Earth Science Exam 1

When Calcium (Ca) bonds with oxygen, it gives up two electrons. What is the charge of the Ca ion in this compound?

+2

In an area where the temperature increase with depth averages 20°C per kilometer, the temperature at a depth of 5 kilometers would be ________.

100°C

The quartz in granite begins to melt at 650°C, so if we find a migmatite where quartz has melted in a granitic rock and we know the temperature in the region increased with depth by about 25°C per kilometer, we could estimate the depth that the rock had been at to be about ________.

26.0 km

The basic building block of a silicate is composed of ________.

4 oxygens and 1 silicon

An atom's mass number is 13 and its atomic number is 6. How many neutrons are in its nucleus?

7

Sedimentary rocks make up approximately ________ percent of the rocks in Earth's crust.

75

How does an atom become a positive or a negative ion?

An atom becomes a positive ion by losing an electron; it becomes a negative ion by gaining an electron.

How are ions different from atoms?

An atom has a neutral charge because it has an equal number of protons and electrons, whereas an ion has a positive or a negative charge

Differentiate between the formation of biochemical rocks and the formation of inorganic chemical rocks.

Biochemical rocks form from organisms that were once alive, such as limestone from marine shells, whereas inorganic chemical rocks form from nonbiological processes, such as salt that is left behind when a lake evaporates.

Carbonates always include ________.

CO3 2-

What is the most common carbonate mineral?

Calcite

In 1960 the largest gold producer was South Africa. Now it is ________.

China

Halides always include ________.

Cl-1, F-1, or Br-1

How are conglomerate and breccia different?

Conglomerate has rounded grains; breccia has angular grains.

What happens when atoms form an ionic bond?

Electrons are transferred to form positively and negatively charged atoms

Which of the following conditions is necessary to create a metamorphic rock?

Elevated temperatures and/or pressures

What feature would easily distinguish schist and gneiss from quartzite and marble?

Gneiss and schist are foliated, whereas quartz and marble are non-foliated.

Quartz forms at ________ temperature than olivine.

Lower

How can a rock change during metamorphism?

Metamorphism can change the mineralogy, texture, and/or chemical composition of a rock.

Based on Bowen's Reaction Series, which two minerals are not likely to be found together?

Olivine and quartz

Which are the two most common minerals in detrital rocks?

Quartz and feldspar

Compaction would probably be most significant as a lithification process for ________.

Shale

Gypsum, which is widely used in plaster and wallboard, is a member of the ________ group.

Sulfate

How might a mineral deposit that previously could not be mined profitably be upgraded to an ore deposit?

The demand for the mineral increases, raising its value.

Clay is an example of ________.

a silicate that forms from weathering of other silicates

Diamond and graphite are both minerals composed of ________.

a single element

Which of the following minerals is particularly prominent in schist? a. mica b. pyroxene c. calcium carbonate d. quartz

a.

This element is classified as an ore even in average concentrations because it is so abundant.

aluminum

Element 17 (Cl) and 9 (F) ________.

are chemically similar because they lie directly below each other on the periodic table

Precipitation in the case of sedimentary rocks means that a solid rock forms ________.

as crystals in a liquid

If the atomic number of an element is 20 and its mass number is 42, how many neutrons are contained in the nucleus of the atom? a)20 b) 22 c) 42 d) 12

b

Which of the following terms is associated with the three main rock groupings? Choose all that apply. a. Silicate b. Sedimentary c.Volcanic d. Metamorphic e. Igneous

b,d,e

Select from the list below the coarse-grained rock that is composed mainly of quartz and potassium feldspar. a. andesite b. granite c. diorite d. basalt

b.

Limestone is formed primarily through ________.

biochemical sediments secreted by marine organisms

An element's atomic mass is defined by the number of ________ in the nucleus.

both protons and neutrons

The atomic weight of an element is 28.97. What is the mass number of the most common isotope of the element? a) 28.97 b) 28.00 c) 29.00

c

Evaporites, such as _____. a. chert and travertine, form when minerals that were previously dissolved in water are deposited as the water evaporates. b. chert and travertine, form when minerals that were previously dissolved in water precipitate to the substrate. c. rock gypsum and rock salt, form when minerals that were previously dissolved in water are deposited as the water evaporates. d. chert and rock salt, form when minerals that were previously dissolved in water are deposited as the water evaporates. e. rock gypsum and rock salt, form when minerals that were previously dissolved in water precipitate on the substrate.

c.

