East Asia (Midterm/Final Notes) [FIU - ASN 3410]

Han Shan

"Cold Mountain" writer; poet who worked in a monastery kitchen and is usually holding a broom.

Toseiha

"Control faction" led by General Nagata Tetsuzan. Believed in total war and included Kanji and General Tojo Hideki. Emphasized economy and transformation of Japan into a modern military state.

Yamagata Aritomo

"Father of the Japanese Army"; had new measures and laws designed to build armies on basis of commoner conscription. Done to abolish the hans and center on rejection of Saigo with a new samurai army.

Kodoha

"Imperial Way faction" led by Generals Arai Sadao and Mazaki Jinzaburo. Emphasized imperial mystique and advocated ill-defined doctrines of direct imperial rule. Opposed existing political and economic institutions and sought for moral/spiritual transformation.

Tenjikuyo

"Indian style" architecture based on Fuijan's province. Used mainly for Song tastes and models on continental styles of China. Used incongruous structures as well.

"Kaikoku joi"

"Open the country to drive out the barbarians".

Vladivostok

"Ruler of the East", city discovered in the Maritime Provinces by Muraviev.

What did Shang residents generally use?

"Well-field" systems to work lands with tools made of wood.

Guyi

"a sense of antiquity" in surface beauty of Chinese painting.

Mandokoro

"administrative councils" used by patrons to administer estate holdings under aristocracies. Used documentation to handle complaints and other correspondences based on supervision. Included office grievances and bureaus. (Heian)

Seii taishogun

"barbarian-suppressing general" label given to emperors.

The Vietnamese considered the Cambodians as...

"barbarians".

Nokhor

"companions" of Chinggis Khan.

"Third Front"

"crash program" built by China, involving heavy industry in inland provinces away from militarily vulnerable coastal/northeastern areas.

"Kamikazes"

"divine winds" that hit Japanese camps. Later referenced flying bombs used by suicide pilots during Vietnam and other war-times.

Kinsei

"early modern" period.

The Golden Rule

"ethic of reciprocity"; emphasizes reciprocal relationships between one's self and others to be equal and in mutual fashion.

Yanagi Muneyoshi (Soetsu)

"folk craft" / "folk arts" movement leader; coined "mingei" art in 1926. Believed in creative genius of the people and was in tune with Taisho democracy. Rejected machine mass production and devoted himself to beauty of anonymous craftsmen. Inspired traditional woodcarving, housewares, woven and dyed cloth, and many other articles of interest.

The Analects describes the Confucian "junzi", also known as...

"gentleman" or "princely man".

Mahayana

"greater vehicle" consisting of the more predominant Buddhists living in China.

Tenno

"heavenly sovereignty" referring to the pole star and defines the emperor (huangdi) who sits at the center of the realm while everything revolves around him, referencing the emperor as the Sun.

Complex small rents under economic advantage and tax exemption became known as the...

"hierarchy of tenures" in a Heian setting.

Gokenin

"honorable housemen" in vassals where Yoritomo demanded and expected absolute loyalty.

Hinayana

"lesser vehicle" consisting of the Theravada Buddhists.

Tael

"ounces" in silver used as the standard monetary unit under Zhang's system.

Ukiyo-e

"pictures of the floating world," woodcut prints preceded by paintings and illustrations from books.

Himiko (Pimiko)

"queen" who used magical powers to rule coalitions of chiefdoms from seclusion, assisted by her brother.

To the Meiji, the emperor was deemed the...

"sacred and involiable" father of the family state.

Sanjusangendo (Rengeoin)

"thousand-armed" Kannon found in Kyoto; flanked by a thousand standing statues in ranking with manifestation of Buddhist proclivity for repetition.

Tripitaka

"three baskets"; describes monastic rules (vinayas) or sermons attributed to the Buddha himself through sutras. Uses commentaries (abhidharma) and shastra treaties.

In the Analects, Confucius regards himself as an...

"transmitter", not an "innovator".

Shinto means...

"way of the gods".

Fujiwara literally means...

"wisteria plain".

Xuanzong

(713-756 CE); ruler of the High Tang period; enforced higher power of the Chief Ministers and created a Cabinet.

"Three Principles of the People"

1) Nationalism (directed against foreign imperialism and provided for self-determination for China's minorities); 2) Democracy (contained proposals for popular elections, initiative, recall, referendum, etc. Believed in discipline with freedom, seeing that there wasn't enough freedom). 3) Livelihood (aimed at egalitarian and economic development through proposals of tax increments on land values to equalize holdings; prevented under-assessment by having landowners assess values of the land himself and granted declared values).

The Qin code of legality includes 3 factors...

1) ensures families took responsibility for policing members, 2) prevented family members from seeking revenge or rebelling against the state, 3) to encourage members to denounce, rather than to shield, each other.

Under Japanese terms of the shoen (estates)...

1) those held by imperial family and certain aristocratic families, 2) those granted to great temples/shrines, and 3) newly-developed shrines were all exempt from "equal-field" systems.

Emperor Go-Sanjo

1068-1072 CE rule; had crucial support of his brother's Fujiwara empress who was childless. Revived court politics in the imperial family.

Ryonin

1072-1132; Tendai monk who emphasized more on the nembutsu.

Li Qingzhao

1094-1152; described how she and her husband enjoyed books and arts. Best known for poetry with ninth day of the ninth month in allusions to her favorite and mentor (poet Tao Qian).

Fujiwara Shunzei

1114-1204; descendant of Michiniga and recognized by poetic taste with regards to melancholy (aware) and mystery (yugen). Sadness and loneliness were two major themes of his.

Gaozong

1127-1162; forced to flee from Juchen troops and take refuge on islands off SE coasts. Predecessor of Tang's emperor Wu Zhao.

Honen

1133-1212; established Pure Land Buddhism as an independent school in the Kamakura era. Idolized Amida and hope of rebirth in a land of bliss. Taught the nembutsu for means of attaining salvation.

Bayan

1133; emperor who succeeded Kublai Khan and took out examinations from schools. Cut costs but gained enmity of all who viewed re-institution of exams as normalization in gov't.

Kamo no Chomei

1153-1216; withdrew from turbulent society to live quietly. Wrote "An Account of my Hut" to analyze his surroundings. Discussed calamities of fire, famine, earthquakes, etc. Deeply religious with Buddhism and consoled in nembutsu.

Masako

1157-1225; "nun shogun" and strong-minded widow. Belonged to Hojo family. Dominated shogunal politics through a line of de facto rulers.

Heiji War

1159-1160; Kiyomori wins a battle against Yoshitomo (former ally). Hogen vs. Heiji brief conflict.

Xingxiu

1161-1246; "The Old Man of a Thousand Pines." Key role in developing the "Northern" school of Chan.

Fujiwara Teika

1162-1241; descendant of Michiniga and recognized for verse and anthology on nature, including the Moon. Compiled the Shinkokinshu (New Kokinshu, 1205).

Temujin

1167-1227; "future Chinggis (Genghis) Khan"; son of Mongalian tribal chieftain and formed a new nomadic federation to give rise to Mongol ethnic identity.

Shinran

1173-1262; Honen's greatest and most renowned disciple. Compared to Christian Protestantism on basis of non-salvation, dependent on "other powers" of Amida. Known as the "bald-headed old fool" due to sinfulness and exiled for radical views. Founder of True Pure Land School (Jodo Shinshu).

Yelu Chucai

1189-1243; non-Mongol in service of the Khan empire. Mediated between the Mongols and Chinese subjects. Became a court astrologer and is said to have played a role in Mongolian decisions to stay out of India. Rejected the proposal by Mongolians to turn North China into a pasturage, and persuaded Khan in many instances.

Jia Sidao

1213-1275 CE; Chief Councilor who forced large landowners to sell to the gov't a large portion of their holdings, to allow gov't to manage funds themselves from there.

Khubilai (Kublai) Khan

1215-1294; Great Khan and grandson of Chenggis Khan. Conquested the Southern Song in 1278 and transferred the capital from Mongolia to Beijing. Adopted Yuan ("The Origin") as a Chinese-style dynastic name using an edict.

Nichiren

1222-1282; one of Japan's most flamboyant religious leaders. Exiled for unacceptable beliefs but saved due to a miracle. used faith in the Lotus Sutra and substituted namu myoho renge-kyo. He prophesied Mongol invasions and increased his credibility based on historical failure.

Ippen

1239-1289; Pure Land evangelical who practiced the dancing nembutsu and became subject of a famous narrative scripture scroll.

Zhao Mengfu

1254-1322; held high office under Mongols and paid price in lost friendships and inner conflict. Major painter and one of the truly greatest calligraphers in China. Painted "Autumn Colors on the Qiao and Hua Mountains".

Muso Soseki (Muso Kokushi: the National Master)

1275-1351; enjoyed Hojo regency, Go-Daigo and Ashikaga shogunate. Inspired further Zen influence.

Yoshida Kenko

1283-1350; poet, court official and author of "Essays in Idleness" (Tsurezuregusa). Collection of brief jottings long admired in Japan as repositories of good taste in arts.

Go-Daigo

1288-1339; emperor of Kenmu Restoration efforts that involved perrogatives similar to Emperor Go-Toba. Shogunate was weak and needed to sustain a gov't.

Wang Meng

1309-1385; painted bright color portraits using natural forces with reclusive nature and borderlines. Believed in psychological themes like the "flow of consciousness".

Nijo Yoshimoto

1320-1388; a champion poet of the styled writing of renga.

Kan'ami

1333-1384; Shinto priest who got support from Zeami (Seami; 1363-1443). Composed plays and acted in them; critical and aesthetic criteria of arts.

Toghto

1356; served as Chancellor after overthrowing Bayan. Revived examinations in schools and kept persistent Yuan policies.

Yoshimitsu

1368 emperor (10 year old). 3rd Shogun. Controlled by Hosokawa Yoriyuki (Ashikaga clan).

"Tales from the Uji Collection"

13th-century recollection of tales in Buddhism and other nonreligious anecdotes.

Chengzu (Yongle)

1402-1424; third Ming emperor with "perpetual happiness"; led five expeditions against the Mongols, intervened in Annam and sent out maritime expeditions marking China's as the world's premier naval power. Sponsored Neo-Confucian ways and patronized Buddhist publications. Reversed Taizu's maritime expansion and entrusted eunuch envoys across the seas under command of Zheng He.

Rennyo

1415-1499; organized believers into disciplinary bodies. Uses True Pure Land School to gain way of the "other powers" of Amida.

Yoshinori

1428-1441; 5th Shogun who rallied the Ashikaga fortunes

Onin War

1467-1477; event in which Yoshinori was assassinated and his son (Yoshimasa) took the throne. Curtailed powers of the Ashikaga bakufu, ending its system. Involved rupture and indeterminacy as themes of the war.

Wang Yangming (Wang Shouren)

1472-1529 contemporary after Wen and Zhou; suffered two months in prison and beating of 40 strokes followed by exile in Guizhou; served with great courage/distinction both as civil administrator and military commander. experience linked to Chan Buddhism during his "enlightenment" period where he took on self-perfection and eliminating selfishness at the cost of others eventually.

"Confessions of Lady Nijo"

14th century Kamakura period novel; love affairs and attention to ascetics. Similar to the "Tale of Genji."

Wuzong

1506-1521 emperor of Mings; built a Temple for Immortals to reach Heaven in a symbolic way through Taoism. Neglected gov't affairs and let his eunuch tigers run in the open.

Sen no Rikyu

1522-1591; greatest of the tea masters, patronized by Hideyoshi. Wrote about different types of tea and stories on practitioning. Influenced Chojiro with tea bowls accompanying vases.

Zhang Juzheng

1525-1582; dominated gov't during Muzong's reign and Shenzong's minority. Confucian Legalist who was convinced that strong and strict gov't was a necessity for society. Believed in efficiency and control to hallmark his policies. Repaired the Grand Central, reformed couriers, regulated new central control over provinces, and reduced officials in power. Directed a Chinese and survey (1581) to extend the "single whip method of taxation," which replaced the Two Tax System first instituted during the Tang Dynasty (turned tax obligations into a single annual bill).

Li Zhi

1527-1602; one of the most forceful and independent Late Ming thinkers. Met with Ricci and was impressed with Jesuit personalities, despite seeing no merit in his mission.

Hasegawa Tohaku

1539-1610; worked with Eitoku on monochrome and color pottery.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

1542-1616; appointed shogun in 1603 and became a hegemon after the battle in Sekigahara in 1600. Built on the works of Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582) and Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1542-1616). Forced samurai to wear shoes and swords giving them ultimate power. Made distinctions between samurais and commoners.

Kano Eitoku

1543-1590; patronized by both Nobunga and Hideyoshi. Worked at both Azuchi and Momoyama castles.

Furuta Oribe

1544-1615; originated ceramic traditions as a tea master. Used thick glazes an rough brushwork. Made misshaped bowls and broke some to mend them.

Matteo Ricci

1551-1610; student of law, mathematics and sciences. Experienced in cartography and practical mechanics. Mastered Chinese language and classics. Strong in imperial audiences and won permission to reside in the capital. Won over many men in Beijing with is prominence. Gave the Jesuits a better chance of survival within China while the Japanese persecuted Christians.

Hon'ami Koetsu

1558-1637; established community of artists and craftsmen on site granted by Ieyasu in recognition of prominence. Made a movement designed for the Trained in sword repair and connoisseurship. Mastered in tea bowls, lacquer inlay, and cast metal vessels, painting and calligraphy.

Fujiwara Seika

1561-1619; traces first parts of Tokugawa Confucianism. Aristocrat who wrote letters to Kyoto merchants for Vietnam missions. Drew ships's oaths for profit and commerce. Wanted merchants not to be greedy.

Xu Guangqi (Paul Hsu)

1562-1633; translated Euclid's "Elements" and other works on mathematics, hydraulics, astronomy and geography. Became the first known Chinese translator of European books.

Wei Zhongxian

1568-1627; purged opponents including Donglins and Zuo Guangdou. Demonstrated Confucian selfishness to the point of death. Used authoritarianism to gain his way and loyalty of officials. Desired full public recognition with his face images over every building.

Feng Menglong

1574-1646; author with interests that were wide as a prolific editor, including human sympathy and psychological insight using 3 collections of colloquial short stories.

Chojiro

1576-1592; potter who gained influence from Rikyu. brings out earthiness of the clay through ceramic tradition.

Ling Mengchu

1580-1664; author who was the son of a noted publisher and scholar; retold 78 stories published in 2 collections known as "Striking the Table in Amazement at the Wonders" (1st/2nd series).

Hayashi Razan

1583-1657; patronized by Ieyasu. Confucian scholar who had family members working heads of bakufus in the Confucian academy. Founded a premier Confucian academy but didn't dominate Edo.

"Journey to the West" (Xiyuji or Monkey)

1592 description of travel to India of the Tang monk Xuanzang. Heroic pilgrimage involving satire and comedy. Accompanied by a spiritual monkey and demons that threaten him. Uses Buddha's mission to reach enlightenment and transformations into a full-fledged monkey. Journeys to find hidden sutras (texts).

Hishikawa Moronobu

1618-1694; credited with developing the Japanese print.

Yamaga Soko

1622-1695; student of Raza and of martial arts. Considered a founding father of the modern way of the warrior (bushido).

Sizong

1627-1644; successor of Wei Zhongxian and reformer. Lack of consistent policies and tried to fight bureaucratic conflicts and a dangerous economic downturn.

Ferdinand Verbiest

1633-1688; Belgian Jesuit who followed behind von Bell. Last of the trio of great and learned missionary fathers. Always won the favor of Emperor Kangxi.

Iharu Saikaku

1642-1693; short-story writer. Loved to write about love in his stories. Deals with recognized city types (young miser and money-grubber, playboys who squander patrimony, young beauty mismatched to elderly and love with love). Composed haikai (light verses built from renga).

Matsuo Basho

1644-1694; master of the haiku.

Ietsuna

1651-1680; 4th shogun; daimyo regained much lost groun and bakufu policy reversed. Decline in daimyo transferred and han was confiscated. Deathbed adoptions became legitimate and proliferation of local currencies ensued.

Chikamatsu

1653-1724; playwright. Defined as Japan's Shakespeare between the "real and unreal" slender margins of art.

Kangxi

1654-1722; 4th emperor of the Qing Dynasty. Deemed mentally instable at times but was hard-working. Designed compilations for Chinese characters and Ming history; supported philosophies of Zhu Xi.

Ogata Korin

1658-1716; 3rd great Kyoto artists; represents screens similar to Mozart's style. Uses color orchestration and tempo changes, accents, chords, rise an fall, and moods from minor to major and vice-versa.

"Yoshiwara Pillow"

1660; combination sex manual and "courtesan critique".

Tsunayoshi

1680-1709; eccentric 5th shogun. Reasserted bakufu powers and gained ridicule of the daimyos. Extreme Buddhism devotion to animal life and solitude for dogs. "Dog shogun" who worked to resurge culture, but was only temporary. Performed in No (Noh) plays.

Okumara Masanobu

1686-1764; developed the print form of art. Publisher and artist who depicted interiors of houses in Yoshiwara.

Genroku Era

1688-1704; 16 year event of Japan's most creative arts. Theater, prints, fiction and haikus.

Giuseppe Castiglione

1715-1766; Jesuit court painter who designed a miniature Versailles for the Summer Palace.

Yosa Buson

1716-1783; most eminent artist in literarti modes. Cultivated calligraphy and poetry through self-expression.

Canton System

1760-1842; served as means for China to control trading with the west within its own nation. Seen as a complement to the Old China Trade system. European trade had spread throughout China, and there were efforts to restrict EU traders and citizens to Macau. Foreign traders were required to deal with groups of Chinese merchants who had been granted a monopoly of foreign trade in each transaction.

Yokoi Kinkoku

1761-1832; used genres of Haiga and Haiku to integrate paintings (ga).

Macartney and Lord Amherst

1793 explorers who sailed to China to expand trade and open EU-style diplomacy. Ran head-on into well-established dynastic practices that the Qing court didn't need to change.

"The Great History of Japan" (Dainihonshi)

17th century written work by Mito (Tokugawa collateral house).

The Proscription

18-year event in which bureaucratic morale and local support for the Han Dynasty died down and eunuchs seized control of courts to execute opponents and banish hundreds of officials/followers from office. (166 CE)

Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking)

1843 treaty setting patterns for Chinese relations with the U.S. and France. Canton System and Cohong monopolies were abolished, while 5 ports (Canton, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai) opened to British trade and residences. Consuls given to Britain as well. Official communications were from there on to be on a basis of equality. Qin forced to pay indemnities of $21M in Spanish silver dollars. Moderate Chinese tariff up 9% put on imports. Did not solve the opium trade issue.

