Earth Science Chapter 25 Homework
Why do ocean waves bend around headlands? (A) The waves have longer wavelength just in front of the headland, causing the waves to bend. (B) The waves are moving more slowly just in front of the headland, causing the waves to bend. (C) The waves have shorter wavelength just in front of the headland, causing the waves to bend. (D) The waves are moving faster just in front of the headland, causing the waves to bend.
B
What is the principal index of a stream's erosive power? (A) Discharge. (B) Slope. (C) Velocity. (D) Load.
A
What is the relationship between wave base and wavelength? (A) The depth of the wave base is one-half the wavelength of the waves. (B) The depth of the wave base is two-thirds the wavelength of the waves. (C) The depth of the wave base is twice the wavelength of the waves. (D) The depth of the wave base is one-and-a-half times the wavelength of the waves. (E) The depth of the wave base is three-quarters of the wavelength of the waves.
A
What process produces most caves? (A) the dissolving action of groundwater on rock, especially on limestone (B) the dissolving action of groundwater on rock, especially on marble (C) the dissolving action of glaciers on rock, especially on marble (D) the dissolving action of streams on rock, especially on marble
A
Where is the world's largest glacier located? (A) Antarctica (B) Asia (C) Greenland (D) Minnesota
A
Which of the following statements about wave period is most accurate? (A) Wave period is the inverse of wave frequency. (B) Wave period is the inverse of wave height. (C) Wave period is the inverse of wavelength. (D) Wave period is the inverse of wave amplitude.
A
_____ is the largest sediments that are dragged and bounce along the streambed. (A) Bed load (B) Suspended load (C) Dissolved load (D) Distributed Load
A
Expensive homes on coastal cliffs are at risk due to (A) erosion from groundwater. (B) erosion from ocean waves. (C) erosion from streams. (D) erosion from wind.
B
How does water move as waves pass? (A) Water moves linearly in the same direction as wave movement. (B) Water moves in a circle in the same direction as wave movement. (C) Water moves in a circle in the direction opposite to wave movement. (D) Water moves linearly in the opposite direction to wave movement.
B
How does wave amplitude change with depth in water? (A) Wave amplitude increases as depth increases. (B) Wave amplitude decreases as depth increases. (C) Wave amplitude remains the same as depth increases.
B
The major mechanism by which wind produces erosion is _____________. (A) deposition (B) abrasion (C) ablation (D) dunification
B
What is a floodplain? (A) a flat surface below a river channel (B) a flat surface next to a river channel (C) a wavy surface next to a river channel (D) a wavy surface above a river channel (E) a flat surface above a river channel
B
What is a meander scar? (A) a landscape feature formed when an oxbow lake is formed (B) a landscape feature formed after an oxbow lake dries up (C) a landscape feature of a meandering stream channel formed when an oxbow lake is formed (D) a landscape feature of a meandering stream channel formed after an oxbow lake dries up
B
What is dust? (A) the particles carried in suspension by wind or water (B) the particles carried in suspension by wind (C) the particles carried in suspension by water
B
What is the crest of a wave? (A) the distance between consecutive wave crests or troughs (B) the highest part of the wave (C) the lowest part of the wave (D) the time it takes for one wavelength of a wave to pass a particular point (E) the distance between the highest and lowest part of the wave
B
What is the dominant fluvial process in a clear, sediment-poor stream moving down a steep slope? (A) channel migration (B) downcutting (C) oxbow lake formation (D) downslope flow
B
What is the wave base? (A) the closest distance a wave can get to shore before breaking (B) the lower limit of wave-induced motion in the water (C) the furthest distance a wave can get to shore before dissipating (D) the upper limit of wave-induced motion in the water
B
What is the wave height? (A) the time it takes for one wavelength of a wave to pass a particular point (B) the distance between the highest and lowest part of the wave (C) the highest part of the wave (D) the lowest part of the wave (E) the distance between consecutive wave crests or troughs
B
What type of glacier can cover vast portions of flat land? (A) Global glacier (B) Continental glacier (C) Ice hat (D) Iceberg
B
What would happen to the oceans if surface runoff and groundwater flow did NOT occur? (A) The oceans would stay the same size (B) The oceans would become smaller (C) The oceans would become larger (D) The land would become smaller
B
Where do valleys tend to form in a landscape? (A) Valleys form where rock layers are resistant to erosion. (B) Valleys form where rock layers are easily erodible (soft). (C ) Valleys tend to form where rocks are horizontal. (D) Valleys form where rocks are tilted.
