D. authoritarian
D
Multicultural research on parenting styles and their effects on children suggests that parental: A. disciplinary methods are universally similar. B. warmth, support, and concern are as important as parents' disciplinary methods. C. warmth, support, and concern are less important than parents' disciplinary methods are. D. disciplinary methods are less important than parental warmth, support, and concern.
D
Sean and Maria are very critical of their children, and are not very affectionate with them at all. This aspect of Sean and Maria's parenting would fall into which of Diana Baumrind's dimensions of parenting? A. communication B. expectations for maturity C. strategies for discipline D. expressions of warmth
D
Sociodramatic play allows children to: A. develop a self-concept in a nonthreatening context. B. practice regulating their emotions. C. explore and rehearse social roles. D. All of the answers are correct.
D
Nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming he social connection between the victim and other people.
Relational aggression
Children who have mastered emotional regulation have learned when and how to express _____.
emotions
The unconscious desire of girls to replace their mother and win their father's romantic love.
Electra complex
______ theorists believe that gender differences are a result of the hereditary aspects of brain and body development.
Epigenetic
________ theorists believe that gender differences are a result of unconscious, incestuous urges.
Freudian
The unconscious desire of young boys to replace their father and win their mother's romantic love
Oedipus complex
A kind of social play in which children play with similar objects in similar ways but not together.
Parallel play
Empathy refers to the understanding of the feelings and concerns of others, and _____ refers to anger and distrust for another person.
antipathy
Feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person.
antipathy
Actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person.
antisocial behavior
Name three parenting styles Baumrind identified based on her four dimensions of parents difference.
authoritarian , permissive , authoritative
An approach to a child rearing that is characterized by high behavioral standards, strict punishment for misconduct, and little communication from child to parent.
authoritarian parenting
An approach to a child rearing in which the parents set limits but listen to the child and are flexible.
authoritative parenting
One critique of Diana Baumrind's research on parenting styles is that she focused more on parental attitudes than on _____.
behavior
unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attacks, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves.
bullying aggression
A dimension which indicates some parents listen patiently, others demand silence.
communication
punishment that physically hurts the body, such as slapping, spanking, etc.
corporal punishment
Discipline techniques vary in consequences and effectiveness depending on the ________ , ________ , and ____________ .
culture , parenting style , religious beliefs
Karl is 6 years old. He now has the ability to regulate his emotions and actions through effort, not simply through natural inclination. This is called _____.
effortful control
The ability to regulate one's emotions and actions through effort, not simply through natural inclination
effortful control
Young children who never play may have _________ and _________ problems at a later time.
emotional ; academic
Abby is 5 years old. When she is angry, she can express this appropriately without becoming explosive. When she is sad, she can express this and can be consoled. Abby seems to have mastered ______
emotional regulation
The ability to control when and how emotions are expressed.
emotional regulation
Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves expressing powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts, as by lashing out at other people or breaking things.
externalizing problems
A drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that arises from the need to have one's achievements rewarded from outside, perhaps by receiving material possessions or another person's esteem.
extrinsic motivation
According to the text, _____ differences involve the various roles of males and females prescribed by the culture.
gender
Differences in the roles and behaviors of males and females that are prescribed by the culture.
gender differences
A cognitive concept or general belief based on one's experiences - in this case, a child's understanding of sex differences.
gender schema
An attempt to defend one's self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else.
identification
Beth's daughter is 4 years old and has been trying to act just like Beth. In the psychoanalytic perspective, this is known as _____.
identification
Make-believe friends who exist only in a child's imagination; increasingly common from ages 3 through 7. They combat loneliness and aid emotional regulation.
imaginary friends
A disciplinary technique in which the parents talk extensively with the offender, helping the child understand why his or her behavior was wrong. Ideally, parents listen as children articulate their emotions and then encourage the children to imagine what they might have done instead of what they did do.
induction
Reese is 4 years old. Over the last few years, she has been excitedly learning new skills and trying new things. Reese feels confident in her ability and has been fairly successful in learning these skills. She can tie her shoes, knows all her colors and the alphabet, and loves playing tag with her siblings. Erik Erikson would MOST likely say that Reese is developing ______
initiative
Erikson's third psychosocial crisis. A psychological conflict of early childhood in which a child tries new things through play. If the initiated play is encouraged, the child develops confidence and independence. If the play is discouraged, the child develops feelings of failure and guilt.
initiative versus guilt
A kind of social play in which a child watches other children play.
onlooker play
According to the text, emotional regulation, empathy, and social understanding are learned BEST with ____________
peers
Parents who have low expectations for maturity and rarely discipline their children are characterized by Diana Baumrind as ___________
permissive
An approach to a child rearing that is characterized by high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control. Also called indulgent parenting.
permissive parenting
Freud's third stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure.
phallic stage
Actions that are helpful and kind but are of no obvious benefit to oneself.
prosocial behavior
Preschoolers predict that they can solve impossible puzzles or control their dreams. These naive predictions are called _____ optimism.
protective
A disciplinary technique that involves threatening to withdraw love and support and that relies on a child's feeling of guilt and gratitude to the parents.
psychological control
Literally, an illness of the mind, or psyche. Various cultures and groups within cultures have different concepts of a specific ________. A recent compendium of symptoms and disorders in the United States is in the DSM-5. Many other nations use an international set of categories, the ICD-10.
psychopathology
Longitudinal research suggests that children who are physically _____ are MORE likely to become bullies and delinquents and grow up to be abusive adults.
punished
An impulsive retaliation for another person's intentional or accidental action, verbal or physical.
reactive agression
By age 5, MOST children are very _____ about gender roles.
rigid
Richard has learned through _____ play not to hurt his playmates.
rough-and-tumble
Play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting, but in which there is no intent to harm.
rough-and-tumble play
A person's understanding of who he or she is, in relation to self-esteem, appearance, personality, and various traits.
self-concept
Multicultural research on parenting styles and their effects on children suggests that parental disciplinary methods are less important than parental _____, support, and concern.
warmth