Fukuzawa Yukichi

1853-1901; wrote autobiographies about his father who took children out of school when the teacher was teaching arithmetic (subject fit for only merchants and offspring). Believed in "reason". Writings described studying abroad and having Western institutionalism with many museums, climates, schools, clothes, etc. Independence of the people and independene of the country was linked in his mind. "Civilization and enlightenment" theorist.

"On the Origin of Species"

1859 theory of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin, using "natural selection" and "survival of the fittest".

"Aguranabe" (Sitting around the Stew Pan)

1871 best-seller satirizing faddish Westernism. Described how Toshimichi would relish in bread, dark tea and clothing of Western culture.

"Maihime" (The Dancing Girl)

1890 story written by Ogai; doomed romance between Japanese student sent by gov't to Germany and German girl named Alice. Autobiography explaining romantic periods.

Treaty of Shimonoseki

1895 treaty ending the Tonghak Rebellion. China relinquished all claims to Korea and recognized them as independent. China paid Japan indemnity and ceded it Taiwan and Pescadores, followed by formation of the Japanese Empire. Extension of Japan's MFN status and opening of seven additional Chinese ports.

Russo-Japanese War

1904-1905 battle that grew out of rival imperial ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea. Russia was looking for warm water ports through Manchuria with support of railway systems.

"Kokoro"

1914 publication by Soseki, dealing with relationships beween a young man and his master/teacher (Sensei). Related to the relations between Ogai and the Emperor in his works.

"New Youth"

1915 journal written by Chen Duxiu. Calls for rejuvenation of China, accompanied by denunciation of tradition. Castigated Confucianism as being responsible for old state and society wants. Stifled human creativity and suppressed them for disliking women rights. Believed Confucianism stood in the way of freedom and progress; argued that Marxism could save the society rather than science/democracy.

Northern Expedition

1926 journey of armies from Canton toward the Yangzi, and warlords going over to the Nationalist side.

"The Cannery Boat"

1929 novel written by Kobayashi Takiji, in which workers revolted against a brutal captain. Opposed works of Shiga Naoya since it targeted social conditions and not personal means.

New Life Movement

1934 event led by Kai-shek to observe four vaguely defined Confucian virtues and spelled out criteria for proper behavior using instructions. People were to sit and stand straight, eat quietly, refrain from spitting, and acquire full discipline. It rejected individualism and Western democratic values and opposed socialism and Communism. It also aimed to build up morale in a nation that was besieged with corruption, factionalism, and opium addiction (all were unsuccessful).

Sun Moon Lake Electrical Generation Plan

1935 proposal that allowed aluminum, textiles, iron, cement and chemical industries to grow in an agrarian economy of Taiwan.

"On the New Democracy"

1940 novel written by Mao Zedong; members of the "national bourgeoisie" were initially tolerated, and only capitalists with Guomindang or foreign ties were labeled enemies of the revolution.

"China's Destiny"

1943 novel written by Chiang kai-shek, examining the challenges facing the modernization (and new economic foundation) of China - from the humiliation of the unequal treaties, through to the struggles of the first half of the twentieth century, including the problem of establishing a philosophy of revolution and reconstruction.

"Rashomon"

1950 film directed by Kurosawa Akira; suggests relativity of all truths through human subjectivity and self-interest.

Minamata disease

1953 outbreak caused by people eating fish contaminated by methyl mercury discharged by a fertilizer plant in Kyushu.

Night Drum (Yoru no Tsuzumi / The Adultress)

1958 film directed by Imai Tadashi, in which a samurai kills his wife. Deprives his own life of meaning and uses triumph of bitter dialogue with a still-living past.

Harakiri (Seppeku)

1962 film directed by Kobayashi Masaki, in which the hero sets out to avenge his son who was in a painful seppuku (ritual suicide), all based on hypocrisy in the end.

Lockheed scandal

1976 "Japan's Watergate" incident, in which millions of dollars of American company funds had been used to corrupt the highest Japanese gov't officials. Indicted former PM Tanaka Kakuei for being guilty in terms of aviation and sales of aircraft by aerospace companies.

"Ran"

1985 film by Akira; imaginative metamorphosis of King Lear in 16th-century Japan.

International Flower and Greenery Exposition

1990 sponsoring by the Ministry of Construction. Expressed concern over the situation at home but also called attention to the destruction that Japanese companies were inflicting on tropical forests of Borneo and other islands. Stood against environmental corruption and degradation.

"Green Leaves"

1992 journal founded by artist Wang Meng, which describes the environment in China at length.

Age of Disorder

1st stage of Youwei; emphasizes rule under an absolute monarchy.

About how many hans were observed in this time period?

250.

Age of Approaching Peace

2nd stage of Youwei; emphasizes rule under a constitutional monarchy.

Xun Kuang (Xunzi or "Master Xun")

312 BCE around Zhao; lived long enough to see unification of China under the First Emperor of Qin in 221 BCE. Gained more influence than Mecius and was a teacher in the state of Chu.

Gu Kaizhi

344-407 CE; famed painter who captured essential character of his subjects using his paintbrush. Made a prominent hand-scroll illustrating a poem composed in the 3rd century ("Admonitions of the Instructress to the Court Ladies"). Infused both Daoist and Confucianist perspectives into his artwork.

Kumarajiva

350-409 CE; famous scholar-monk translator who directed a project with other monks to introduce the Madhyamika teachings, including doctrines of emptiness (sunyata). Elaborated on Indian Buddhism and pilgrimages to India. Translated Sanskrit texts into Chinese later on.

Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove

3rd century gifted friend group, notable for artistic accomplishments and eccentricity.

Age of Great Peace

3rd stage of Youwei; emphasizes rule by the people.

"Gang of Four"

4-member Communist official party led by Jiang Qing. Included Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, and Wang Hongwen.

Yayoi Period

400 BCE; included distinctive pottery remnants and Kyushu technology. Occurred after the Jomon and carried through with agriculture and cultural dialects.

Mo Di (Mozi or "Master Mo")

470-391 BCE; native of state of Lu and very little known like Confucius. Arguably had a criminal past and others see him as a low-status artisan/carpenter with interest in practical traditions. Hanists see him as a Confucian follower and is recorded in the Mozi.

Charter Oath

5 articles established under the movement of Emperor Toshimichi and actions of classes.

Haiku

5-7-5 lines constituting a poem.

Kong Qiu (Confucius)

551-479 BCE; famous teacher/mentor, philosopher and moral exemplar. Author of Spring and Autumn Annals. Edited/arranged the Odes with elite support. Believably a fatherless child and man unaware of his own birth and also an egalitarian teacher with many students.

Nakatomi no Kamatari

614-669 CE; leader of a kinship group that was later renamed to Fujiwara, one of the most powerful Heian kinship groups of pre-modern Japan.

Tenmu

631-686 CE; Tenji's brother and successor. Enforced ruling with support of consort Jito (645-703 E). Extended/strengthened bureaucracy, surveyed people for extracting taxes and military services, and reduced pre-existing regional authorities. Compiled legal codes and histories, constructed larger new palaces and capital cities, and took control of religious institutions, later known as Shintoism.

Yamanoue no Okura

660-730 CE; Naran cosmopolitan and deeply learned man believably born in Paekche.

Kanmu

737-806 CE; great-grandson and successor of Tenji. Reduced influence of powerful temples and noble kinship roups. Moved the capital from Nara in 784 CE to Nagaoka (SW Tokyo).

Early Middle Period (Ming)

75-year period including failed efforts to control Annam and stregths of the Great Wall, as well as eunuch influence and court cooking.

The Kaifuso (Patterned Sea-grasses of Cherished Style)

751 CE collection of Chinese-style verse that provides insight into elegant literary banquets of late-7th/8th centuries.

Saicho

767-822 CE; priest who had Kanmu's support in founding a small temple on Mt. Hiei (NW Kyoto). Traveled to China to enhance his faithful understandings and tried to increase his temple's reputation with sanctions. Helped him maintain close relations with the courts.

Kukai

774-835 CE; founder of the Shingon school.

Yoshiwara

7th-century home of Edo's "floating world". Included beauty, grace, and elegant fervor through every street.

By the time of conquest for the Qing Dynasty, there existed...

8 banners of Mongols, Chinese and Manchus.

Sugawara no Michizane

845-903 CE; main rival of the Fujiwara. Noted scholar of Chinese studies and poet, avoided the form of Kyushu (exile). Believably had his ghost post-death punish his enemies. Became a patron god of letters and calligraphy, worshipped at shrines erected in his honor.

Golden Hall of Toshodaiji

8th century temple in Nara; founded by Ganjin who had reached Japan on his 6th attempt but was frustrated by storms, pirates, shipwrecks and once by Chinese authorities.

Fan Kuan

960-1030; encompassed all nature in his works. Northerner who wanted to dramatize poetry using middle planes of water, mist etc. Divided pictures into separate regions.

Northern Song Dynasty

960-1126 CE; ruled over from capital at Kaifeng near Yellow River and canal systems.

Dong Yuan

962 CE; helped by disciple Juran (875 CE). Softer, more atmospheric mountainscapes of the region.

Zhongyan

989-1052; famed for defining a true Confucian "one who is first in worrying..."; Also worked with Wang Anshi to seek reformed transformation of "Old Culture" Movements.

U.S. President Truman's dismissal of General MacArthur proved that...

America wouldn't extend the war beyond Korea. Demonstrated the American system of civil control over the military.

Admiral Alfred T. Mahan

American advocate of sea power who demanded Japanese naval domination of surrounding seas.

General Joseph Stilwell

American military leader in China who had been Chiang's chief-of-staff and commander of American forces in the China-Burma-India theater.

John Dewey

American pragmatist who replaced "absolute truth" with truths that worked as solutions to problems.

Kwang-chih Chang

American-trained archaeologist who formed the nuclear area thesis.

What two prominent features did the Qin Dynasty host?

An army of terra-cotta soldiers in Xi'an and the Great Wall of China. Epitomized authoritarian rule and imperial tyranny through ignorance.

How did Confucianists see women?

As submissive and weak subordinates within family ties, only to be confined to domestic affairs and had little word in decisions made.

Which colors of art are a hallmark of the Tang Dynasty?

Blue and green.

What was a favorite antique setting of the Ming Dynasty?

Blue-and-white porcelain decorations.

Under an agreement between Sun Yat-sen and Communists...

Both agreed that China was not ready for socialism and should focus more on national unity/independence. Yat-sen received assistance and aid from Communists while Mikhail Borodin (agent of Comintern) allowed the GMD to reorganize into a more structured and disciplined organization.

How did the Shang Dynasty compare with the Western Zhou?

Both involved ruling nobilities with family names and practicing of ancestor worship. Divination was essential as were peasants being separated from other classes.

Kami worship borrowed freely from...

Buddhism.

Hongren

Buddhist monk refusing to serve the Qing; had followers such as painters who lived through change in individualistic settings.

How did the Yunnan province try to support education?

By establishing 650 schools for lecturing minority peoples on institutional wisdom.

How did diviners consult dead ancestors?

By offering sacrifices and reading the cracks of burnt bones.

Gao Gang

C.C.P. leader in Manchuria who was accused of separatist ambitions. Also accused with Rao Shushi of "operating independent kingdoms" and forming a political alliance.

What happened after the Celestial Masters rebellion?

Cao Pi founded the Wei Dynasty and state, while failing to reunify the empire after ending Han rule.

Ngo Diehm Diem

Catholic nationalist whose gov't lacked popular roots and administrative efficacy. Headed the Saigon gov't in southern Vietnam and blocked out nationwide elections with U.S. support.

Hunan is also known as...

Changsha.

Within peace agreement terms between China and Vietnam...

China was forced to abandon her claim to suzerainty over Vietnam. French colony of Cochin China and French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin were joined by protectorates over Cambodia, while Laos constituted French Indochina.

Gao Xingjian

China's first Nobel Prize winner (2000), and moved to Paris in 1989.

Guo Songdao

China's first minister to England and first rep. to be stationed in any Western country.

Lu Xun (Zhou Shuren)

China's most acclaimed 20th century writer published in "New Youth" magazines. Studied medicine but became devoted to combating spiritual ills. Used humanist ideas to cure and not kill things. Wrote "A Madman's Diary". Discussed Promethean martyrdom as well.

Yang Gueifei

China's premier femme fatala who captivated the gov't and took power with her relatives and proteges.

When comparing China and Japan in terms of monarchic power, who carried more?

China.

Yuan Shikai

Chinese Resident in Korea. Protege of Li who trained Korean troops. Used vigorous assertion of Chinese control, dominance in courts and partial union of Korean-Chinese commercial customs. Telegraph services built with merchant routes between both nations. Served as Grand Councilor and Foreign Minister but dismissed after death of patron Cixi in 1908. Eventually succeeded Yat-sen to throne and moved capital to Nanjing. Took power with strong grip and forced dismissals and military authority.

Ganjin (Jianzhen)

Chinese monk who founded the Golden Hall of Toshodaiji.

I.M. Pei (Ieho Ming Pei)

Chinese-born American architect who received the Pritzker Prize in 1983. Erected the city's tallest skyscrapers of China's Central Bank. Also designed the Miho Museum at Shigaraki.

The Arrow Affair/War (2nd Opium War)

Chinese-owned but Hong Kong registered vessel that seized 12 Chinese men charged with piracy. Men refused to apologize, and British responded by seizing Canton instead, joined by French support.

The Nationalist gov't moved its wartime capital to...

Chongqing in Sichuan.

Tanaka Giichi

Choshu general much favored by Yamagata; took presidency of the Seiyukai in 1925. Moved away from Shidehara's conciliation approach to focus more on foreign policy from a different perspective. Sent in army brigades to Shandong. Eventually had to recognize the GMD regime in Nanjing as the gov't of China after Manchuria came under Zhang Zuolin's son.

Yoshino Sakuzo

Christian populist and democrat who argued for democracy as an absolute rather than on utilitarian or pragmatic grounds. Had idealistic views of the nation and rejected suggestions that democracy was incompatible with Japanese traditions. Believed that those who rejected democracy are anachronistic and erroneous.

Warring States Period

Chu and Qin becam powerful and annexed neighbors, while others like Jin and Qi died out.

Mao Dun (Shen Yanbing)

Communist writer who depicted and analyzed defects in old society and portrayed idealism of those who wanted to change things.

Why was Toghto dismissed in 1355?

Conducted a Gaoyou Grand Canal seizure while leading a rebellion, in order to proclaim a new dynasty. Tried to oust rebels from concentrated camps around Yuanist Mongolia.

Wei Zheng

Confucian counselor and supporter to Taizong during the Tang Dynasty.

Sakuma Shozan

Confucian scholar who conducted experiments in chemistry and glassmaking; became an expert in casting of guns. Looked to Western-style growth and used formulae of "Eastern ethics, Western science."

Shinoya Toin

Confucian who had absolute hatred for everything that was Western in nature and culture. Writes on distastes of Western hemisphere.

What did the Dominicans think of the Chinese at the time?

Considered them atheists and argued against the Jesuit portrayal of Confucius as a deist.

Chen Shui-bian

DPP candidate who became the PRC's youngest and first non-GMD President. Put down Taiwanese nationalism to focus more on domestic house-cleaning and corruption.

Huizong

Daoist emperor who tried to give them priority over Buddhists and turned them into Daoists instead. Ordered Buddha's name be changed to "The Golden Immortal of Enlightenment." Became convinced he was the "Great Thearch of Long Life" or "Imperial Lord of the Supreme Empyrean."

Examples of other cultures during the Neolithic?

Daxi, Hemudu, Majiabang, Dalongtan, Dapenkeng and Xinle.

Who burned the Han capital down in 190 CE?

Dong Zhuo.

Who is responsible for the Great Wall's construction in China?

Emperor Taizu (Hongwu), of the Ming Dynasty.

4 major groups within the political Heian period...

Emperor/imperalists, aristocrats/nobles, Tendai/Shingon religious sects, and provincial warrior heads.

Togo Seiji

European artist who was influenced by French and Italian futurism and dadaism, but also towards cubism. Character in a love suicide novel written by Uno Chiyu.

Kuroda Seiki

European-styled artist with nude photos that shocked Kyoto in the 1890s. Known as the "Grand Old Man of Western painting in Japan."

Louise Bourgeois

Franco-American architect who designed a gigantic spider in Tokyo. Represents a theme of motherliness and imagination. Symbolizes female strength mixed with potential menace.

Jean-Marie Charpentier

French architect who designed the Shanghai Grand Theater.

Henri-Louis Bergson

French exponent of vitalism, which centered on life as a force that cannot be explained in material terms.

In the center (Annam) and the north (Tonkin), the French maintained "protectorates" paralleling French and Vietnamese administratons, as well as...

French maintenance of the Nguyen emperor in Hue.

One of the more prominent monarchs of the Heian period was the...

Fujiwara family. Used marriages of their daughters to get emperors to give in to central influence.

Hu Jintao

General Secretary and a future President of China.

Minobe Tatsukichi

German legal scholar who followed his teacher (Georg Jellinek) at Heidelberg. Made distinctions between sovereignty in liberal theory using ideas like whole state, power to rule, and emperor supervision. Believed the emperor is the "highest organ" of the state, limited by other components of the state and the constitution. Constitutions are allowed/required to have change in direction of rationality, responsibility and participation. Wrote many books on constitutional law and was appointed to the House of Peers.

Versailles Peace Conference

Germany's former possessions would move from Shangdong to Japan. Faced backlashes by 3,000 Beijing University students who staged a dramatic demonstration.

Sun Yat-sen

Guangdong-based peasant who received Christian education in Hawaii and studied medicine in Hong Kong. Elaborated on "Three Principles of the People" (nationalism, democracy, and people's livelihood). Wanted to overthrow the dynasty and establish a republic that used principles of Sun's Revolutionary Alliance (Tongmenghui).

The Changes (Yijing)

Hanist dialogues representing no authorship or date, but uses 64 hexagrams and commentaries. Involves divination and trigrams with combinations.

What did Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty decide to do to handle the Canton System?

He restricted foreigners from entering Canton, where a special area was set aside for warehouse factories of foreign traders. They were allowed to reside there as long as they didn't bring their wives and settle down.

What did U.S. President Nixon do regarding an attempt to strengthen the Saigon regime?

He widened the war in 1970 to include Cambodia and Laos involvement.

What is the Zhou's highest deity?

Heaven (tian).

Japanese aristocratic society developed during the...

Heian period (794-1191 BCE). Religions grew to heights and Japanese imperialistic courts became well-known.

Who were Hideyoshi's successors?

Hidetada (1616-1623) and Iemitsu (1623-1651).

Okuma Shigenobu

Hizen man who worked in Meiji politics regarding heavy economics. Wanted to fix government revenues. Used reduction and commutation of samurai stipends as well as tax systems. Worked on monetary and banking reforms. Wanted to destroy the Seiyukai but failed.