What are the four types of oil traps, and what do they all have in common? a. The four types of oil traps are salt basins, fault traps, anticlines, and stratigraphic traps. All four require a porous, permeable reservoir rock that yields the oil and an impermeable cap rock that keeps the oil from escaping at the surface. b. The four types of oil traps are salt domes, fault traps, synclines, and stratigraphic traps. All four require a porous, permeable reservoir rock that yields the oil and an impermeable cap rock that keeps the oil from escaping at the surface. c. The four types of oil traps are salt domes, fault traps, anticlines, and stratigraphic traps. All four require a porous, permeable reservoir rock that yields the natural gas and an impermeable cap rock that keeps the gas from escaping at the surface. d. The four types of oil traps are plutons, fault traps, anticlines, and stratigraphic traps. All four require a porous, permeable reservoir rock that yields the oil and an impermeable cap rock that keeps the oil from escaping at the surface. e. The four types of oil traps are salt domes, fault traps, anticlines, and stratigraphic traps. All four require a porous, impermeable reservoir rock that yields the oil and a permeable cap rock that keeps the oil from escaping at the surface.

c.

Which of the following characteristics describes silicate minerals? a. Silicate minerals contain calcite and dolomite. b. Silicate minerals contain only silicon. c. Silicate minerals contain silicon and oxygen. d. Silicate minerals contain halite and gypsum. e. Silicate minerals make up 8 percent of Earth's crust.

c.

Which of the following statements is related to chemical sedimentary rocks? a. Chemical sedimentary rocks form from broken pieces derived from other rocks. b. Chemical sedimentary rocks are classified based on mineral color. c. Chemical sedimentary rocks form from the precipitation of minerals from dissolved substances. d. Chemical sedimentary rocks are classified according to the particle size and shape.

c.

Although it is relatively common, limestone is an economically important rock type because its major constituent mineral, ________, is used in the production of ________.

calcite; cement

Magma differentiation tends to produce deposits of ________ near the base of intrusions.

chromite

Which of the following pairs are likely products of weathering granite?

clay and quartz

Which rock type is associated with a high-energy environment (such as a very turbulent stream)?

conglomerate

What are the eight most common elements found in Earth's crust, listed from most common to least common (by percentage)? a. Magnesium, potassium, sodium, calcium, iron, aluminum, silicon, oxygen b. Oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium c. Oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium d. Oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium e. Oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium

d

Which of the following is the fundamental 'building block' of the silicate minerals? a) (SiO2)4- b) SiO2 c) (SiO4)2- d) (SiO4)4-

d

Rhyolite is the fine-grained equivalent of which of the following igneous rocks? a. basalt b. andesite c. diorite d. granite

d.

Select the proper description of the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron. a. A pyramidal shape with three triangular faces, an oxygen ion at each vertex, and a silicon ion at the center of the pyramid b. A pyramidal shape with three triangular faces, a silicon ion at each vertex, and an oxygen ion at the center of the pyramid c. A pyramidal shape with four triangular faces, an oxygen ion at three vertices and one oxygen ion in the center, and a silicon ion at the remaining vertex d. A pyramidal shape with four triangular faces, a silicon ion at each vertex, and an oxygen ion at the center of the pyramid e. A pyramidal shape with four triangular faces, an oxygen ion at each vertex, and a silicon ion at the center of the pyramid

d.

Which of the following best describes bedded gypsum and rock salt? a. b.detrital sedimentary rocks b. varieties of dolostone c. varieties of coal and peat d. evaporates; chemical, sedimentary rocks

d.

Which option correctly describes the difference between a renewable resource and a nonrenewable source? a. Aluminum is a renewable resource; copper is a nonrenewable resource. b. Copper is a renewable resource; corn is a nonrenewable resource. c. Cotton is a renewable resource; corn is a nonrenewable resource. d. Corn is a renewable resource; copper is a nonrenewable resource. e. Copper is a renewable resource; aluminum is a nonrenewable resource.

d.