B
Why are sinkholes most common in locations where limestone makes up the bedrock? (A) Limestone is formed by the gradual precipitation of calcium calcite and other minerals from groundwater (B) Limestone is composed of calcium carbonate, which dissolves easily in acidified groundwater. (C) Limestone is created by groundwater dissolving rock underground. (D) Limestone is topography where the effects of groundwater erosion can be seen above ground.
B
Which of the following statements is true about erosion? (A) Erosion over soil is constant; erosion over rocks is variable. (B) Erosion is almost constant from place to place. (C) Erosion varies from place to place. (D) Erosion over rocks is constant; erosion over soil is variable.
C
Why does wave height increase as waves enter shallow water? (A) The energy of the wave must be contained within a larger water column in shallow water. (B) The wavelength of the wave must be contained within a smaller water column in shallow water. (C) The energy of the wave must be contained within a smaller water column in shallow water. (D) The wavelength of the wave must be contained within a larger water column in shallow water.
C
_____ is sediments carried in suspension that make the stream look cloudy. (A) Bed load (B) Dissolved load (C) Suspended load (D) Distributed Load
C
As a stream slows down, which sediments are deposited first − large ones or small ones? (A) Large sediments (B) Small sediments
A
How are wave period and wavelength related? (A) Waves with shorter periods have shorter wavelengths. (B) Waves with shorter periods have longer wavelengths. (C) Waves with longer periods have shorter wavelengths.
A
How do pieces of rock move under the influence of wind? (A) rolling, sliding, bouncing, suspension (B) rolling, sliding, dissolution, suspension (C) bouncing, sliding, dissolution, rolling (D) bouncing, sliding, dissolution, suspension
A
How does the formation of a natural levee impact flooding? (A) Natural levees raise the height of the stream channel, reducing the amount of flooding that will occur on the floodplain. (B) Natural levees lower the height of the stream channel, reducing the amount of flooding that will occur on the floodplain. (C) Natural levees lower the height of the stream channel, increasing the amount of flooding that will occur on the floodplain. (D) Natural levees raise the height of the stream channel, increasing the amount of flooding that will occur on the floodplain.
A
How would you characterize the size of the sediments that slowly moving water can carry? (A) small (B) large and small (C) large (D) Slowly moving water cannot carry sediments.
A
Water flows into the cracks in a boulder and freezes. The water expands and pushes the rock apart. What surface process is this? (A) mechanical weathering (B) chemical weathering (C) fast weathering (D) differential weathering
A
What do sinkholes and caverns have in common? (A) They are both created by groundwater dissolving rock underground. (B) Both sinkholes and caverns are formed by the gradual precipitation of calcium calcite and other minerals from groundwater (C) They both form on the floor of a cave as groundwater drips down from above. (D) They are both composed of calcium carbonate, which dissolves easily in acidified groundwater.
A
What geological process created the Grand Canyon? (A) stream erosion (B) groundwater erosion (C) glacial erosion (D) wave erosion
A
What happens to rock when it is weathered mechanically? (A) It is broken into smaller pieces by physical means such as ice wedging. (B) Its minerals are changed. (C) It is subjected to climate change. (D) It is moved to a new location.
A
What is an oxbow lake? (A) a meander that has been cut off from the original stream channel (B) a lake formed after flooding caused water to overflow an original stream channel (C) a lake formed after flooding caused a meander to break away from an original stream channel (D) a meander that is being reintegrated into the original stream channel
A
What is refraction? (A) the bending of waves due to a change in wave velocity (B) the bending of waves due to a change in wave amplitude (C) the bending of waves due to a change in wavelength (D) the bending of waves due to a change in wave phase
A
Why does acidified rain water produce so many of Earth's caves? (A) Acidified water in underground rivers dissolves rock and carries it away, toward Earth's core. (B) Caves are often voids in subsurface limestone that are produced by the dissolving action of ground water. (C) Caves are voids in subsurface quartz produced by the dissolving action of ground water. (D) Acidified rainwater is so acidic that it penetrates layers of soil to dissolve large sections of bedrock.
B
Why does water frozen in the cracks of a rock help to break down the rock? (A) Water contracts when frozen and physically forces the rock apart. (B) Water expands when frozen and physically forces the rock apart. (C) Water expands when frozen and chemically forces the rock apart. (D) Water contracts when frozen and chemically forces the rock apart.
B
Why is topsoil important to people? (A) Topsoil is produced by nature quickly so it can be packaged and sold as a commodity without much environmental impact. (B) Topsoil contains the constituents that plants need in order to grow. (C) Topsoil is a source of worms, essential for fishing. (D) Topsoil holds plant roots in place.