What did Saigon rename itself to?

Ho Chi Minh City.

What was one of the biggest arguments concerning Christianity in China?

How to translate "God" into Chinese.

Ren, yi, li and zhi

Humaneness/benevolence, duty, propriety and wisdom; all constituents within the Mencius.

Mao Zedong

Hunan province writer who wrote reports urging the C.C.P. to concentrate on rural revolutions and prediction. Eventually became one of the first Presidents in China's C.C.P.

What did the Hans believe in regarding violence of families?

If a man raped his wife, he and his whole family would be imprisoned. Offenders would also be put to work in state-owned salt and iron mines as well on building public works and city walls.

According to Mozi, what did he think of God and Heaven?

If one's actions are in good course then Heaven sends down benefits, but if not then there are punishments.

What did both Genyosha and Kokuryukai employ?

Intimidation and assassination efforts.

How did Marxism claim to be "scientific"?

It attempted to undo China's humiliation, converts used "dialectic materialism" to assert Communism in the future, and demonstrated Russian Revolutionary success.

Renzo Piano

Italian architect who designed the Kansai Airport in Japan.

Saionji Kimmochi

Ito's protege who took throne and alternated with Taro. Court noble with liberal views but little inclination for political leadership.

Washington Conference (1921-1922)

Japan's alliance with Britain was replaced by Four Power Pact signed by France, Britain, Japan and U.S. Signatories agreed to limit construction of capital ships to maintain naval power balance at a 3:5:5 ratio for Japan and the others.

Kobayashi Hideo

Japan's foremost modern critic, who believed jargon is non-essential, and not trusting it is the mark of the critical spirit.

Toyota

Japan's leading automobile manufacturer.

Nanjing Massacre (Rape of Nanking)

Japanese soldiers went on a rampage with terrorizing, killing, raping, burning and looting for 7 weeks.

Shizong

Jiajing emperor of Mings (1522-1567). Flourished with the arts but put gov't to shame. Engrossed in Daoist ceremonies every other day and night. Predecessor to Muzong.

One of Japan's oldest known pottery artifacts are the...

Jomon pots; 14,500 BCE ago and includes ceramics used for storage and cooking as well as ritual functions (fertility and phallic reasons).

Who authored the Man'yoshu?

Kakinomoto no Hitomaro. Made elegies to princes and propagandistic tributes to deified royal figures.

Who brought in a pro-Chinese Dalai Lama to Tibet?

Kangxi's armies in 1720.

The Yamato region was later renamed as the...

Kinai region.

Two of the earliest histories of Shinto Japan are recorded in the...

Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters) [712 CE] and the Nihon shoki (Chronicles of Japan) [720 CE].

Admiral Yi Sun-sin

Korean fleet leader who encountered Hideyoshi on the high seas. Famous for armed "turtle ships".

Koizumi Junichiro

LDP member who succeeded Mori Yoshiro and his predecessors. "Bad-boy" image that wanted to take on financial reform, albeit short-term economic pain but long-term recovery. Focused on legalizing the military and pleased nationalists by visiting the Yasukuni Shrine to pay homage to fallen soldiers. Appointed an outspoken woman as Japan's first female Foreign Minister (Tanaka Makiko), the eldest daughter of former PM Tanaka Kakuei. Supported U.S. counter-terrorism efforts and sent in troops to help rebuild Iraq.

Russian Revolution (1917)

Lenin amended Marxist theories to fit needs of Russia and made it relevant to Chinese people.

How did Li's work differ from Fu's?

Li focused more on nature and mountains with freedom of spirit. He used the old-style verses of gushi. Du Fu was the first to describe paintings.

Jiyuto

Liberal Party; formed by Itagaki and his associates. Drew attention from Tosa and rural areas. Peasants and landlords were unhappy with tax burdens. Wanted to expand liberty and happiness and reform of society.

Yoshida's contributions during the 1950s...

Liberal party efforts with control of the Diet; forced to resign later due to a shipping industry scandal.

Under a new constitution by a party congress' decision...

Lin Biao took over for Mao Zedong.

"Quotations from Chairman Mao"

Little Red Book designed by Zedong to encourage people to restore faith in him. Glorified him as a saint and writings were placed on family altars. Villages held hands and sang on his behalf.

Tiantai

Lotus Sutra ideals. 3 truths: all phenomena are empty products of causation and without nature of own; existing temporarily and encompassing emptiness and temporariness.

Just as Buddhism and Bodhisattvas were finding their counterparts on the Korean Peninsula...

Maitreya discovered Silla as his native land.

The home of the Jurchen clan resides in...

Manchuria.

Two political doctrines of the Mecius

Mandate of Heaven (tian ming) and rule of virtue; Heaven gave ruling houses a mandate to rule but benevolence and benefits came to the masses. Rulers must cede the throne to sages with virtue and wisdom.

"Mass line" theory

Mao's conviction that the people were the source of valuable ideas and that the function of leaders was to obtain ideas from the masses, to concentrate and systematize them, and then take them back to the masses.

Jiang Qing and Chen Boda

Mao's wife and secretary (respectively), who took over as leaders of the Cultural Revolution group after Red Guard attacks occurred.

Who was the demon that came to Buddha while he sat under the bodhi tree hoping to remove discontent, delight and desire?

Mara.

What did the Qing consider in regards to maritime expansion?

Maritime trade with SE Asia was of great economic importance to coastal communities and posed no security issues to the empire. It was taxed more heavily than that of Chinese ships, but administered separately from the tributary system of conducting foreign relations.

Ho Chi Minh (Nguyen That Thanh)

Marxist-leaned Vietnamese seamen who followed paths to build the Viet Minh. Fused nationalism of France with Marxism and cared a lot about Vietnamese culture. Assisted in founding the French Communist Party. Later merged various groups into the Communist Party of Vietnam (modern Indochina).

Why was opium considered for Chinese trade?

Medicinal purposes but combines with a "high" feeling. Involves smuggling and easy trade-backs. Became an addiction for

Sumitomo and Mitsui stem from Edo period, while Mitsubishi and Yasuda reigns from...

Meiji Restoration period.

"Four sprouts" (si duan)

Mencius reference of "sages".

Willow Palisades

Ming barrier formed by lines of willows and a deep trench fortified by military checkpoints.

Wu Sangui

Ming general whose army guarded Shanhaiguan (eastern terminus of the Great Wall). Came into power after Li Zicheng overthrew the previous Ming emperor.

Nanjing

Ming loyalist capital. After its capture, the Qing emperor forced all men to shave their heads and braid into a pigtail.

Huang Zongxi

Ming loyalist with trenchant political views; complained that people had been the masters, the prince the tenant, but now reversed. Restored pre-Ming strong chief ministership, instituting tax/land reforms, authority of local officials, and education building (creating independent schools).

Zheng He

Muslim eunuch who followed maritime expansions ordered by Chengzu.

Yakub Beg

Muslim leader who obtained Russian and British recognition for breakaway states. Response by the Qing court was to suppress the rebellion to Zuo Zongtang.

Naqshbandiyya order

Muslim leaders who joined the Chinese Turkestan empire.

Zhang Junmai

Neo-Confucian advocate who led a small political party opposed to both Communists and Nationalists.

Liang Shuming

Neo-Confucian advocate who worked on rural reconstruction.

Gia-long

Nguyen Dynasty's first emperor.

3 main painters within the teachings of Zen...

Noami (1394-1471), Geiami (1431-1485), and Soami (1525). All are father, son, and grandson respectively.

Western Zhou pre-dated sources include...

Odes (Shi), History (Shangshu) and Changes (Yi).

"The Ideals of the East"

Okakura presents the Japan's mission of preserving "Asian" cultural essence.

Yamagata Banto

Osaka financier with astronomy ideas. Believed achievement could be found anywhere on the globe. Made written Japanese more accessible using phonetic kana scripts and eliminating all Chinese characters. Believed in "transcendental gov't" against Hirobumi.

Nakasone Yasuhiro

PM from 1982-87; worked on domestic spending, cooperated on monetary policy, and tried to open Japanese markets to more imported goods.

Ando Tadao

Pritzker-winning self-taught master, who built a small Christian church in Osaka. Designed an underground temple entered through stairs in a lotus pond and on Naoshima a museum/hotel for contemporary art. Created many non-Japanese works of art.

Kaishinto

Progressive Party; formed by Okuma and his followers. Drew attention from Hizen; urban-leveled and moderate. English-styled liberalism and backing of merchants and industrialists.

"Ode to Yan'an"

QIang Songyan's depiction homage to the place where victory of the Chinese Communist Party was forged, and the revolutionary Yan'an spirit supposedly held away.

"Complete Library of Four Treasuries" (Siku quanshu)

Qianlong's works in 36,000 volumes based on scholarshp under Yongzheng's suspicion of anti-Manchu writings. Suppressed writings that were offensive to Manchu sensibilities.

"Li Sao"

Qu Yuan beliefs regarding history and aspirations and doubts. Autobiographical.

How did Mencius rebuttal against Mozi's advocacy of universal concern?

Rejects the doctrine by seeing himself as a follower and that songs should conceal fatherly crimes. Claims that humans are naturally inclined to love fathers and kin more than others. Rejects partiality as a reason for social/political problems, since encouragement of being positive helps for good social order and puts the "Empire at peace" by extending love toward everyone. Believes burials are written in human nature (ren xing) and that generous burials are not to be discarded even when mourning. Watching children put bodies in ditches is a sign.

What did both Youwei and Sitong emphasize?

Ren, through ether and electricity.

Who ruled the Song Dynasty during this time and signed peace treaties with the Xi Xia?

Renzong (1022-1063).

The textual embodiment of the Tenmu and Jito states included...

Ritsuryo (penal and administrative) codes. Specified the structure of the entire government, from royal households to procedures in operating provincial stables. Penal code laid out classes of offenses and stipulated punishments.

4 distinct schools of thought

Ru/Confucian, Mohist, Daoist and Legalists.

Sanxingdui

SW China civilization discovered second in archaeological evidence. Pits yielded wealth of bronze, jade and gold artifacts, etc. Included Bronze Age civilization artifacts and Shang similarities.

Japan is surrounded by 3 seas...

Sea of Okhotsk, Sea of Japan and the East China Sea.

The "Pillow Book" is famous for...

Sei Shonagon's timeline of lush depictions of court life and snide commentary on manners and tastes.

Xing Tonghe

Shanghai architect who built the Shanghai Museum in 1996 to house the city's treasures.

Foreign Inspectorate of Customs

Shanghai, 1854. Responsible for collection of tariffs and prevention of smuggling.

How did gov't examinations get affected under Empress Wu's leadership?

She made sure graduates could become Chief Ministers and allowed family connections for verses through the opening of many careers.

An unequal treaty system designed by Japan and China after U.S. Navy intervention included...

Shimoda on Izu Peninsula and Hakodate in Hokkaido ports opened (extended to Nagasaki and Kanagawa). Opening of Niigata, Hyogo (modern-day Kobe) and admission of foreigners. Osaka and Edo open but still without trade. Japan lost tariff autonomy and was limited to low import duties. MFN treatments forced Japan to extend concessions to other nations.

Keichu

Shingon priest commissioned by Mitsukuni to write commentaries on Man'yoshu (oldest anthology of Japanese poetry).

Treaty of 1142

Song accepted Huai River as northern boundary and agreed to make annual payments to the Jin, while recognizing them as their superior.

What differed northerners and southerners in poetry?

Southerns want to meditate upon the lands as poets and give depth to what they actually saw; northerners sought to recreate images based off perception.

Examples of Taijing failure in the order?

Striking before the dynasty could regroup; cooperating with secret societies and other opponents who disliked Taiping faith; cultivating good relations with foreign powers.

Shenzong

Successor to Muzong (1573-1620); minor until 1590. Involved very little in gov't affairs.

Muzong

Successor to Shizong (1567-1572); devoted 5 throne years to private pleasures rather than to public needs. Predecessor to Shenzong.

The Four Noble Truths

Suffering, the cravings/desire, the prevention, and the Eightfold Path.

The world's tallest building lies in...

Taipei, capital of Taiwan.

Lee Teng-hui (Li Denghui)

Taiwanese Ph.D. candidate in agricultural economics from Cornell University. Succeeded Chiang Ching-kuo to leadership through the DPP. Brought more Taiwanese into the top party and gov't posts and included 14 holders of American doctorates in his Cabinet. Built a strong middle class, advanced education, and continued affluence from fertile grounds for democracy.

Bo Juyi

Tang poet who wrote "Rainbow Skirts and Feather Jackets". Used Indian influences from part of the background of Chinese drama during the Song Dynasty and those that reached Yuan maturity.

Yokoyama Taikan

Tenshin artist who believed in regret and relief of public life using withdrawal (Tao Qian painting example).

What does Xunzi think about Heaven?

That it performs regardless of human nature and praying; it rains when it wants to and is not influenced by basic human nature.

What did both Ikki and Seikyo agree on?

That the existing gov't in Japan obtruded on imperial will and must be swept away; also that Japan carried a divine mission overseas.

How did non-Christian critics attack faiths in Japan?

The 1st Commandment was deemed disobedience of parents and lord; a loyal retainer should accompany his lord even into hell.

Which civilization followed the Qin Dynasty?

The Han Dynasty.

Who rivaled against the Ming Dynasty?

The Mongolians.

What did Americans believe stimulated Japanese authoritarianism?

The Occupation's decision to foster labor union growth and emphasize political parties.

What crisis occurred in the 1340s?

The Yellow River broke off of dikes and flooded outlets into the Grand Canal. Threatened economies of the South and caused grain shipment halts.

What did the Japanese do in response to new laws to develop both offense and defense capabilities?

They built castles protected by walls. Served as centers of daimyo-states and warriors would gather there often.

What happened with Jesuits who met with Japanese civilians in Kyushu?

They tried to convert themselves, but ended up converting a Christian stance to attract Portuguese trade. They held overlordship of Nagasaki by Christian lords.

Tangkas

Tibetan religious paintings.

What was Ricci's blueprint for accepting themselves into Chinese and Japanese society?

To accept Confucius' teachings, known as the "prince of philosophers". Argued they didn't come to destroy Confucius, but to make his teachings complete.

Why did Saicho decide to move away from Nara to Mt. Hiei?

To escape the corruptive atmosphere of Nara, not because of disliking Nara Buddhism.

Major goal of the CC clique?

To revitalize the GMD and Communistic efforts.

Toshimichi proposed to move to Edo, renamed as...

Tokyo (Eastern Capital). Later renamed to the "imperial palace".

Ginza

Tokyo's main avenue, boasting brick buildings, colonnades and gas lamps. Rebuilt after a fire occurred in 1872. Included "modern boys" (mobo) and "modern girls" (moga) who dressed up and listened to jazz or saw movies.

4 potters who worked in the mingei movement...

Tomimoto Kenkichi, Bernard Leach, Kawai Kanjiro, and Hamada Shoji.

Self-Strengthening Period

Tongzhi Period fortification of Qing through military modernization and international relations.

4 important plains in the early development of Japan...

Tsukushi, Kinai, Nobi and Kanto.

Lu Hsiu-lien

VP and women's rights advocate of Shui-bian.

With negotiations at Geneva in Vietnam...

Vietnam became a Communist-dominated state with Hanoi as its capital. A southern state was created with Saigon at the center of gov't.

"Te" literally means...

Virtue; the life energy in things and a sense of morality which constitutes the Way.

What factors describe the Qing Dynasty post-founding?

Warfare, destruction, dislocation, cold weather; famine, disease and population decline. An increase in life expectancy and all-around improved standard of living.

Takahashi Yuichi

Western-styled painter with value of realism. Student of Kawakami Togai.

In regards to women, what did Neo-Confucianists believe?

Wives should run the household even with footbinding issues. They wanted to channel their presence through upper-class society. Praised for dowries in marriages.

Wang Shifu

Wrote "The Romance of the Western Chamber". Used marriages of daughters to explains Yingying and other characters.

Gaozong was succeeded by whom after his death?

Wu Zhao (625-706? CE). Former concubine of Taizong's who won Gaozong's affection and engineered the removal and often murder of all rivals.

Under Qianlong, Chinese Turkestan was incorporated and renamed...

Xianjiang.

Hong Rengan

Xiuquan's cousin; most Westernized leader of the Taiping order, but had neither time nor power to build centralized empire.

Katsura Taro

Yamagata's protege who took throne and alternated with Kimmochi. General from Choshu, just like his mentor.

Terauchi Masatake

Yamagata-backed Choshu general who was formerly governor-general of Korea.

The "Lelang interaction sphere" consisted of...

Yamato kings turning to the Korean side of history. Writings were closer to Japanese than to Chinese and states used grammar, translations and meaning.

First known agricultural civilization to thrive in Early China?

Yangshao culture (5000-2700 BC)

2 rebellions that devastated the Han state?

Yellow Turbans (Huangjin) and Celestial Masters (Tianshidao).

Did Hanists follow Confucianism piety and benevolence?

Yes.

Was Inner Mongolia "autonomous"?

Yes.

Who were Cao Cao's enemies during the Celestial Masters?

Yuan Shao, Liu Bei and Sun Quan.

Second Revolution

Yuan Shikai ordered killings and dismissals of many military governors under the GMD.

"The Water Margin" (Shuihuzhuan)

Yuan novel set in closing years of Northern Song and recounts deeds of 108 bandit heroes driven by cruelty of a corrupt gov't. Explains the style of outlawing and how to bring about righteous vengeance through political escape.

First archaeological evidence in China in 1965 was...

Yunnan Province fossils of the Peking Man.

Who founded the legendary Celestial Masters rebellion?

Zhang Daoling; Eastern Han leader who theorized about health merging with natives to build new religion.

The Celestial Masters, after the Period of Division, disappeared and reappeared as...

Zhengyi (True One) around mid-8th century on Mt. Longhu in Jiangxi till today.

Who personally led an army against the Liao?

Zhezong (Daoist emperor).

Based on "Reflections on Things at Hand" (Jinsi lu), who were the founders of Neo-Confucian philosophy?

Zhou Dunyi (1017-1073), Cheng Hao (1032-1085), Cheng Y (1033-1107), and Zhang Zai (1020-1077).

Vajra

a "thunderbolt"; symbolic origination from India as the weapon of the god Indra and in esoteric Buddhism it cuts through ignorance, just as lightning pierces the clouds.

Xuanzang

a Tang monk who traveled to India in search of Buddhist scriptures. Later ordered by the emperor to translate Daodejing texts into Sanskrit, which would come to benefit the Indian world.

Raigo

a depiction of a descending Amida coming down to a man's deathbed to gather his soul to paradise.

Kido Koin (Takamasa)

a disciple of Shoin's school. One of the 3 leading statesmen of the Meiji Restoration. Worked with future leaders Ito Hirobumi and Yamagata Aritomo.