Heavy elements like Pb (lead) and U (Uranium) were generated ________.

during collapse of a star and subsequent nuclear synthesis in a supernova

Based on the definition of a mineral, which of the choices lists only minerals? a. Ice, water, wood, gold, and synthetic diamonds b. Water, ice, gold, and synthetic diamonds c. Wood, ice, and gold d. Synthetic diamonds and gold e. Gold and ice

e. Gold and Ice

Death Valley is a site where ________ sedimentary rocks are common.

evaporite

Which of the following minerals is a silicate? feldspar calcite halite hematite

feldspar

Basalt is the ________ equivalent of gabbro.

fine grained

When rocks experience high temperatures and differential stresses deep in Earth, their grains tend to ________.

flatten and elongate

Chemically active fluids are ________.

fluids that readily change to gases at the surface

When a metamorphic rock exhibits a layered or banded appearance, it is said to exhibit a(n) ________ texture.

foliated

Clay minerals are light silicates that form ________.

from chemical weathering of igneous rocks

Igneous rocks that contain mostly quartz and feldspar with small amounts of biotite would be described as having a(n) ________ composition.

granitic

____ are two examples of building minerals, whereas ____ are two examples of industrial minerals.

gypsum and calcite; sulfur and fluorite

Which of the following is not a criterion for defining something as a mineral?

hard

What are hydrothermal deposits, and what are the two general types?

hydrothermal deposits are deposits of ore generated from hot, ion-rich fluids. The two main types of hydrothermal deposits are vein deposits and disseminated deposits.

Chemical weathering would be most effective ________.

in a warm, humid climate

Cleavage is related to the ________ of a mineral.

internal structure

The common rock produced by the metamorphism of limestone is ________.

marble

High heat and high pressure will lead to ________ rocks.

metamorphic

Which of the following are fossil fuels? Choose all that apply. Iron Copper Natural gas Coal Oil

natural gas, coal, oil

Breccia, a rock with angular particles, is likely to have traveled ________.

only a short distance

Detrital sedimentary rocks are typically classified on the basis of their ________.

particle size

Which igneous texture is characterized by two distinctively different crystal sizes?

porphyritic

Light colored silicates have a specific gravity of about 2.7 grams/cm3 are composed primarily of the silica tetrahedra and ________.

potassium, calcium, sodium, and aluminum

All atoms of the same element have the same number of ________.

protons

The bond between two hydrogen atoms (a covalent bond) is based on the force of attraction between ________.

protons and electrons in the same atom

Atoms of the same element, zinc for example, have the same number of ________.

protons in the nucleus

Which common mineral is composed entirely of silicon and oxygen?

quartz

Which of the following is not a dark silicate mineral? quartz amphibole biotite pyroxene

quartz

Metamorphosed sandstone is known as ________.

quartzite

Quartz is ________ resistant to weathering and is a(n) ________ component of sands in riverbeds and on beaches.

quite; a major

Which one of the following is an igneous rock? limestone slate shale rhyolite

rhyolite

Which of the following is a mineral as defined by a geologist?

salt

One magma can produce ________ type(s) of igneous rocks having different mineral compositions.

several different

The most common sedimentary rock is ________.

shale

Which two elements combine to make most of the common rock forming minerals in the crust?

silicon and oxygen

The low grade metamorphism of shale produces ________.

slate

Silicon-oxygen bonds are ________ and cause cleavage to be ________ in silicate minerals.

strong, uncommon

Bowen's reaction series predicts the ________ that grow from crystallizing magmas.

temperature at which certain minerals will crystallize

Intrusive igneous rocks are often coarse-grained because ________.

the slow cooling at depth allows large crystals to grow

Glassy igneous rocks form when magma cools ________ for mineral grains to grow.

too rapidly

If magma or lava cools quickly, the resulting igneous rock will have ________.

very small crystals

Which of the following is a renewable resource? rock salt water helium gas coal

water

The first step in turning a rock into a sediment is ________.

weathering alters the rock