B
Wind erodes rock by (A) applying water vapor molecules to rock. (B) grinding airborne sediments against rock and carrying away small fragments. (C) applying the force of air molecules to rock. (D) none of these
B
Erosion and deposition (A) occur on land but not in the ocean basin. (B) are usually human-caused processes. (C) create landforms such as caves, waterfalls and valleys. (D) affect the movement of Earth's tectonic plates.
C
Glaciers reshape Earth's surface because they (A) move slowly. (B) contain enormous amounts of water. (C) pluck rocks out of the ground, carry them away, and deposit them. (D) move tectonic plates.
C
How does the size of a stream's drainage basin relate to the size of the stream? (A) The size of a stream is inversely proportional to the size of its drainage basin. (B) The size of a stream is equal to the size of its drainage basin. (C) The size of a stream depends on the size of its drainage basin. (D) The size of a stream does not depends on the size of its drainage basin.
C
How does wave refraction at headlands affect deposition and erosion? (A) Wave refraction at the headland increases deposition at the headland and causes erosion in adjacent bays. (B) Wave refraction at the headland decreases erosion at the headland and causes deposition in adjacent bays. (C) Wave refraction at the headland increases erosion at the headland and causes deposition in adjacent bays. (D) Wave refraction at the headland decreases deposition at the headland and causes erosion in adjacent bays.
C
Name an environment where wind shapes the landscape to a significant degree. (A) Tundra (B) Prairie (C) Desert (D) Mixed forest
C
What are the characteristics of a flow? (A) A flow is the slow movement of soil down a slope. (B) A flow is the downhill motion of a cohesive mass of material along a clearly defined surface or plane. (C) A flow is the chaotic movement of unconsolidated material that mixes together as it moves, like a fluid. (D) A flow is free-fall motion in which the moving material is not always in contact with the ground.
C
What does a wave transport shoreward? (A) Force (B) Seaweed (C) Energy (D) Pebbles
C
What is the name of the geologic process that involves dumping sediment at a new location? (A) Discharge (B) Mass movement (C) Deposition (D) Weathering (E) Erosion
C
What is the trough of a wave? (A) the time it takes for one wavelength of a wave to pass a particular point (B) the distance between consecutive wave crests or troughs (C) the lowest part of the wave (D) the highest part of the wave (E) the distance between the highest and lowest part of the wave
C
What property of a piece of material will most directly determine how it is carried by wind? (A) shape (B) composition (C) size
C
What's the most common cause of mass wasting events? (A) Earthquake (B) Volcanic eruption (C) Absorption of rainwater (D) Weathering
C
Where do deposition and erosion of material occur along a meander? (A) Erosion occurs on the inside of the meander, whereas deposition occurs on the outside. (B) Deposition occurs on the inside of the meander, whereas erosion occurs in the middle. (C) Deposition occurs on the inside of the meander, whereas erosion occurs on the outside. (D) Erosion occurs in the middle of the meander, whereas deposition occurs on the outside.
C
Which agent of change can act on its own to produce landslides, creep, and falls? (A) Running water. (B) Mass movement. (C) Gravity. (D) Ice.
C
Which landform can develop where groundwater dissolves rock? (A) beach (B) sea stack (C) cave (D) sand dune
C
Agents of change that break Earth's surface down, move material, and create new landforms include (A) ice. (B) wind (C) running water (D) all of the above.
D
Besides waves, what is an agent of change along the seashore? (A) Tides and ebbs (B) Sea fauna (C) Monsoons (D) Currents
D
Complete this analogy: Bouncing is to sand as suspension is to_____________. (A) sand (B) gravel (C) ions (D) clay
D
Complete this analogy: Sliding is to gravel as dissolution is to_____________. (A) sand (B) clay (C) gravel (D) ions
D
Glaciers are like dirty snowballs because they (A) are round. (B) roll like a ball. (C) are always melting. (D) consist of debris embedded in ice.
D
How are oxbow lakes formed? (A) Oxbow lakes form when one meander deposits into another, cutting off water to part of the stream channel. (B) Oxbow lakes form when one meander is faulted into another, cutting off water to part of the stream channel. (C) Oxbow lakes form when one meander floods into another, cutting off water to part of the stream channel. (D) Oxbow lakes form when one meander erodes into another, cutting off water to part of the stream channel.
D
How do water molecules move within an ocean wave in the open sea? (A) They do not move at all. (B) They move to shore. (C) They move upward and evaporate when they move from the wave trough to the wave crest. (D) They move in circular orbits under the wave.