Rhapsody (fu)

a famous Han form of combined poetry. Involves both rhetorics of Warring States and metaphors/allegories of Chu tradition. Used exotic terminology and verse to degenerate into capital and fauna/flora as well as beauty.

Ennin

a famous traveler to China, who succeeded Saicho as an abbot and carried a diary with information on the Tang Dynasty.

The type of government in Zhou civilization was...

a feudal monarchy (based on contracts between members of the upper class specially designed to maintain control over land).

Sai Jinhua

a leader of the Boxers who was a courtesan and concubine of Chinese diplomats in Europe. Supposedly a mistress of the German field marshal during Beijing invasions. Heroine who filled roles in "A Flower in a Sea of Sins" (Niehai hua) by Zeng Pu.

Shosoin

a log-cabin-like storehouse still standing on pillars in the compound of the Todaiji (Great Eastern) temple.

"Legalism"

a loose bundle of thinkers from different traditions rather than a proper school.

The Hwarang

a military elite group in Silla.

Shun

a model "sage" that Mencius looked up to as a sign of humbleness and innate moral sensibility.

"Neo-Confucianism"

a new creed giving meaning to state and society; philosophy of framework for academic reinforcement. Included teachings and examinations as well as influence by families and political reigning.

The Xiongnu

a nomadic group of the North and NW region that challenged the Western Han emperors. Confederacy that forced marriage of Liu Bang's widow (Empress Dowager) to create a conciliation. Used special warfare tactics to present applications of force.

Tripartite Pact

a pact signed in Berlin, Germany on September 27, 1940, which established the Axis Powers of World War II. The pact was signed by representatives of Nazi Germany (Adolf Hitler), Fascist Italy (foreign minister Galeazzo Ciano), and Imperial Japan (Japanese ambassador to Germany Saburō Kurusu). Used as an asset by Fumimaro to reach his aims without going to war with the U.S.

Guanyin

a sculpture in the 18th-century Chang'an society. Blended Indian delight with Chinese linear rhythm.

Muroji

a temple set in the mountains 40 miles from Nara among cedar-like trees (cryptomeria) on Mt. Koya. Best position to see wood and roofs painted over with tiles.

Nine Power Treaty

a treaty affirming the sovereignty and territorial integrity of China as per the Open Door Policy, after the Suzerainty system fell apart by the Western invasion in East Asia that outlawed Chinese capability for the "Close Door Policy" since Qing Dynasty, signed by all of the attendees to the Washington Naval Conference on 6 February 1922. The Nine-Power Treaty with the Shangtung Treaty in the Washington Naval Conference as a juncture effectively made Japan to return the territorial control of the Shandong Province (see Shandong Problem) to Republic of China. Later violated by the rise of WWII.

While the treaty powers were focused in Europe, Yuan Shikai was forced to...

accept Japan's seizure of Germany's holds in Shandong, grant Japan new rights in southern Manchuria and Inner Mongolia, and acknowledge special interest in China's largest iron/steel works.

Guo Moruo

admirer of Goethe, using Lenin and Promethean martyrdom/heroism.

Yoshimoto Banana (Yochimoto Mahoko)

adopted "banana" as her pen name. Looked up to markets and attuned to sensational sales. Steeped in popular culture and probably read many comic books. Represented a post-modern comodification of literature. Wrote "Kitchen" (1987) to depict disintegration of the traditional family using bright and cheerful themes.

Feng Guifen

advocate of learning from barbarians; proposed that exam degrees be presented to men demonstrating accomplishment in Western mechanical skills.

Scientism

advocated under belief that science holds the answers to all problems and that scientific reasoning is the only method for arriving at the truth. Formulated during Versailles times of WWI.

White Lotus Rebellion

affected Sichuan, Hubei, Henan, Gansu and Shaanxi. Promised the coming of Maitreya, restoration of Ming, and rescue of people from suffering.

Keiretsu

affiliated companies based on enterprise-grouping and interlocked business relationships.

"Four Pests" attack

against rats, sparrows, flies and mosquitoes.

Grigorri Voitinsky

agent of the Communist International (Comintern) who went to China.

"Five antis" campaign

aimed against bribery, tax evasion, fraud, theft of state property, and theft of economic secrets.

"Three antis" campaign

aimed against waste, corruption, and bureaucratism. Designed to discipline CCP membership.

Duke Wen

aka Chong'er or Double Ears; hegemon exemplifying decline but also consortium of his close sons. Concubines existed and revolved around revenge and unscrupulous heirs.

Northern Wei

aka Tuoba/Tabqac Wei; regime that used a political system more sophisticated than tribal organizations. Relied on collection of tax records and running gov't. Built a modern capital in Datong (Shanxi) and worked with craftsmen. Used "equal-field" systems to perform courts and ceremonies. Looked to landholders to revert assignments.

The Odes

aka the Classic of Poetry of Book of Odes; began in Western Zhou. Memorized and orally transmitted; wide range of human experience of all walks of life. Recounts Zhou victories against Shang kings, as well as peasant perspectives.

Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964)

allowed U.S. President L. Johnson to bomb North Vietnam using aerial planes. American troops continued to push into Vietnam as well. Permitted the U.S. to use "conventional" military force.

Tonghak Rebellion

amalgam of Chinese, Buddhist and native Korean religious idea and practices. Decay and agitation against government corruption and foreign encroachments. Rioting in 1893 pushed Korea toward famine while Chinese assistance was necessary. Troops were sent into Korea by Li.

May Fourth Movement

an anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement growing out of student demonstrations in Beijing on May 4, 1919, protesting the Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles, especially allowing Japan to retain territories in Shandong which had been surrendered by Germany after the Siege of Tsingtao.

The Heian courts are headed by...

an emperor, who claims sovereignty over most territory in the islands.

Ishiwara Kanji (Ishihara)

analytical army man who worked on plans of attack during WWI. Collaborated with other students to devise control over economic resources of Manchuria. Looked to find economic independence in Japan.

Ba Jin (Li Feigang)

anarchist who depicted disintegration of a large, eminent family in novel "Family" (1931), a part of his "Turbulent Stream" trilogy.

The Yayoi dialect is considered the...

ancestor of modern Japanese language.

In his "Ten Stages of Religious Consciousness," Kukai ranked levels of spirituality, including...

animal life at the bottom, upward with Confucianism, Daoism, Theravada/Mahayana, Tendai, and Shingon.

Liao Dynasty

antedated the Song and was created by the Khitan (tribal peoples). Created a dual institution system with Northern/Southern Chancelleries, as well as an Inner Asian/Chinese multicultural civilization.

Chuci

anthology artifact of Chu culture. Included poems of 4th century BCE and emphasizes "Li Sao" and the Odes.

Meiji Restoration of 1868

anti-bakufu movement to "restore the emperor".

Sang Jiaoren

architest of the constitution and leader of GMD; assassinated by Shikai.

Export Processing Zones

areas where companies enjoyed tax incentives and were free of import taxes as long as they exported whatever they made or assembled.

Tan Sitong

argued that the monarchy should be replaced by a republic and attacked Confucian family distinctions under ren (main Confucian virtue). Drew on modern scientific concepts instead of cosmic dimensions.

Li Linfu

aristocrat and able minister without an examination degree; often ridiculed by many others. Took over gov't affairs when Daozi didn't get involved.

Hayashi Shihei

arrested for defying bakufu prohibitions by publishing books dealing with political issues.

Wu Hufan

artist that was pressured to produce paintings reflecting the revolution and state. Sophisticated and sensitive student of the Four Wangs paintings. Became popular once the atomic bomb had gone off in 1964 by China. A favored man in the courts of Emperor Kangxi.

Ozu Yasujio

artist with empty spaces, simple objects and minimal plot. Traditionalist who was the filmmaker par excellence of the Japanese family.

Cohong

association of firms (hong) established for purposes of foreign trading. Theoretically held 13 hong but carried 7-8 in reality. Each foreign ship was supervised by particular hongs with personal profits (imperial officers). Foreigners were not granted direct access to Chinese officials, nor were there provisions to allow gov't-to-gov't relations.

Fang Lizhi

astrophysicist, party member and university VP who encouraged students to campaign for genuine local elections in Anhui. Later fired from his job and expelled from the CCP. Students were sent to summer recess.

Wei Yuan

author of "Illustrated Treatise on the Sea Kingdoms"; limited himself to incorporating new info. into old categories. Had to break traditions despite geopolitical orientation. Wanted to underestimate British threats.

Akutagawa Ryunosuke

author of 150 short stories between 1917-27. Psychological reinterpretations of old tales. Best known in the West for "Rashomon," presenting story of a murder and rape told from viewpoint of 3 protagonists and a witness. Eerie portrayals matched with pessimism and self-doubt in his works.

Li Boyuan

author of expose novels; depicted officials with venality using ignorance and arrogance of Western learning ("Modern Times: A Brief History of Enlightenment" (Wenming xiaoshi).

Guo Xiang

authored the Zhuangzi and looked to understand people through 3 elements: spontaneity, limitations in time/society, and daily renewal.

Nihon

base or origin of the Sun.

Hamaguchi Osachi

became PM and had his party (Minseito) win elections. Had Shidehara become foreign minister again, to reconcile with China. Strengthened the yen by returning to the gold standard.

An Lushan

became honored within the imperial family under Yang Gueifei. "Barbarian" general who tried to rebel against the empire later on and hated Lushan. Placed blame on Yang Gueifei for country difficulties and forced abdication.

Nguyen Van Linh

became the first secretary-general of the Communist Party of Vietnam; gained leadership thanks to the Sixth Party Congress held in 1986. Adopted policies of reducing central control, allowing greater profit motives and market force expansion. Increased authority of individual factory managers and allowed creation of joint ventures with foreign companies. Wanted to get Vietnam out of bureaucratic centralism and subsidization.

The residence requirements enforced by the shogunate caused Edo to...

become the capital of Japan, not just of the bakufus.

Cultural Revolution (1965-1968)

began as a result of denouncement of Zedong in Shanghai press and newspapers. Attempt by Zedong to reassert his power and gain fame of the people again. Youth were open to criticize the gov't and Zedong for his ethics and anyone who had a superior authority was considered an enemy of the state.

Taisho Period

began with political crisis when financials forced a cutback in gov't spending, making it impossible to fund both Seiyukai's domestic program and 2 new divisions for the army. PM Saionji was forced out of office and army minister was to resign.

Xu Beihong

believed in Bohemian translations in painting; used French academic styles to induce long hair and other forms of figure. Known mostly for his paintings of horses.

Mencius (Meng Ke)

best-known follower of Confucius; native of Zou and lived from 371-289 BCE. Involved in the Mencius texts. Struggled with inability to win high in office and wanted to reform the whole world. Theories came to be known during the Song Dynasty. First to use the "well-field" system of land dividing.

Akuso ("evil monks") appeared after...

bitter rivalry ensued between Ennin and his followers.

Pottery patterns in the Yangzi River reveal...

black in color and dark brown bands, sometimes with dragon designs painted on. Agricultural patterns also discovered.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

born a peasant but became one of Nobunga's foremost generals. Defeated other contenders for the throne and continued to increase power. Gave his sister to Ieyasu in marriage and assigned him substantiality in Kanto in xchange for less-valued domains (which pushed Ieyasu further away from Hideyoshi and kept both content). Relocated his own vassals to assure maximum security and placed in strategic positioning. Forced vassals to show loyalty by leaving wives and children with Hideyoshi as virtual hostages. Adopted into the Fujiwara family and was appointed regent (kanpaku). Wanted to keep the daimyo in place but not eliminated. Policies strengthened the daimyo locally vis-avis warriors and farmers. Concentrated samurais in castle towns.

The Kuroshio (Japan Current) brings in warm water from the Philippines upward, while the Oyashio Current...

brings in cold waters southward of Honshu.

Taizu and Taizong

brothers who worked under Song Dynasty; worked hard to prevent being outwitted by the Liao Dynasty.

Khmer Rouge

brutal followers of the Communist Party of Kampuchea in Cambodia. Enjoyed Chinese support before Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia.

First Five-Year Plan

built by China; Soviets supplied technical assistance, helped Chinese technicians, imported experts for support, importing power plants, etc. Control was given to professional managers and technocrats. Economic directives in charge of factories.

Haikai

built by Saikaku; linked verses in which one poet started off, and left it to friends to continue the story.

"Literati painting"

bunjinga and wenrenhua Chinese arts.

How can one find the inner Tao?

by experiencing the oneness in all things (fulfilling life as one with nature and as one with the inner self).

Great Leap Forward (1958-1961)

campaign by Zedong to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a communist society through rapid industrialization and collectivization. The campaign caused the Great Chinese Famine as a result. Gradual Soviet-style central planning was abandoned to focus more on energy reliance of the masses. Size of communes triples while memberships had somewhat decreased. Cities were combined to allow for new inhabitants and urban sector was altered to local parties.

Nguyen Dynasty

capital at Hue in Central Vietnam; ruled the country through a bureaucracy modeled closely to China.

Hao(jing)

capital of Zhou Dynasty (near modern-day Xi'an).

Western academia labels included...

capitalism with Chinese characteristics, capital socialism, state-socialist corporatism, symbiotic clientisim, Confucian Leninism and bureaupreneurialism.

Osaka

castle built by Hideyoshi; eclipsed Sakai as a trading center and remains today the 2nd-largest city in Japan.

Li Gong

chief disciple of Yuan.

Zhou Enlai

chief of the political department of the Whampoa Military Academy under Chiang Kai-shek. Helped train GMD officer corps and prepare armies to reunify China and establish a national regime. Became a head of State Admin. Council under Zedong as premier role. Later instigated criticism with support against Zedong but had to reconsider eventually.

Palace-cities

cities built around the capital; each city was surrounded by a wall. Military and religion occupied these areas and were identically arranged.

Nurgaci

clan and tribal chief of Manchuria; 25 years to fight, negotiate and marry his way into leadership and power. Created Mongolian scripts to write the Jurchen language. Declared himself emperor of the Later Jin. Established his capital at Shengyuan.

Tanka

classical poems.

General Secretary Zhao Ziyang

coined the "initial stage of socialism" speech at the Thirteenth Party Congress in 1987. Referred to the "socialist road" that China was going through with.

Shimpan

collateral daimyo composed of Tokugawa branch families. Held its own lands and supported direct retainers. Received stipends directly from the bakufu.

Kaifeng

commercial center within the Song Dynasty; housed gov't offices, material suppliers, shipyards, shops, etc. Organical growth with urban congeestion.

In 1742, a decree was issued which...

condemned the Jesuits; the Catholic Church until 1939 remained committed to removing Jesuit presence. Kangxi and other emperors decided to resent Rome's claims of authority.

What did the Jiyuto and Kaishinto parties emphasize?

constitutional gov't with meaningful powers exercised by a parliament.

The Kojiki

contains prose narratives and 112 songs attributed to the gods and legendary figures. Discusses early "emperors" and magic, battles, romance, etc.

Muro Kyuso

contemporary of Ansai; argued that the Tokugawa ruled due to heavenly mandates.

Zhuang Xuecheng

contemporary of Zhen; disliked philological studies and sought meaning in history. Famous for "six classics are all history" theory; found empty theoretical discussions to be illustrations of the Dao. Wants to find meaning, not just the facts.

Gu Yanwu

contemporary of Zongxi; deep impressions on mainstream Qing scholarship. Used real/practical learning through scholarship of original sources and not commentaries. Famous for essay "Records of Daily Knowledge" (Rizhilu). Discusses gov't, exams, and economics. Disliked overcentralization and monetary policies.

Kano school of art

continued by Eitoku's adopted son Sanraku (1559-1653). MMade decorative screens for the early Tokugawa Period. Momoyama fondness for elaborate wood carvings on the Kara Gate.

Emperor Daoguang

continued his father's (Jiaqing's) policy of frugality but couldn't stem decay.

Hokusai

contrasted the use of shading for decorative purposes in Chinese/Japanese art with employment to create 3-D western pictures. Uses "life" and "death" in paintings.

Local officials of Heian courts relied on...

cooperation of local warlords and local Buddhist temples.

Comintern

core group of Marxist intellectuals available as potential leaders for organization of the Chinese Communist Party (C.C.P.).

The 3 virtues that Lao-Tse believes in are...

courage, generosity and leadership; he wishes the truly virtuous man would spontaneously do good out of what he genuinely feels without being aware and concerned of others' approval. ("act without acting") They want positivity out of each person's life and desires genuinity, sincerity and spontaneity as "natural" frameworks. Glorifies simplicity by encouraging detachment from desires and competition. Avoiding selfishness and cunning to be a better person in nature.

"Four Cardinal Principles"

created by Xiaopeng as a countermeasure; consists of the "socialist road, dictatorship of proletariats, leadership of the CCP, and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought."

Li Hongzhang

created gun factories in Shanghai and Suzhou, established arsenal in Shanghai with Zeng Guofan, and founded another in Nanking. Expanded machinery works in Tianjin. Commanded armies and avoided tranfers.

The "Pursuit of Truth" publication was shut down by the gov't due to...

criticizing a departure from Marxism in China.

To solve balance-of-payments problems as Hamaguchi Osachi saw it, Japan had to...

cut expenses and retrench to reduce costs of Japanese goods and improve competition overseas.

Kyoho Reforms

cuts in spending were desired and reduction in gov't spending. Admonitions for samurai to revive warrior morality and laws to limit merchant expenditures. Grants merchant monopolies in exchange for annual fees. Granted high hereditary ranks were abandoned to raise stipends only in office tenures.

Zeng Guofan

dedicated Confucian and product of the exam system; organized a new type of military force using regional Hunan powers. Paternalistic attitudes, generous pay scales, moral indoctrination and common regional ties. Had mass conservative support.

Ando Hiroshige

dedicated lyricist who lived to see Commodore Matthew C. Perry of the U.S. Navy arrive in Japan in 1853.

Mulian

deeply filial monk who searched long and hard in the underworld to rescue his mother; met demons and a hungry ghost condemned to agony by bad karma.

How did Chikamatsu's plays usually go about?

defined tragic love between shopkeepers and lovely courtesans for whom he lacked funds. Depicts the lovers' flight to death as a theme. Both become romantic heroes through purity and intensity of emotions. (Forced bakufus to ban all plays with words "love suicide" in the title)

"Early Heian"

defines the Konin/Jogan Periods of the 1st century in Kyoto (794-897 CE).

Open-door policy by the U.S.

demanded equality of commercial opportunity for all powers in China, and affirmed desire to preserve integrity of Chinese state and territory.

"Tales of Times Now Past"

depicts over a thousand Buddhist and secular stories of India, China and Japan. Involves encounters with priests and cats, as well as fishermen, giant snakes, evil centipedes, etc.

Alongside efforts to ban foot-binding with laws, there were other public opinions such as...

deposing the Emperor, protesting against Russian refusal to leave Manchuria, boycotts against U.S. regarding exclusionary immigration laws, boycotts against Japan, and railway rights movements.

When Silla conquered Kaya, it managed to...

deprive the Yamato court of an important peninsular connection and left Pakeche and Koguryo as the only two famous 3 Kingdoms left.

Prince Konoe Fumimaro

descendant of Fujiwaras and protege of Saionji Kimmochi.

The Rites of Zhou (Zhouli)

describes the bureaucratic government under the revered reign of the Duke of Zhou. Gave Northern China more political vigor in the state. Describes the benefits of institutional reform and government penetration into society's habits.

Murakami Takahashi

designed a trilogy on "Superflat" exhibits. Used Japanese pop art, fantastic, and grotesque styles.

"Democracy Wall"

designed in Beijing. Designed to allow people to freely state their views by inscribing their beliefs about China and the gov't. Surrounded the concept of the "Fifth Modernization".

Tange Kenzo

designer of the Hall Dedicated to Peace at Hiroshima. Received the Pritzker Prize in 1987. Designed the swimming pool and sports center at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. Further designed the Tokyo City Hall Complex (1995).

What motivated Kanmu to move the capital of Nara to Nagaoka?

desire to reduce temple and court family powers; exhaustion of natural resources and taxable lands around Nara as well as improved waterborne transportation and sea ports in Nagaoka.

Honda Toshiaki

desire to turn Japan into England of the East; used mercantile issues and escaped persecution.

Han Fei/Feizi ("Master Han Fei")

destined for a career in government and ruled with realpolitik outlook. Some scholars see him as a "Legalist" and frowned upon discussion of profit and politics. Tried to maximize tax revenues and enforce strict laws under good social order instead of ritualistic norms. Sees human nature and self-interest as the biggest problems. Sees that girls are killed off since they aren't as worthy as boys are in the support of parents in old age. Sees that people deceive others in the face of self-interest.

Wang Xianzhi and Hang Chao

destroyed Canton in 879 CE and captured Chang'an in 880 CE. Destroyed the Tang Dynasty's special areas.

The Boxers (Yihequan, or Righteous and Harmonious Fists)

developed in response to harsh economic conditions. Relied on qigong (ritualized exercise), spells, and amulets to endow themselves with supernatural powers. Received support of high Qing officials who wanted to go against foreign powers. Vented rage on Chinese and foreign Christians, especially Catholics. Placed under command of imperial princes when courts declared war.

Xu Bing

devoted 3 years of hard work to compose "Book from the Sky" (illegible novel). Challenged viewers to reflect on nature, writing, language, art and life in a post-modern world.

"The Grass Pillow" (The Three-Cornered World or "Kusamakura")

diary-like publication translated to describe people living in the triangle with common sense removed from the 4-cornered world. Very unsympathetic and heartless in nature. Tells the story of an artist who retreats to the mountains where he stays at a remote, almost deserted hotel. There he becomes intrigued by the mysterious hostess, O-Nami, who reminds him of John Millais' painting Ophelia.

Kurosawa Akira

directed "Ikiru" as well; Faust-like quest for meaning in life. Bureaucrat dying of cancer finds fulfillment in a meaningful social act of endless red tape and bureaucratic obstructionism. Made "Dreams" (1990) to reflect on human beings as they dream.

Horatio Nelson Lay

director of Maritime Customs Service; aquired fleet of 8 gunboats for Chinese in Engand. Felt laid down by protests and he was pensioned off.

Kumazawa Banzan

disciple of Kyuso; ran into political trouble with recommendations and deep concern for peasants.

Huineng

divided Chan into northern and radical southern empires. 6th known Patriarch.

Huayan

doctrine of "principle" and Fazang masterful techniques.

To secure itself militarily, the Tokugawa placed its fudai in strategic areas, which resulted in...

domination of Kanto, central Japan and Kyoto-Osaka regions. Tozama had territories in outer areas. Policies kept daimyo from acquiring too much strength, and restrictions made to castles to secure bakufu permission before repairing castle walls. Obtaining bakufu consent for marriage plans were also compulsory.

Chushingura ("Treasury of Royal Retainers")

drama based on commoners and samurai; became a Japanese favorite with success due to playwrighting.

What did Ieyasu do that resembled Hideyoshi's tactics?

draw a line between samurai and commoners.

Ito Jinsai

drew inspiration from the "Analects"; rejected distinctions between li (principle) and qi, stressing self-cultivation with emphasis on ren (humaneness).

Zhu Shijie

drew on both northern/southern mathematical traditions. Wrote "Introduction to Mathematics".

According to Mozi, why did governance fail so often and incessant warfare grew?

due to human tendencies to be partial in reasoning. Mankind tried to be partial to own kin and sought only for benefits of the family and no one else. Government affairs required manly support and none other.

How did scholars know that some Indo-EU speakers lived in NW China?

due to manuscript evidence in a dialect known as Tocharian about 600 C.E.

When did the "taotie" bronze pottery form present itself?

during the Song Dynasty.

Shang Dynasty (1523-1027 BC)

earliest Chinese dynasty to carry written evidence. Center is located in Henan; built on north-south axis and included a king. Also included houses of mud for nobles. Peasants lived outside of cities.

Xie He

early 16th century portrait painter who had critiques on painting using 6 classical principles: imbuing a cosmic vitality, structural brushwork strength, fidelity to portrayed objects, conformity in color application, proper planning of element placement, and the copying of old masters' works.

Matsudaira Sadaobu

earnest Confucian who served young shogun and was head of the bakufu. Led the Kansei Reforms with campaigns against corruption and improved public services in Edo. Edicts mandated lower prices for rice, restrictions on merchant guilds, cancellation of samurai loans and rent control. Froze foreign policies and reduced Dutch contact. Left Hokkaido undeveloped as well. Wanted Neo-Confucianism of Zhu Xi the official doctrine to follow with. Heterodoxy from bakufus with "men of ability".

Katsushika Hokusai

eclectic genius "mad with paintings" and depictions of Mount Fuji.

Effects of the Great Leap Forward include...

economic inflation, famines, failure in using furnaces for iron and steel, and breakdown in statistical services. Misconceived irrigation projects leached nutrients from soil and work projects exhausted/demoralized civilians. Misleading statistics were constantly being used.

Taoism sees positive qualities in human beings to be destroyed by...

education and cultural influences. To counter this, there has to be an authority in both the inner self and a personal God to know where they belong.

Maodun

effective leader of the Xiongnu clan that went against the First Emperor's Great Wall tactics.

Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace (Taiping tianguo)

egalitarian, God-ordained utopia envisioned by Xiuquan, designed to help the poor and miserable.

Genro

elder statesmen and leaders of the Meiji Restoration (included Ito and Yamagata). Talked things out privately.

Xianfeng

emperor at 19 years of age; took power while bribery and cheating scandals occurred during exams.

Xizong

emperor from 1620-1627 in Late Ming. didn't have leisure time to read/write, but spent time creating furniture pieces. Flourished under factionalism and became vicious.

Zhu Yuanzhang (Taizu or Hongwu)

emperor of Ming Dynasty; proscribed unorthodox religious sects including the White Lotus sect that inspired his reign. Abolished the rank of Chancellor and forced people to bow at his feet.

Qianlong

emperor succeeding Yongzheng's. "Divide and rule" methods of diplomacy combined with disunity and declining strength of Inner Asians. Weaknesses due to international caravan trade and expansion of Russians.

Yang Jian (Wendi)

emperor who, along with wife and son Yangdi, worked to reconcile Northeast and South borders under the Sui Dynasty. Administered "rule of avoidance" to give officials change during division and locality. Instituted a system of recruitment for higher aristocracy and monopolization. Reduced abilities of officials to do many things in the government and wanted to place emphasis on military as well.

Motoda Eifu

emperor's lecturer on Chinese books; provided Confucian styles of education and guidance/advice. Attributes Our Empire to Confucian virtues and common interest. Identifies Confucianism with the throne.

Jingtu (Pure Land) Buddhism

emphasized faith as a reason for a land of bliss.

Daodejing

emphasizes that "The Way is not the eternal Way" of life. States that a return to ignorance is necessary to be simplistic with governance. He must allow the Way to take its course with no action.

Macartney missions in Beijing, 1793

enacted to broaden terms of trade with treaty relations in China. EMperor Qianlong and England's George III labeled as "tribute" by Chinese. Monarchs addressed barbarian kings and Lord Macartney performed ceremonies of superiority, despite seeing inferiority. British couldn't pay for Chinese tea imports and exports.

With regards to the last 2 articles under the Charter Oath...

end of seclusion, acceptance of int'l law and openness to foreign ideas all took place.

Zhu Rongji

engineer-based premier and former mayor who focused on economy and inflation issues.

Maruya Saiichi

entertaining writer with serious but funny tones. Wrote "Singular Rebellion" to reflect on delight with comic windows into the times.

Shingon

esoteric Buddhism school founded by Kukai and gave new rise to Heian Buddhism. Rested on Mt. Koya on the Kii Peninsula, and focused on mantras and "true word". Used master-to-disciple training with sacred/verbal utternances of the mudra (hand positioning).

Viet Minh (League for the Independence of Vietnam)

established in northwest Vietnam by Ho Chi Minh; resisted both Japanese and French forces. Tried to postpone Marxist revolutionary agenda to form broad nationalist coalitions and tried gaining support from the Allied powers. Eventually resulted in Minh's cooperation with the U.S.'s O.S.S.

Le Loi

established the Later Li Dynasty with capital at Hanoi and Chinese gov't lines. Leader of anti-Ming resistance.

Li Lianying

eunuch who was loyal to his mistress but corrupt as well to amass fortunes.

"Hundred Days of Reform"

event in which Emperor Guangxu asserted authority to issue a flood of edicts aimed at reforming the examination system, remodeling the bureaucracy, and promoting modernization (most were unsuccessful).

Hara Kei

ex-bureaucrat who became the leading party politician of his generation. Built support as a home minister and appointed energetic party-men as governors. Built constituencies through local men who formed the limited electorate.

Kokuryukai (Amur River Society)

ex-samurais dedicated to concentration in Manchuria.

Genyosha (Black Ocean Society)

ex-samurais dedicated to expansion in Korea.

Suzuki Harunobu

excelled in use of coloring and freshness of young beauty.

"Where Does the Dust Itself Collect"

exhibit by installation artist Xu Bing; represents dust from Ground Zero in NY of the 6th Patriarch to make a Zen statement. Uses soot and dust to convey words on a wooden floor.

The Nihon shoki

explains origins of heaven and earth and narrates divine ancestries. Uses Sinitic manner of writing and borrows from Chinese chronology. Explains the legitimacy of royal houses as linked to divine origins but with moral/cultural models. 7th century writing that depicts "myths" of how Japan came to be founded and is quite skeptical.

2nd Truth

explains that suffering has a cause that can be prevented; attachments can be taken away.

1st Truth

explains that suffering occurs and that pain and unhappiness are unavoidable in life. Death is not the only answer, as there is a chance of rebirth in the next cycle.

Hojo

family with strong power of line to throne. Placed members in key posts to exercise control over the bakufu.

Du Yu

famous encyclopedist.

"The Faults of the Qin"

famous essay by the Han scholar-official Jia Yi (201-168? BCE). Expresses repressiveness, harshness/severity of institutions and follies of rulers all in the Qin Dynasty.

Toshusai Sharaku

famous for psychological and satiric actor prints he turned out during 10 month burst of creativity in 1794.

Zheng Guangyin

famous scholar-comprador, modernizer and writer. Western "substance" writer with Confucian background.

Tanizaki Junichiro

fascinated with the West but turned Japanese-based in tradition. Wrote "Some Prefer Nettles" (1917) to define unhappy marriage to modern wives; Eurasian prostitution and other Western cultures. Increasingly attracted to Kyoto beauty and wrote "The Makioka Sisters" to define panoramic contracts between two sisters based on appearance/mentality vs. modernism. Translated the "Tale of Genji" into modern Japanese.

Taewongun (Grand Prince)

father of the king; tried to reform Korea with dealings of dangers of the modern world. Inaugurated reforms to strengthen the central government. He also modernized Korea's armies. He opposed concessions to Japan or the West but was kidnapped and held in China three years, during which time his power and many of his reforms were eliminated.

Uno Chiyu

female writer with persona based on post-WWI years. Published "Confessions of Love" (Iro Zange, 1935), describing a love suicide attempted by Togo Seiji.

Zhou Dynasty (1027-777 BC)

first dynasty to unite most of China under a single government. Divided into 2 parts: Western and Eastern Zhou. Semi-nomadic clan from the north-western fringe of China. Replaced the Shang Dynasty.

Shiba Kokan

first in Japan to produce copper engravings; portrayed objects as appear to the eyes.

"The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" (Sanguozhi yanyi)

first published in 1522; late Yuan fictional about conflicts between Wei, Wu and Shu in 3rd century CE. Cao Cao and heroics of Guan Yu and Zhuge Liang are involved as well.

Liu Zhiji

first to write critical studies of history.

Doi Takako

first woman to become a major force in Japanese politics including non-LDP reign; looked up to by Socialists.

Yanagida Kunio

folk culture artist similar to Muneyoshi. Surveyed in 1930s a whole field of studies including mingei and it as a living force. Inspired by woodcut artists such as Munakata Shiko.

In terms of foreign submission, Hideyoshi...

forced Philippines to submit; had plans to conquer China and divide the empire among Japan, and later India's conquering. Hoped to satisfy land hunger of vassals and find employment for restive samurais.

Calligraphy

form of writing in which writers convey their deepest feelings of the self through characters and the flow/rhythm of lines constructed. Beauty was honored more than legibility of the handwriting.

Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)

formally ended the Russo-Japanese War; involved mass demonstrations and Japan eventually allowed more lands open across its coastlines.

Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)

formed by merging the Ministry of Commerce and Industry with the Board of Trade. Centralized economic authority even greater than before, and allowed encouragement of exports by making Japanese goods inexpensive abroad and promoted frugality at home.

Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society)

formed by the Clean Government Party. Religious sect that opposed corruption and went against L.D.P. platforms. The CGP denounced all other faiths and insisted its members proselytize through a pilgrimage to Mt. Fuji. (Nichiren Buddhist platforms)

Commercial Bank of China

formed in 1898 by Qing gov't as a "government-operated merchant enterprise", to serve modern banking needs.

Imperial Rule Assistance Association

formed in 1940 with the merging of political parties in Japan. Mainly served as a vehicle for dissemination of propaganda.

Sun's Revolutionary Alliance (Tongmenqhui)

formed in Tokyo in 1905 by Sun Yat-sen; includes students from elite families.

Yoshida Shigeru

former diplomat who opposed military leadership in Japan during the 1930s; served as PM of Japan for a long time but couldn't build a viable gov't due to Occupation hostility toward socialism. Signed a peace treaty in San Francisco in 1951, providing American bases in Japan and continued occupation of Okinawa. Japan was also signing a parallel with Chinese nationalists on Taiwan and agreed to follow U.S. policy of nonrecognition and containment of the P.R.C.

Kim Il-sung

former leader of Korean guerrilla fighters in Manchuria; spent time in Soviet Union and became a major of the Soviet army. Built a stronger Communist platform and overcame factionalism. Fashioned a party and gov't along Soviet lines. Purged officials and policemen who served Japan and industries were nationalized with minimal opposition. Implemented land reforms and economic planning as well as a military force.

Austroasiatic

found in present-day China; gives rise to Vietnamese and Khmer.

Chu territory

found in semitropical regions of Huai and Yangzi Rivers. Used Central Plains ideals as well as Zhou culture. Had advances in technology and Northern counterparts. Burials were included with lacquer and bright colors.

Oracle bone inscriptions

found in the Shang time period in 1898. Describes historical evidence of divination of the reign of King Wuding.

Kaibara Ekken

found value in Shintoism based on the qi. Writings ranged from botany to ethics, from farming, philology and precepts for daily life and women. Committed to welfare of society.

Society of Jesus

founded in 1540; tightly disciplined religious order that wanted to be the vanguard of the Catholic Counter-Reformation. Pioneers included Jesuits. Noted for insistence on intellectual vigor and depth of learning.

Erligang discoveries (Yellow River Valley)

founded sophisticated large-scale enterprises based on technology and bronze production.

Iwasaki Yataro

founded the Mitsubishi zaibatsu form. Strong shipping businesses through gov't contracts, subsidies, and guarantees of divided payments.

Liu Haisu

founder of Shanghai Art School (1920); used nude models and Western music. Inspired by French post-impressionists such as Matisse and Cezanne.

Emperor Yongzheng

fourth son by Kangxi; censored his accession and suppressed other writings inimical to his regime or hostile to Manchus. Tried to bend the ways of gov't with support by his Grand Secretariat. Creative 5-man Grand Council with outer bureaucratic issues. Administrative/fiscal reform and restructuring of finance of local gov't to free magistrates from dependence on private/informal funding. Tax reformed registered by combining land/personal service taxes. Imperial oversight and increased gov't efficiency.

In order to continue the late Qingist centralization programs, Shikai had to...

gain funding and support from foreign loans.

Indo-European

gave rise to modern-day French, English and Hindi.

Altaic

gave rise to modern-day Turkic and Mongolian dialects.

Munakata Shiko

gifted painter with traditional Japanese folk art styles; applied color on back of print and let it seep through paper to create gentle, diffused coloring. Retains a positive outlook without need for agony.

Motoori Norinaga

gifted philologist who had influence as teacher, political adviser and champion of Shino antiquity. Viewed Genji influentially with Kojiki and irrationality of old legends. Sun Goddess and kami works.

Zhang Zhidong

governor-general and practitioner of self-strengthening. Adopted Western ideas and influence. Used Neo-Confucian dichotomy of ti (substance) and yong (functions).

Nikolai Muraviev

governor-general of Siberia of the Amur region, who put pressure on the Qing in 1847 regarding mediation and lands of the area around Ussuri River.

Tairo

grand counselor; role played by Naosuke.

Tokugawa Mitsukuni

grandson of Ieyasu; enlised services of emigre and Ming loyalist Zhu Shunshui. Shogunates gained emperor imperialistic attention.

Yoritomo

great general and good judge of men through Kamakura. Installed stronger warrior powers through bakufu ("tent governments"). Established the Kamakura shogunate on firm foundations, but failed to make a dynasty out of it.

Ii Naosuke

greatest of the fudai (daimyos). Supporter of Nariaki. Later became a tairo and signed U.S. treaties as well as reassertion of bakufu power and forced retirement or house-arrest of daimyos who opposed him. Punished court nobles and Mito loyalists, including Nariaki.