D
In the long term, what do beach drift and longshore current do? (A) Move sediment away from the shoreline (B) Move sediment up to the shoreline (C) Move sediment perpendicular to the shoreline (D) Move sediment parallel to the shoreline
D
Name one depositional landform produced by wind. (A) Sandbars (B) Scalloped shorelines (C) Limestone (D) Sand dunes
D
The size of a stream channel depends on the (A) stream channel's load. (B) stream velocity. (C) gradient of the stream. (D) All of the above
D
What are surface processes (also called surficial processes)? (A) Surface processes involve the action of wind on Earth's surface. (B) Surface processes are the processes that involve the movement of magma in the mantle. (C) Surface processes are processes that affect Earth's surface but originate underground. (D) Surface processes are forces that affect Earth's surface and originate at or near Earth's surface.
D
What are the characteristics of a fall? (A) A fall is the slow movement of soil down a slope. (B) A fall is the downhill motion of a cohesive mass of material along a clearly defined surface or plane. (C) A fall is the chaotic movement of unconsolidated material that mixes together as it moves, like a fluid. (D) A fall is free-fall motion in which the moving material is not always in contact with the ground.
D
What do freeze-thaw and salt weathering have in common? (A) Both freeze-thaw and salt weathering force rocks apart physically. Only salt weathering requires rain. (B) Both freeze-thaw and salt weathering force rocks apart physically. Only freeze-thaw weathering requires rain. (C) Both freeze-thaw and salt weathering require rain. Only free-thaw weathering forces rocks apart physically. (D) Both freeze-thaw and salt weathering require rain and force rocks apart physically. (E) Both freeze-thaw and salt weathering require rain. Only salt weathering forces rocks apart physically.
D
What is a natural levee? (A) a plain of flood deposits next to a river channel (B) a ridge of flood deposits at the mouth of a river channel (C) a ridge of flood deposits far from a river channel (D) a ridge of flood deposits next to a river channel
D
What is another name for a drainage basin? (A) Tributary (B) Discharge (C) Floodplain (D) Watershed (E) Delta
D
What is salt weathering? (A) the formation of ice in rock cracks during the condensation of salty water, forcing rock apart (B) the formation of ice in rock cracks during the evaporation of salty water, forcing rock apart (C) the formation of minerals in rock cracks during the condensation of salty water, forcing rock apart (D) the formation of minerals in rock cracks during the evaporation of salty water, forcing rock apart
D
What is suspended load? (A) the ions that travel along stream bed (B) the ions that travel in the water column above the stream bed (C) the fine-grained particles that travel along the stream bed (D) the fine-grained particles that travel in the water column above the stream bed
D
What is the longshore current? (A) water forced by waves to move away from the shore (B) water forced by longshore drift to move along the shore (C) water forced by longshore drift to move away from the shore (D) water forced by waves to move along the shore
D
What is the wave period? (A) the distance between the highest and lowest part of the wave (B) the lowest part of the wave (C) the highest part of the wave (D) the time it takes for one wavelength of a wave to pass a particular point (E) the distance between consecutive wave crests or troughs
D
What kind of mass movement occurs so slowly that you don't see it happening? (A) Fall (B) Slide (C) Mudflow (D) Creep
D
What type of stream is associated with the formation of an oxbow lake? (A) straight stream (B) braided stream (C) curvy stream (D) meandering stream
D
Which processes result in the widening of the floodplain of a meandering stream? (A) downcutting and lateral erosion (B) undercutting and downcutting (C) oxbow lake formation and undercutting (D) undercutting and lateral erosion (E) lateral erosion and oxbow lake formation
D
Which way would sediment move if NO beach drift existed? (A) parallel to shore (B) perpendicular to shore (C) away from shore (D) at an angle to shore
D
_____ is sediments carried in solution_for example, the minerals sodium and calcium. (A) Bed load (B) Distributed Load (C) Suspended load (D) Dissolved load
D
How can pieces of rock in contact with a stream bed move? (A) bouncing, sliding, dissolution (B) bouncing, suspension, twisting (C) rolling, sliding, suspension (D) rolling, sliding, dissolution (E) rolling, sliding, bouncing
E
What are the three types of loads carried by streams? (A) sliding load, rolling load, bouncing load (B) bed load, bouncing load, suspended load (C) bed load, bouncing load, dissolved load (D) bed load, sliding load, rolling load (E) bed load, suspended load, dissolved load
E
What is the name of the geologic process that involves lifting and transporting sediment? (A) Mass movement (B) Discharge (C) Weathering (D) Deposition (E) Erosion
E
What is the wavelength? (A) the time it takes for one wavelength of a wave to pass a particular point (B) the lowest part of the wave (C) the highest part of the wave (D) the distance between the highest and lowest part of the wave (E) the distance between consecutive wave crests or troughs
E