Kang Youwei

grounded in Buddhism thinking as well as Confucianism. Elaborated on original theories to construct Confucian basis for ideas. Argued that Confucius was not only a transmitter but also a prophet with hidden meanings in language. Saw history through 3 stages to define a worldly Confucius. Dreamed of a utopia in which the whole world would be united in love and harmony under a single, popularly-elected gov't that would operate hospitals, schools and nurseries; administer a society in which all divisions of institutions would disappear, including the family. Wanted Confucianism to be the official state religion (was unsuccessful in almost every way).

Masaoka Shiki

haiku poet who contributed toward revitalizing traditional poetry.

Liu Shaoqi

hard-working organization man long associated with Mao Zedong. Became head of government under him and supervised many high party and gov't positions. Allowed great appreciation of expertise and less reliance of revolutionary enthusiasm by the masses. Increased economic incentives and production in communes (extra points). Peasants were allowed small private plots and permitted to sell whatever they could grow.

Zhuangzi

has long chapters and colorful anecdotes. Includes Confucius and other characters with wise men who are better seen as sitting fishing on the banks of a remote mountain stream. Recounts Zhuangzi's previous life and talks about his wife's death. Reveals importance of mourning and loss, and also emphasizes the Way and its problematic discipline. Life and freedom vs. captivity and arguments of the "great awakening". Authored by Guo Xiang.

Under Hideyoshi's orders to wipe out Koreans...

he enforced strict discipline to get Korean officials along with wives and children killed if not returned to their homeland. Soldiers would return back casks filled with noses preserved in salt, as proof of killings.

Goi Ranshu

head of Kaitokudo Academy and contemporary of Sorai. Didn't believe the ancients exhausted all knowledge.

White Deer Grotto Academy

headed by Zhu Xi (1130-1200: students were exposed to moral exhortation and scholarship. Guidance by mentorship.

Yamato kings usually supported...

hereditary kinship (uji) and polygamy as well as succession to throne. A court system with specialized service groups (be) was also installed.

General Nogi

hero of the Russo-Japanese War, who met death by committing ritual suicide with his wife alongside the Meiji Emperor. Became a strong factor for Ogai's works in Japan. ("The Wild Goose")

"Hai Rui Dismissed from Office"

historical play by the deputy mayor of Beijing created to attack Zedong's ideologies. 16th-century official portrayed sympathetically as an honest minister stands up for peasants and is dismissed by a foolish and autocratic emperor. Back-lashed against Zedong's dismissal of Min. of Defense Peng Dehuai.

Mizuno Tadakuni

house daimyo who rose to bakufu leadership during a reform in 1841. Recoinage, forced loans, dismissed officials to reduce costs and sumptuary laws to preserve morals and save money. Called for bakufu-controlled zones of 25 sq. miles around Edo and 12 sq. miles around Osaka, by moving daimyo out of areas.

The Man'yoshu (Collection of Ten Thousand Ages)

huge anthology of Japanese-style poetry with several stages of the 8th century. More than 4500 poems attributed to poets from emperors to anonymous border guards of the eastern provinces.

Zaibatsu

huge financial and industrial concubines. Organized by entrepreneurs and Mitsui settlers. Important for foreign commerce and profited from supply contracts during Satsuma Rebellion. Mitsui bought gov't mines and contributed to wealth and power.

Qing court provisions during the Boxer rising included...

huge indemnities (450 million taels) paid from customs and salt revenues. Punishment of pro-Boxer officials and of cities where civil service exams were suspended. Powers gained right to station permanent legation guards in the capital and troops between Beijing and the sea. Provided Russia with an excuse to occupy Manchuria.

Ninjo

human emotion.

The nobility spent most of their time...

hunting or participating in warfare raids. Game and captives were treated equally, as both were sacrificed to the gods.

The main Marxist theory, that imperialism was the last stage of capitalism, reflects on China as...

imperialist expansion existed and capitalism was vulnerable.

Bureau of Astronomy

important and prestigious office held by Jesuits who resided in China away from persecution. They used European astronomical predictions to gain new-found success.

Bo Yang

imprisoned on Green Island for 10 years for translating an English language comic deemed insulting to Chiang Kai-shek.

When did the Zhou period end?

in 221 BC, when the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty unified the land with imperialism.

When did the first instances of direct taxation appear?

in Lu (Shandong), where ruling houses required peasants to pay rents to them instead of landlords.

Civil examination service

in Song Dynasty, revolved around local levels of candidates with palace exams of emperor auspices. Secured a sense of impartiality and denying dishonesty.

How were women finding most of their time spent?

in boredom at residences; divisions of rooms kept women working and taking care of children in households. Portable screens kept men and women working separately all day. Boredom forced women to turn to the literary arts.

Prince Gong

increased regime power through foreign policy initiative. Established Zongli Yamen (Office of Gen. Management) as a subcomittee of the Grand Council to supervise offices. Created schools for foreign language.

The Daodejing and Zhuangzi

influential texts with strange and cryptic commentaries. Two of the most translated works till today.

Oda Nobunaga

inherited ocntrol of Owari using military and political skill. Effectively used firearms and won a crucial battle with 3K musketeers. Built a great castle at Azuchi on the shore of Lake Biwa. Turned his attention to the monks on Mt. Hiei and ended military proclivities of the great Tendai monastery (slaughtered monks). Took power against both seculars and non-seculars.

Pietism

initiated by priests Kuya (903-972) and Genshin (942-1017). Centers around the deity Amida (Amitabha) presiding over the Western Paradise.

Dowager Empress Cixi

intelligent and educated daughter of a minor Manchu official. Bore the Xianfeng emperor his only son. Rumored to have encouraged debauchery to weaken her husband's constitution and led to his death. Manipulated the throne to have her 4-year-old nephew Guanxu emperor take over.

What was a key factor for growth in the Fujiwara family?

intermarriages within the imperial family.

"Elements of International Law"

international law standard text translated by W.A.P. Martin, used by Zongli Yamen to advance their projects.

"Transformation texts"

involved in the Hungry Ghost Festival; recounts what was happening in pictures that were part of stock in trade. Involved Mulian and other monks.

One of Hideyoshi's most important acts, the "sword hunt" of 1588...

involved peasants who had not already done so were ordered to surrender weapons, with that metal used to build a great statue of the Buddha. Depriving peasants proves discouragement and also rioting and rebelling. Wanted to draw a sharp line between peasant and samurai and create a gulf between tiller of soil and bearer of arms.

Nara Period

involves the city of Nara; home to 100K people and Suzaku Avenue, where streets and plots within the grid were allotted to rank and occupancy. Official markets for foods/barter and canals/rivers to connect to Naniwa. Involved thousands of poets.

A common stereotype in Japan during the Heian times is that...

it is a place where warriors have long enjoyed great prestige.

Why does Lao-Tse wish to avoid hypocrisy?

it is a result of people acting in ways they think others will approve of and value, and doesn't reflect the true inner self.

In order to enable Japan to have its own military power...

it revoked terms of Article IX in the constitution.

What did the U.S. hope to achieve from Japan?

its full withdrawal from China and Indochina.

"White Birch" (Shirakaba)

journal edited by Shiga Naoya. Dedicated to exploration of the inner self and pursuit of deeper personal understanding/self-expression. "Children of the world" philosophy introducing European writers and publishing articles on works of artists like van Gogh.

Sogas

kinship groups that seized Yamato court power in the late 6th century. Closely associated with artisan immigrants from the Korean Peninsula. One of the earliest patrons of Buddhism who married daughters into the royal family, rather than attempt to replace it.

Sino-Tibetan

language family giving rise to both modern-day Chinese and Tibetan dialects.

Chang'an

largest planned city ever built; carries rectangular wards and would handle government surveillance and interference, causing problems for civilians. Infused cosmopolitan lifestyles from both India and the distant West. Largest population within the city included Koreans, while pottery and clay art grew popular. Included large Buddhism ideals such as pagodas and temples.

Kobayashi Kiyochika

last of the major ukiyo-e artists; introduced Western light and shading into painting using Western perspectives with traditional Japanese sense of color.

"The Plum in the Golden Vase" (Jinpingmei)

late Ming erotic novel with no known authorship; condemned as pornographic by the Chinese.

Ni Zan

late Ming painter who painted monochrome (black/white or one shade) bamboos that were criticized for not looking like bamboos.

Unlike the early Tokugawa period with rural uprisings with village headsmen...

later periods involved frequently directed changes against wealthy and powerful villagers.

Soga no Umako

leader of Sogas; Placed a nephew onto throne in 587 CE and maintained succession of grandchildren. Advocated stronger Asuka courts to increase symbolism of the Yamato kings.

Xiang Yu and Liu Bang

leaders of the Han Dynasty; enforced decentralization through armies and comradeship. Looked to regimes of an empire and focused on non-aristocratic rule.

Tanuma Okitsugu

leadership which brought upon foreign trade, mine development, new monopolies, new merchant licenses and Hokkaido practices.

Aizawa Seishisai

leading Mito thinker who combined Confucian values and bushido with Shintoism using unique policy (kokuntai). Sought to attribute Western values in Japan with Christianity.

Hu Shi

leading liberal and father of vernacular language movements. Advocated gradualist, piecemeal problem-solving approaches to China's ills from both traditionalists on left and right sides.

Tozama

least trusted and most dangerous on the "outside".

Wakatsuki Reijiro

led Minseito Cabinet and had been home minister to Kato. Experienced politician but failed to get the gov't to control armies.

General Vo Nguyen Giap

led Viet Minh military commands forces across the Red Delta. Studied guerrilla warfare techniques in Yan'an.

Inukai Ki (Inukai Tsuyoshi)

led a Seiyukai gov't during political party control and a defeated Wakatsuki gov't.

Kato Komei

led after Katsura; background includes Tokyo Imperial University; Mitsubishi services, and Foreign Office employment. Personally reserved and gained advantages from marriage into the family of the Mitsubishi order.

Taiping Rebellion

led by Hong Xiuquan, who believed to have seen a vision of being the younger brother of Jesus Christ. Designed to thwart the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty.

Red Army

led by Zhu De and Mao Zedong; Zhu worked on military command and Mao worked on political organization and indoctrination. Used tactics of guerrilla warfare and soldier committees to gain power.

Lin Biao

led the People's Liberation Army; used guerrilla-style revolutionary spirit and fostered solidarity among officers and men by de-emphasizing ranking.

Xi Xia

less aggressive rival of the Liao; Ordos-based Tangut people clan.

The transition into the Eastern Han brought out...

less individual landowners and more tenant farmers across large manors.

Bodhisattvas

lesser gods who postponed their own entry into Nirvana to help other beings first.

Dai Zhen

linguistics, astronomy, mathematics and geography as well as philosophy contributor. Rejected mtaphysical existence of li, and disputed Zhu Xi's dualistic theory of human nature (thinks it contradicts Mencius' theory that all is whole and good with moral perfection in natural inclination).

Renga

linked verses that are involved in Japanese collaborative poetry. Consists of at least two ku (stanzas).

Huang Zunxian

literary man and political reformer who was hopeful of the future. Poems described Japan under publication by Zongli Yamen. Wrote histories of Japan and served as diplomat in San Francisco, Singapore and London. Rejected conventional poetic genres.

Concessions involved between Japan and other nations during war time included...

loans on the Qing, secured tax revenues (maritime); mines and railroads. Germany leasing territory in Shandong. Russia leased Port Arthur; France held leases on land around Guangzhou Bay. Britain obtained Weihaiwei and New Territories. Policing the leased areas remained a must. "Sphere of interest" built out of privileged foreign powers. "Nonalienation" pacts, in which China agreed not to cede a given area to any power other than signatories. Russia gained special rights in Manchuria.

Free School of Tonkin

located in Hanoid and modeled on Keio University. Emphasizes Romanized scripts in place of Chinese characters, while exams were attacked and modern political/social ideas were disseminated. Forcibly closed down by the French after a short period.

Phoenix Pavilion (Byodoin)

located in Uji; featured in the Tale of Genji. Built by the Fujiwaras (one of Michinaga's sons). Dedicated to Amida, who occupies the ragio center.

"Tale of Genji"

long fictional narrative by Murasaki Shikibu; court lady who served an empress, who was also one of Michinaga's daughters.

"Mirror of the Four Elements" (1303)

long neglected book based on algebraic knowledge and preface of expressional figures and geometry.

Syngman Rhee (Yi Sung-man)

longtime Christian nationalist who suffered 7 years in exile as a young man. Forced to leave Korea and lived in Hawaii for a while. Anti-leftist who advocated for immediate unification. Permitted representation in South Korea's gov't. Eventually became President of Korea.

Tokugawa Nariaki

lord of Mito; advocate of resistance to the West. National defense leader who tried to broaden shogunate bases by drawing on advice of non-house daimyo. Wanted to strengthen foreign policy using military and hans. Believed in "expelling the barbarians".

Haniwa

low-fired clay statues found on surfaces of Japanese tombs during the Tomb Period.

Oshio Heihachiro

low-ranking bakufu official and follower of Wang Yangming's philosophy of action. Led an 1837 uprising to end disintegration of higher authority and the large gaps between rich and poor.

Equal Opportunity Act of 1985

made sex discrimination illegal in Japan.

Yoshida Shoin

main spokesman and hero of the Sonno Joi movement. Son of a low-ranking Choshu samurai who was influenced by bushido. Rea d military novella and used Confucianism as a guiding light. Learned about the West and cost him his samurai rank due to unauthorized trips. Started a school and attracted disciples. Condemned the bakufu problem for foreign policy failure. Resented a system of birth rather than ability or talent for the throne; liked competition so to speak. Wanted officials with true loyalty and not mindless obedience. Moral revival, opposition to foreigners and championing the throne were his main topics. Initially invited new men to the bakufu but eventually wanted to overthrow the system entirely.

James Legge

master translator who rendered Chinese classics into sonorous Victorian prose.

Goto Shimpei

medical man responsible for basic framework of the Japanese colonial system. Made sure Taiwan paid for itself despite heavy gov't expenditures. Colonial authorities relied heavily on land surveys and a census.

Chan

meditation school in Japan; used Buddha nature and penetration of illusion with enlightenment goals.

Tojo Hideki

member of the Toseiha; condemned to die in Tokyo by death sentence, due to creating wartime gov'ts. Known as the "Japanese Hitler".

Admiral Yamamoto Gombei

military bureaucrat from Satsuma whose gov't was brought down by a scandal in naval procurement.

Taiheiki

military epic stirring accounts of the feats of imperial loyalists.

Empress Dowager's coup in China involved...

military modernization, educational reform and monetary/fiscal system changes.

Mori Arinori

minister of education from 1885 until his assassination in 1889 by a fanatic.

Xu Zhimo

modeled poetry on English verse using rhymes.

After the end of a destructive Nagaoka capital, the new one founded was...

modern-day Kyoto.

Eisai

monk who made two trips using religion and enthusiasm. Follower of Rinzai (Linji) school with koan riddles. Observed Tendai and Shingon practices and Zen rules. Recommended nembutsu and allowed chants/prayers.

Dogen

monk who settled in remote mountains and built small temples. Uncompromising toward secularity and built on gradual mind and processes. Used silent meditation (zazen) and doctrines of the Soto (Caodao). Moderate authority of scriptures.

Bodhidharma

monk who was thought to have brought Zen to China and lost his legs after 9 years uninterrupted wall contemplation.

Who proposed Zen (Chan) in Kamakura shogunates?

monks Eisai (1141-1215) and Dogen (1200-1253).

Wu Daozi

most admired of all Tang painters; Admired Confucius and was a venerable master with spiritual qualities. Seen mostly as a "traveling teacher".

Li Shangyin

most ambiguous of poets who wrote about love frequently; loved a Daoist nun and interpreted allegories.

Qi Baishi

most beloved painter of the 20th century; humble carpenter who produced more than 10K paintings. Admirer of 17th-century individualist Zhu Da. Believed in likeness and unlikeness of paintings. Sympathetic for insects and other nature forms. Emphasized humanism above most things.

Lin Shu

most famous and prolific early translator; rendered into classical Chinese the works of Charles Dickens, Walter Scott and others.

Fan Yu

most famous graduate of the Fuzhou dockyard school; sent to England to continue naval studies in Greenwich. Became a writer and translator.

Yang Guozhong

much less capable man, who owed his rise to the influence of his female cousin (Yang Gueifei).

Liu Chang

murdered his brother and looked to reigning in the Han Dynasty; his son (Liu An) took on the Huainanzi and other encyclopedic works.

Hirata Atsutane

narrow Japanism proved attractive to 19th/20th century ultranationalists. Drew on Motoori Noringa ideas and advocated irrational and naive nativism. Japan was to be pure and free of disease.

Phan Boi Chao

nationalist leader who had studied with Liang Qichao in Japan, hoping to transform Vietnam into a modern state along the lines of Meiji Japan.

Schall von Bell

new astronomer forced in after the triumph of the Manchus over disruption of Jesuit activity.

Wang Fuzhi

no followers; came to be admired as primacy for qi and student of history who emphasized institutionalism and policies were not applicable to one another.

Dada group of Xiamen

non-conformist painters who mocked all art. Burned many works on display including frames.

Heshen

notorious offender, handsome and clever young Manchu guards officer. Retained emperor's trust for 23 years unknowingly. Very close to "His Majesty" and always subtle in factionalism. Son of emperor Yongzheng.

"History of the Han" (Han Shu)

novel with a slogan emphasizing "seeking the truth from facts". Used by Zedong and widely recognized with Xiaopeng's reforms.

Kawabata Yasunari

novelist and publisher who emphasized sacrifice structure and plots for naturalness/poetry. Won a Nobel Prize in 1968 for his methods and vision.

Wu Jingzi

novelist known for "The Scholars" (Rulinwashi). Satirizes examination systems and uncovers human follies, as well as intricacies in social life through pompous and ignorance. Uses storytelling to explain character personalities.

Lai Ho

novelist who is considered the "father of modern Taiwanese literature." Wrote about vegetable sellers whose small manual scales for sales were broken by policemen. Tried to forge Taiwanese identities and younger writer investment. Translated local vernaculars.

Giri

obligation.

Zhu Da (Bada Shanren)

odd personal behavior; sang and laughed but never spoke. Paintings included surging landscapes, huge lotuses, and birds/fishes with eyes of Zen patriarchs. Scrolled the "Fish and Rocks" art with dry brushing and wet remnants.

"Creations of Man and Nature"

offers evidence of inventiveness of Chinese craftsmen during the Hebei center period.

Wang Pengyun

official who served as a censor and took note in poetry based on uncertainty, apprehension and regret.

Nuclear area thesis

oldest modern narrative of the origins of Chinese civilization. Formed in 1960s by Kwang-chih Chang. Holds that Chinese civilization originated from a single culture of millet farmers, the Yangshao culture.

Tao Qian (Tao Yuanming)

one of China's greatest poets; former government worker and reclusively wrote about chrysanthemums (flowering plants) often.

Yang Xiuqing

one of the Taiping leaders; originally a charcoal burner but strategized effectively. Also claimed to be hearing God's vision for saving mankind, but couldn't convince other leaders.

Himeji

one of the most admired Japanese castles. Known as the "Heron Castle" with European similarities. Strongholds surrounded by moat and wall protected by massive foundations.

Wang Hui

one of the most gifted painters during early Qing; Painted "Traveling among Streams and Mountains" and "Summer Mountains, Misty Rain".

Kita Ikki

one of the most severe critics of parties and zaibatsu. Advocated imperialistic assertiveness with a call for egalitarianism at home to bring emperor and people together. Unhappy with Japanese state of mind and avoided electorate and mass popular movements for salvation. Placed faith in change from above using few men only. Theories were favored by super-patriots and army officers in tradition of the ronin. Also persuaded ex-samurais who formed the Genyosha and Kokuryukai.

The Horyuji

one of the oldest-surviving temples with the oldest wooden buildings in the world and was shaped quadrangular. Associated with Prince Shotoku and originated in his private establishment under sponsorship of kinship groups.

Silla

one of the three Kingdoms of Korea. Native land of the Maitreya.

Yan Fu

one-time naval student at Greenwich; accounted for the bitter resentment of society and the human race's turmoil. Argued that Western learning was needed to release Chinese energies and rejected Chinese traditions including Confucianism. Appreciated Social Darwinism and how evolution was progressive.

Ogyu Sorai

opponent of Song philosophy; described as "sea-change" intellectual. Rejected unity of inner human realm and outer world of heaven/earth. Challenged that the practices of li prove alignment with natural order. Emphasizes rites and institutions. Wrote on various topics.

While 80% of Qianlong's officials were Chinese, he decided to...

order compilations of Manchu genealogies and histories; promoted Manchu language studies and insisted on adhering to customs of Manchus apart from all Chinese adornments including feminists.

Peng Pai

organized China's first modern peasant movement during the Russian Revolution.

National Liberation Front (NLF)

organized in 1960 and was supported by North Vietnam as well as logistically from Soviets and Chinese. Took control over the Saigon gov't.

Seamen's Strike of 1922

over 30,000 Chinese seamen from Hong Kong and Guangzhou went on strike for higher wages. Led by the Seamen's Union, the strike was in response to the refusal of shipping companies to increase salaries. The strike greatly interrupted the shipment of food to Hong Kong and was declared illegal by the Hong Kong government. Eventually, negotiations took place and wages were increased.

"Thousand Cranes"

painted by Tawaraya Sotatsu; highly gifted younger contemporary of Koetsu. Heian Period artwork.

Luo Ping

painter and friend of Yuan; youngest of the "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou". Claimed to see the apparitions he had painted.

Liu Guosong (Liu Kuo-sung)

painter who was unsatisfied with working in either Chinese or Western styles. Believed Chinese and Modern painting styles were two conflictions that needed adjustment. Sees a divide between Westernized and traditionalist schools of art. Used metaphysical critiques.

"Pleasure districts"

parts of towns that are devoted to bohemian life, erotic activities, entertainment and gambling. (included Tokugawa cities and other 7th century ideals)

Deng Xiaoping

party veteran who replaced Mao Zedong as President. Formerly took the capitalist road and was denounced during the Cultural Revolution.

Main accomplishments of Kato Komei...

passage of a "universal" suffrage act, giving the vote to all males 25 and older. Peace Preservation Law was also passed to avoid spread of radical ideas, which helped deescalate abolition or changes in property. Reformation of the House of Peers with minor changes, also including legalization of labor unions, standards for factory conditions, procedures for mediation, and provisioned health insurance.

Leo Ou-fan Lee

passive-sentimental writer of "The Sorrows of Young Werther" that involved sentiments and sobbing.

Kobayashi Yataro

pen-named Issa ("cup of tea"); widely identified with nature and sympathy for even the humblest of animals and insects.

Muromachi

period of Ashikaga era in which blendings of imported and native (highs/lows) were accountable in Japan's mixed aesthetic culture.

Azuchi-Momoyama Epoch

period of unification in which castles featured massive keeps and strong fortifications to keep out intruders. Castle towns included some of the more admired structures.

Takano Choei and Watanabe Kazan

persecuted for disagreeing with bakufu's seclusion policy.

The Six Ministries

personnel, revenue, rites, war, justice and public works.

Qiu Jin

pioneer feminist who wanted to solve China's ills and used radical views. Poet who wrote on family and blood/nature ideas.

1880 Public Meeting Law

placed all political meetings under police supervision. Prohibited teachers and students from attending meetings and political associations couldn't recruit members or combine and correspond with similar bodies.

"Butterfly" literature

poems inserted into a novel that compared lovers to pairs of butterflies.

Yuan Mei

poet who believed purpose of poetry is to express emotion and given pleasure. Rejects didactic views held by Zhang Xuecheng and others. Wants moral instruction to be conveyed. Reflects hedonism and ghost stories. Championed women's themes and encouraged women to write and publish verses.

Han Yu

poet who wrote essays on Confucian Way and worked in similar ties to Bo Juyi. Peferred the old styles of Tang gentleman poets (lack of official recognition however).

Itami Juzo (Keuchi Yoshihiro)

poked fun at Japanese ways of burial ("The Funeral") and noodle mania ("Tampopo"). Parodied tax collection methods ("A Taxing Woman I and II"), satirized Japanese mobs ("Minbo no Onna -- The Gentle Art of Extortion").

Kitagawa Utamaro

popular with ladies' prints of "floating world".

Southern Song Dynasty

post-1127 CE; confined to South by Juchen peoples (modern Manchuria). Elite families focused more on local roots with management of affairs and property. Wealth was the highest order and marriages helped establish more influence.

Isozaki Arata

post-modernist student seeking a "shifting, revolving, flickering style" rather than lucid institutional styles. Internationalist from the Tsukuba Science Center who designed palaces and piazzas. Opened to quotations in history of architecture of the world. Buildings made by him include solid geometric forms including those of museums.

One big cause of friction between English and Chinese civilians was due to...

postponing of the Canton re-opening. Strong anti-foreign feelings were gaining, while opium trade continuals pushed negatively for the people. Some men were thrown as "coolie" vessels overseas to work labor in plantations of Cuba and Peru.

Sui Dynasty

preceded the Tang Dynasty (581-617 CE). Focused on policies of fusing various local traditions and amalgamating different elements. Used Confucian and Daoist traditions to gain support and legitimacy. Used legal coding to fuse North and South relations.

With the arrival of the Spaniards to Japan, difficulties of the Jesuits included...

precious silver metals being traded; patronizing of Franciscan monks, and fraile idiotas ("crazy friars") of sentiment. Friars scoffed at Jesuit pretensions.

Duan Qirui

premier and warlord of China; entered WWI by declaring war on Germany. Formerly a general serving under Yuan Shikai.

"The Dream of the Red Chamber" (Honglou Meng) or "The Story of the Stone"

priceless insights into Qin society, with eminent families into a decline. Reveals how families functioned and relationships with people including women and status of servants. Psychological with personal experiences by author Cao Zhan. Prompts readers to contemplate distinction between real and unreal and ponder love vs. desire.

Li Dazhao

professor and librarian at Beijing University who was attracted to national revolution.

Wen Yiduo

professor at Qinghua University; opposed the GMD with non-Communist opposition. Encouraged those who hoped for rebirth of democracy and greater freedom to criticize the gov't.

Murakami Yasusuke

professor of economics at Tokyo University and author of "An Anticlassical Political-Economic Analysis" (1992). Blamed Japanese imperialism on the West and historical circumstances while emphasizing positive achievements of Japanese-style developmentalism. Believed Japan could be successful with particularism, Convinced that Japan had more than one road to success as a potential leader in the post-Cold War era.

An edict passed in 1591, which...

prohibited fighting men from becoming peasants or townsmen, and banned peasants from leaving fields and becoming merchants or artisans. Artisans could not become farmers.

Murakami Haruki

prominent writer who used to run a jazz bar. Took on novels using the music of his youth, interesting situations and characters not given to reflection.

Heian peoples emphasized sexual relations between men and women through...

promiscuity and restraint (which derived from demands of good taste). Being a virgin meant the demons would eventually possess you.

Twenty-One Demands

proposal by Japan to China during WWI occupations; included recognition of Japanese rights in Shandong, extension of rights in Mongolia and Manchuria, Sino-Japanese joint ops. of China's largest iron and steel company, agreement that China was not to cede or lease coastal areas to anyone other than Japan, and provisions that obliged the Chinese to employ Japanese political, financial and military advisers for partial control over police and demands.

Izawa Shuji

proposed to the Ministry of Education to combine Japanese and Western music in schools. Studied vocal physiology in U.S. and persuaded Luther Whiting Mason's presence from Boston to Japan for help in elementary school music.

Treaty of the Bogue

provided extraterritoriality to Britain subjects to be tried according to British law in consular courts of the same name. Provided MFN treatments to nations; obliged China to grant Britain any rights they conceded in the future to other powers. Did not solve the opium trade issue.

Ikeda Hayato

provided for the double of income per capita with rates over 10 years.

Under the forced treaty on Korea by Japan in 1876...

provided opening of 3 ports to trade. China still considered Korea a tributary nation.

Treaty of Tientsin (Treaties of Tianjin)

provided permanent residency of diplomats in Beijing, opening of 10 new ports, foreign travel throughout China, reduced inland transit dues, indemnities, and freedom of movement for all Christian missionaries. Legalized opium imports. China was forced to open 11 new ports as well, and rights to travel in the interior and allows foreign envoys to reside in Beijing. French granted missionaries the right to buy land and erect buildings everywhere in China.

Kokugaryo

publicly administered lands within the old estate structures of Kyoto.

"Wine Republic"

published by Mo Yan; follows a detective that is sent to a country where people eat children.

Bunraku

puppet theater with large wooden puppets manipulated by 3 men at once. Flourished in Osaka and retold with stage businesses. Used very often by Chikamatsu in "The Battle of Coxinga".

Gondo Seikyo

radical agrarian who wanted to abolish industry and return Japan to rural simplicity.

Kia Ikki

radical egalitarian who favored nationalizing industry.

Mongol Empire

ran by Chenggis Khan and supported nokhors; used one of the most powerfully known armies. Utilized written language and courier system for the empire. Jasagh laws implemented and had family run the rule of the whole world.

Celestial Masters

rebellion that controlled parts of modern Sichuan (expanded Qin's power and provided an economic boost). Held the capital of Hanzhong for half a century before Cao Cao extracted fealty from leaders in 215 CE.

Spring Purification Circle

reform-minded literati officials who sought influence in gov't decision-making. "Inner Opium War" built out of tensioned relations with Britain's Lord Napier.

Lin Zexu

reformer in Canton, who was charged with stamping out the drug trade once and for all. Wanted to prosecute opium dealers and addicts.

Heart Learning (Shingaku)

religion founded by Kyoto merchant and philosopher Ishida Baigan (1685-1744). Combined elements of Shinto, Confucianism and Buddhism to create ethics for artisans and merchants, regarding honesty, frugality, and devotion to trade.

Zuo Zongtang and Li Hongzhang

remarkable leaders of the dynasty; Anhui Army became strongest anti-Taiping force. Had Western support and rivaled France's "Ever Triumphant Army," composed of Chinese and Filipino mercenaries.

Far Eastern Commission

resided in Washington, D.C. Organized the Occupation, consisting of member countries that had fought Japan, but actual control relied on America. Had "suggestions" placed out for Japan to function based on Allied agreement. Tried to demilitarize Japan and turn it into a peaceful and democratic state.

Irene Chou (Zhou Luyun)

resides in AU; presents visions of space and time through her paintings. Allows viewers to conjure and explore her "trans-cultural" work on their own.

Korea's initial policy regarding reform was to...

resist all attempts to "open" the country by referring those seeking to establish diplomatic concerns back to Beijing.

Manchu political reforms included...

restructuring of gov't and a constitutional development. Study missions with provincial assemblies came to light and became centers of opposition.

Interactive spheres thesis

revision of nuclear area thesis; argues that the Yangshao was one culture among many in the Neolithic Age and takes into account other various cultures.

Taniguchi Yoshio

revitalized the Museum of Modern Art in New York (2004).

During Hideyoshi's land survey in 1582...

rice was measured as kokus. Cultivation assessed in terms of avg. annual productivity, with listings assessing taxes due from each village. Holdings of daimyo measured as well. (1 koku = 4.96 bushels; Hideyoshi held 2 million, while Ieyasu held 2.56 million).

Shiki

rights given to bearers to certain portion or percentage of income from lands and could be divided, since proprietors were absent more than half of the time.

Shibusawa Eiichi

rival company against Yataro's zaibatsu. Meiji banker and founder of Tokyo Chamber of Commerce and Bankers' Association. Believed in joint-stock companies, competition, and business independence from gov't. Lost to Yataro but regained advocacy by public good and independence.

Nakae Toju

rival of Kyuso and belonged to Wang Yangming school in Japan. Stressed inner light and insisted on action.

Ito Hirobumi

rival of Yamagata; stressed importance of conservative policies and supervision of constitutional writing.

Shimazaki Toson

romanticist poet who wrote "The Broken Commandment" (1906), using naturalism to account for members of the pariah class (burakumin) who kept his pledge to father never to reveal his origins, which eventually suffered discrimination and contempt.

Western Zhou

ruled by King of Hui. Similar to the Shang Dynasty's ethics.

Dezong

ruled over the Late Tang period by installing finances and building large palace armies. Taoist believer.

Emperor Hongwu

ruler of Mings; kept the land tax low, and kept the granaries stocked to guard against famine. He also maintained the dikes on the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. However, economically he lacked the vision to push trade. He supported the creation of self-supporting communities and, in a typically Confucian viewpoint, felt agriculture should be the country's source of wealth and that trade was ignoble and parasitic. Felt that military elites were necessary.

Gaozu

ruler of Tang Dynasty (618-626 CE). Forced to abdicate the throne by his own son, who had killed the crown prince.

Liang Qichao

saw Darwin's theories more as products of human will, but still liked progression and evolution (similar to Youwei). Not an individualist, but rather a contemporary.

Yan Yuan

scholar who focused on practice and condemned both quiet meditation and book learning as obstacles in the way of true self-cultivation. Studied military science and medicine; classic rites were emphasized and guidelines to reform society and conduct one's life.

Okakura Tenshin

school of painting in which artists avoided extremeties of formalistic traditionalism and imitative modernism, seeking middle ground instead.

Ding Wenjiang

scientist who championed science and Western values.

Miyajima Tatsuo

sculptor who was obsessed with time. "Running Time" (1994) consisted of battery-powered U-cars that were all colored with single-number lights emitting diodes, etc. Used numericla features to define "U" as an uncertainty principle and the physics of Heisenberg. Idioms with aesthetic appeal including interpretations for the viewer.

Jocho

sculptor who worked heavily on statues of Amida. Works with joined-wood techniques for freedom of expression and uses exploits of grains to create halos of Heian architecture.

Blue Shirts

secret police group led by Whampoa Military Academy graduates, who pledged to complete obedience to Kai-shek. Worked with the CC clique to organize a stronger European Fascism. Feared for spying and terrorist activities such as assassinations.

Shogunate

seen as both the emperor's deputy and the feudal overlord of all the daimyo.

"Iron-storm" invasions over Okinawa forced by bombers resulted in...

sending local people to seek refuge in caves, where some would perish after Japanese soldiers forced them into "compulsory group suicide."

Ren Xiong

served in military HQ but didn't rest easily. Had life-size self-portraits of himself.

To see to it that daimyo respected bakufus....

shogunates sent out inspectors and devised effective systems to strengthen itself and drained out the daimyo financially. Wanted them to spend alternate years in Edo residence (kept under bakufu surveillance). Wives and children became hostages again. "Alternative attendance" (sankin kotai) used to spend large sums traveling with retinues.

4th Truth

shows the Eightfold Path; there are right views, intentions, speech, actions, livelihood, effort, mindfulness and concentration. A release from reincarnation occurs through vegetarianism, celibacy and abstinence from alcoholic beverages, with religion as a practice.

London Naval Treaty of 1930

signed by Japan, Britain and U.S., provided for a 10:10:7 ratio for ships other than capital types. Generated bitterness among military and patriotic societies.

Okubo Toshimichi

single strongest voice in gov't from 1873-1878; retained cooperation of Saigo, who wished to overthrow the Tokugawa. Had physique and physical strength. Known for courage and warrior virtues. Devoted to Satsuma and samurai; wanted to resist the West. Collaborated with Kido Koin and Saigo Takamori.

Tominaga Nakamoto

skeptic who argued all historic texts were unreliable. Saw Confucian thought as an answer.

"The Four Modernizations"

slogan designed by Zhou Enlai in 1975 and enacted by Xiaoping. Aimed to turn China into a modern industrial state through agriculture, industry, science and defense. Merit as well as professionalism and individual initiative were encouraged. Market forces were given larger power.

During the Yi Dynasty, Korea fell below with...

small avg. per capita holdings, tenancy rates increased, tax collections and usury of rice and grain loan systems. Faced riots all over the nation.

Chiang Ching-kuo (Jiang Jingguo)

son of Chiang Kai-shek; tried to jail leaders of the opposition and instigated reform at times. Martial law was revoked, press restrictions were eased, and prohibitions against opposition parties were relaxed.

Taizong

son of Gaozu, who overthrew his father for the throne. (626-649 CE) Worked to become one of the most admired rulers in China. Used Confucian ministers such as Wei Zheng (580-645 CE). Implemented changes that supported the Sui Dynasty's time and included new granaries and schools. Promoted imperialism to first place.

Hideyori

son of Hideyoshi; sworn upon by his father's vassals to join an allegiance after his father's death. Acquired suitable Minamoto ancestry and triumphs came with fall of Osaka Castle and his death in 1615, soon left to Ieyasu.

Tkugawa Yoshinobu (Hitotsubashi Keiki)

son of Nariaki.

Hong Taiji

son of Nurgaci who created a new ethnic identity called "Manchu" and envisioned broader empire. Founded the new "Qing" (pure" Dynasty. Drew support from Mongols and Chinese speakers. Made "banners" with color for symbolic organization purposes.

Zheng Chenggong (Coxinga)

son of a Chinese pirate-adventurer and Japanese mother. Controlled southeastern coasts during Qing's reign.

Compared to the Analects, the Mecius argues that...

sons take mutual feelings first over rank and political status, especially when burying the dead.

Gao Lun

sought to combine Western shading and perspective with Chinese brushwork and was influenced by Japanese decorations. Created a school to help needy painters. Sought to bring Chinese painting up to date with new subject matter.

Among terms of the Occupation's drafted constitution...

sovereignty belonged to the people, placed highest political authority in hands of the Diet, and established an independent judiciary. Decreased powers of the central gov't (incl. Home Ministry) and fostered local self-gov't. Provisioned for universal suffrage and human rights, including equality of women. Japan was to renunciate war through Article IX.

An Lushan Rebellion (755-763 CE)

spanned the reigns of three Tang emperors before it was quashed, and involved a wide range of regional powers; besides the Tang dynasty loyalists, others involved were anti-Tang families, especially in An Lushan's base area in Hebei, and Arab, Gokturk, and Sogdian forces or influences, among others. The rebellion and subsequent disorder resulted in a huge loss of life and large-scale destruction. It significantly weakened the Tang dynasty, and led to the loss of the Western Regions. Seized Luoyang and Chang'an; proclaimed himself emperor of a Yan dynasty but was murdered by his son.

Shoen

special agricultural estates where the vast majority of Heian people worked in Japan. Exempted from direct central gov't supervision and tax collection.

"On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People"

speech made by Mao Zedong in 1957; explained that non-antagonistic contradictions should be resolved by persuasion rather than by force.

Wang Tao

spent two years in Scotland assisting James Legge with translations and went to Japan. A founder of modern journalism in China who favored adoption of Western political institutions as well as science and technology.

Arai Hakuseki

statesman and scholar noted for attention to evidence and willingness to reexamine traditional beliefs.

Nishida Kitaro

steeped in Buddhism and best known for philosophy of transcendent nothingness. Disliked politics and speaking in political representation.

Yamazaki Ansai

stern and forceful teacher who stressed devotion and righteousness. Dedicated to Zhu Xi. Shinto master with fusion of Confucianism and Shintoism.

China's first three "annihilation campaigns," helped to...

strengthen the C.C.P. rather than weaken it.

Ronglu

strong supporter of Cixi. Military commanded and helped her place out murders.

Umehara Ryuzaburo

studied in France and met Renoir in 1909 (becmae his favorite pupil). Disciple who used Sotatsu and Korin styles in family's silk kimono business while painting art.

Prior to invasions of Korea, Hideyoshi has a vision based on...

subjugating the Kyushu daimyo, suppressed pirates and freebooters, and encouraged international commerce.

Xianzong

succeeded Dezong and fostered institutional renewal and reasserted central control over lost provinces. Allowed eunuchs to rise to power and was murdered by the same hand. Taoist believer.

Jiang Zemin

succeeded Gen. Ziyang after he was placed forced out of office and placed under house arrest. Declared in speeches that capitalists should be welcomed into the Communist Party. Carried an engineering background.

General Koiso Kuniaki

succeeded General Tojo and was replaced by Admiral Suzuki Kantaro.

Takeshita Noboru

succeeded PM Noboru; headed the Tanaka faction after 1985. Forced to resign after revelations that the head of the Recruit group of companies attempted to buy influence by giving large amounts in shares and money to leading politicians and bureaucrats.

General Albert Wedemeyer

succeeded Stilwell's American army and still felt critical like his former toward Chiang's policies of preparedness.

Guomindang (GMD / Nationalist Party)

succeeded Tongmenghui as the largest party in the new parliament. Under Yuan Shikai, it was bullied and tensioned. Later forced Shikai to dismiss pro-Nationalist southern military governors. Based platforms on Communism.

Hua Guofeng

succeeded Zhou to power; called upon to demonstrate abilities as an earthquake struck China in Tangshan.

Wen Jiaobao

succeeded Zhu Rongji as PM in 2002; ordered a major review and temporary halt of a huge dam project on the Nu (Salween) River in Western Yunnan province, since it carried threats to people and beauty in the region.

Tang Dynasty

succeeded the Sui Dynasty. Involved the reconstruction of a new empire that solidified old problems in the Sui reign. Drew on Buddhism and Daoism as well as Confucianism. Regulated monasteries by reducing monk quantities.

Wang Jingwei

succeeded to GMD leadership; associated as a revolutionary hero in Japan for attempts to assassinate the Manchu Prince Regent in 1910. Follower of Sun Yat-sen and left-wing supporter who led a puppet regime in Nanjing.

Wu Zhao

successor of Gaozong; benefited Daoism through his proclamation of Laozi as "Sovereign Emperor of Mystery and Primordiality." Established a government abbey for 300 prefectures, and required the Daodejing on government examinations.

Robert Hart

successor of Nelson Lay; wanted customs to be Chinese-based and officials treated as "brother officers". Helped the Qing gov't.

At the local levels of Ming gov't, a magistrate headed...

supervision of tax collections, providing public security, administering justice, and seeing to the economic/moral public needs.

The Analects

surviving collection of Confucius' only life remnants. Includes his life and thought. Includes no known authorship and has conversations between Confucius and his disciples. Shows off Confucius as a frustrated individual with lack of recognition and trying to reform a chaotic world.

Golden Pavilion (Kinkakuji)

symbol of good taste and affluence during Yoshimitsu's reign. Included natural wood, solid doors, and Japanese traditions of Song influence.

Yamabushi

syncretic religion embodying shamans, monks and Daoist mountain ascetics. Used Buddhist incarnations and emphasized religious retreats in the mountains.

"The Tale of the Heiki" (Heiki monogatari)

tale widely chanted among all classes; generated a host of new romances and embellishes the story of Yoshitsune (heroic legend).

Kaitoku Academy in Osaka

taught importance of trade and those engaging in it, including business and arithmetics. Strained Buddhism that considered all occupations forms of devotion.

47 Ronin

term defining seeking vengeance for the wrong done to their dead lord.

"Qi"

term defining vital force and substance of which man and universe are made. Energy, based on a rarified constant rotation in the center of motion.

What did Mencius argue about human nature?

that it is good-willed and tender-mined. Optimism meets the eye and always involves human achievement as everyone is allowed the ability to become a "sage" regardless of claim.

The term Dainichi refers to...

the "Great Sun".

Cui Jian

the "John Lennon of China"; formed a rock group in the mid-1980s and had best-selling records, despite public dismay of the group.

The Taiping land program was based on a system of land classification according to nine grades found in...

the "Rites of Zhou".

1917-1923 years were seen as...

the "golden age of Chinese capitalism."

Eastern Zhou

the "shaping period" of Chinese culture around 771 BC, near modern-day Luoyang. Ruined by barbarians and was uninhabitable. 20 years of division and ruled by Ping Wang. Used symbolism to enforce subdivisions of Spring and Autumn. Resides in eastern city of Chengzhou.

The "Tales of Ise" recall that...

the 9th-century poet Ariwara no Narihira faced romantic and literary exploits. He boards a rustic ferry with friends in eastern Japan rivers.

Archipelagos surrounding Japan include...

the Aleutian Islands and the Philippines.

As a result of Chiang Ching-kuo's reforms...

the Democratic Progressive Party (D.P.P.) brought in new candidates for the elections of 1986.

Who annexed North Vietnam?

the Han, in 111 BCE.

Under the Councils of Shrine and State Affairs, there resided...

the Ministries of Military Affairs, Treasury, and Justice.

Chinese President Chen Shui-bian's common political rival includes that of...

the Nationalist Party.

The Five Classics were known as...

the Odes, the Documents, the Rites, the Changes, and the Spring & Autumn Annals.

The main emphasis of Taiping Christianity was centered on...

the Old Testament (10 Commandments). Militant zeal of destroying "idols" and even Confucian ancestral tablets. Preacher in Guangxi who wanted to gather converts and disciples for the Association of God Worshippers.

Who were the pioneers of European global expansion?

the Portuguese, who reached India in 1498, China in 1514, and Japan in 1543.

Romaji

the Roman alphabet.

The Socialist Party dropped its long-standing opposition to the Self-Defense Forces, based on Article IX, which now holds that...

the SDF were "unconstitutional but legal".

What divides the northern (meditation branch) and the southern radicalists?

the South sees a sudden flash of illumination; makes sure that people are actively looking for solutions instead of waiting for the answers to come.

"Minbo no Onna", directed by Juzo, led to...

the Yakuza provoking the director to a physical attack on himself. Survived this but later committed suicide, with a note left behind that proved rumors of him having affairs with a much younger woman.

A major factor for discontinuity in generation gaps among Japanese families was...

the absence of grandparents. War-time leaders were also discredited and old values were blamed for leading the nation to catastrophe.

With the elimination of the Kodoha (Imperial Way faction)...

the army's political power grew to threaten a second mutiny if it didn't have its way in matters.

What do both Taoists and Confucianists emphasize?

the avoidance of extremities in life, and to live by the Golden Rule.

Emperor Qishan's signing of a convention proclaimed...

the cession of Hong Kong, payments of an indemnity to Britain, equality of diplomatic relations and re-opening of Canton.

No (Noh)

the classic drama of Japan; roots based on less-formal singing, dancing, music nad mime. Developed by Kan'ami. Tones are normally serious and symbolic.

A strong example of Japanese "pop architecture" today includes...

the coffee and tea cup.

The basic agrarian policy, "land to the tiller," defines...

the confiscation of large holdings for reassignment to the poor with "middle peasants" left mostly unaffected.

Dainichi (Vairocana)

the cosmic Buddha with absolute truths that encompass everything.

The Five Dynasties Period and the Later Tang periods were the result of...

the destruction of the Tang Dynasty and the end of the Tang peoples.

While Taoists embrace personal nature, Confucianists embrace...

the development of the human body itself and trying to adjust to society's means to be perfect. They want people to respect their superiors.

The most physical change in women's appearances...

the feet; footbinding was essential to restrict growth of the feet. Four toes would otherwise bend into soles and create growth factors. Also allowed women to love literature even more rather than studying for exams.

Lao-Tse (604 BC)

the first philosopher of the Taoist school. Writings from the "Te-Tao Ching" emphasize the Tao (the Way).

Unlike the baojia system in China and Japan, in Taiwan there existed...

the hoko system for individuals being affected per village. To this date only the Hans experienced this.

Mappo

the last of the three Buddhist ages; the degenerate age of the decline of the Buddha's law.

A societal example of Mongol life included...

the levirate, providing men the ability to inherit their brother's widows through marriage.

While sitting beneath the bodhi (wisdom) tree, what did Siddhartha Gautama realize?

the middle way between self-deprivation and gratification. He became the "Buddha" (the Enlightened One).

Sima Xiangru

the most highly regarded Han rhapsodist. Colorful man that was young and poor, eloped with a widowed daughter.

The core of the Shang army was generally consisted of...

the noble class.

Yin

the permanent capital of the Shang Dynasty.

8 squares of land system was owned by peasants, while the lord would take over...

the product of the 9th square.

What does the Tao portray?

the reality that naturally exists prior to and gives rise to all other things such as the physical universe and its ties.

During the event of 281 cases signed against daimyo expense...

the shogunate made sure the daimyo transferred from one fief to another, strengthening some and weakening others. Failures to produce an heir also proved confiscating for Tokugawa. Triples size of its holdings until domains calculated 6.8M of kokus of rice.

Fan Zhen, a Confucian official and brilliant debater, argued against Chinese Buddhism by saying that...

the soul is a passing function of the body, just as keenness is a temporary attribute of a knife; we shouldn't be focused on the indestructible portions of the soul.

Why was Eastern Zhou considered the "shaping period" in China?

the uniqueness of China's recorded history began; collection of documents and historical romances came to light. Decline of ancient forms of religion and transformation into Confucianism and Daoism. Creation of "Legalism" also occurred as well as advances in military thought and technology.

From the Taoist perspective on Confucianism...

the virtues of humanity, righteousness, knowledge and wisdom are seen as bridges to hypocrisy. Lao-Tse sees these as distinctions between right and wrong (absent and unnecessary in Taoism). They want peace of mind and tranquility and not moral perfection and social adjustment.

How did Shang rulers lose their mandate?

their rulers had failed to properly serve the people.

The writings of Marx and Engels argued that...

there is a vision of a perfect society, but this thesis of socialism relies on success of capitalism.

Within royal tombs of Shang ancestors...

there was bronze and skeletons of 300 servants. Funery tablets were also visible.

Why was the central government in Japan able to remain in power for so long?

there were no external military threats to Japan from the outside.

Under the "responsibility system" entitled to peasants...

they were assigned land on contracts to produce a certain amount of grain and increasingly won the right to decide on just how to do this and dispose of surpluses produced on the open market.

Gekokujo

those who are above overthrown by those below (overthrowing or surpassing superiors). Shogunate was unable to control even the provinces of Kyoto; warlords ahd driven out the capital's inhabitants. Riots forced in debt cancellations.

Western Hanists

those who followed Qinist ways; looked to state reformation and tried to protect small landowners. Wanted to seize lands frm others to give to the poor. Easier to collect taxes from large landholders who had resources.

Spring and Autumn Period

time in which Zhou kings couldn't defend themselves nor escape mercy of powerful lord vassal states. Direct taxation, concubines and iron resources existed.

A dangerous point of friction today between Japan, China and Taiwan are the...

tiny Sentaku/Diaoyu islands in the China Sea, with territory claimed by all 3 areas.

"SCAPanese model"

title dubbed to Japanese roots of bureaucratic capitalism amid tensions of WWII.

Why were portable screens built for Japanese homes?

to exchange poems back and forth in families.

3rd Truth

to stop suffering, we have to stop desiring so much. We need to halt and understand our ethical life.

Qin Dynasty

took on consolidation and centralization of states. Used universal militarization and involved individual households with taxation. Suppressed members of the nobility as well.

Shosha

trading companies that conducted business at home and abroad. Exported, imported, transported, stored, financed and organized a host of multifarious projects.

Tsubouchi Shoyo

translator and author of "The Essence of the Novel" (1885); opposed both didacticism and writing solely for entertainment. Believed in Western realism, in which literature should portray actual life.

Kaiho Seiryo

traveled Japan free from encumbrances of status or family. Accommodated to li (principle).

Emperor Jiaqing

tried to remedy the gov'ts financial problems by cutting costs and selling official posts and titles, but unable to solve underlying fiscal and economic problems, reform bureaucracy or help the people.

Fudai

trustworthy Tokugawa family vassals raised to daimyo status. Indebted to the bakufu.

Empress Wu

turned mainly toward Buddhism and proclaimed herself an incarnation of Maitreya. Ordered temples to be set up in every province to expand the Dayunjing sutra as a female world ruler.

Li Bai and Du Fu

two of China's most beloved and admired poets, experienced both the brilliance of Xuanzong's reign dark times of An Lushan's rebellion. Personal friends who were quite distinctive in artwork.

"The Tale of the Heike"

ultimate sense of success achieved by Heian courtiers sinking into Kamakura warrior worlds. Involves warrior triumph to the joy of romantic lovers.

"Long March Rock

unofficial anthem sung by members of Cui Jian's band.

Kada Azumamaro

urged return to Shinto purified of Confucianism. Rejection of Confucianism and celebration of nativity.

Li He and Li Shangyin

used old language to get across oddities with demonic qualities.

Gao Qipei

used unconventional methods of painting; never used a brush.

Su Shi

versatile, open-spirited exponent of cultural poetry; expanded the song lyric (ci) and included rhapsodies of (fu) on Red Cliff and Three Kingdoms Period notes. Described friendship, drinking and nature.

Pachinko

vertical pinball machines.

Peng Dehuai

veteran general and minister of defense; ousted from these titles from going too far in criticizing Mao and the GLF campaign. Accused of pro-Soviet tendencies and held responsible for overemphasizing professionalism. Failed to imbue troops with sufficient ideological spirit.

Hong Xiuquan

village schoolteacher who founded the Taiping movement. Believed to see visions of God; wanted to make changes through his divine mission to save humankind and exterminate demons. Wrote a lot of commentaries for the Bible.

Ha Jin

winner of the 1999 National Book Award and once served in the People's Liberation Army. Wrote novels fully in English.

Confucius says that man and woman was not supposed to perform the li properly based on Zhou, but also...

with the right attitude and sincerity.

Endo Shusaku

writer known well abroad; grappled with tensions between his Catholic faith and Japanese literature he wrote.

Abe Kobo

writer who earned international reputation as an existentialist. Known for "Woman in the Dunes" (1962). Explored themes of contemporary human condition, including the search for identity.

Natsume Soseki

writer who was a son of plebeian Edo. Studied in England and was anti-social with no friends. Loneliness became his subsequent work as he taught English literature and was half-Japanese, half-Western in belief system.

Mishima Yukio

writer who wrote a series of well-constructed novels, developing on themes such as nature of beauty and relationships between art and life and between warrior and poet. Took up body-building and developed a strong torso although with spindly legs. Believed in philosophy of Wang Yangming.

"Garlic Ballads"

written by Mo Yan; depicts human sympathy within the bitter life of peasants suffering at the hands of arrogant party cadres.

"Red Sorghum"

written by Mo Yan; describes the Japanese military as "villains" in China during WWII.

"Chibu Chusai"

written by Ogai; accounts a late Tokugawa physician with whom the author identified.

"I Am a Cat" and "Botchan"

written by Soseki; both present affectionate good humor.

"An Orphan of Asia"

written by Wu Cho-liu; expressed sense that Taiwan was abandoned by Chinese parents and never became a full-fledged member of the Japanese household. Tried to identify Taiwan without the need of the Japanese.

"Precepts for Social Life"

written by Yuai Cai; family-oriented work about ideal selflessness challenged by politics, market forces disobeying morality and affairs changed by moral perfection issues. Wanted vigilance against selfish desires.

"Reflections"

written by Zhu Xi and Lu Zuqian (1137-1181); based on teachings of Buddhism and Daoism and distinctions away from them. Attacked the Buddha and Laozi through their writings.

The Xunzi

written works under Xunzi; describes essays in which human nature is evil and says humans lack an inborn inclination to act in ethical manner. Believes that brothers yield to the eldest and conform to chaos and conflict. Believed however in radical transformation from bad to good, since sagehood could be manipulated. Saw a warping of moral training, study and hard work. Wanted moral sensibility to be transformed into something better. Sees human desire channel into chaos and tries to limit the "li" on how much they can take as desire.

Futabatei Shimei

wrote "Drifting Cloud", a psychological study of an ordinary man told in a more colloquial fashion.

Hagiwara Sakutaro

wrote "Howling at the Moon" (1917) to describe wolves through poem and prose. Wrote "Blue Cat" in 1923 using "blue" in sense of the blues while describing cats. "Age of Ice" (1934) defines free verse through identification with a caged tiger.

Mori Ogai

wrote about his family's samurai heritage. Studied medicine in Germany and became an army surgeon, followed by samurai-styled occupations. Translated renderings of Goethe and Shakespeare from full German. Introduced German ascetic philosophy to Japan and influenced modern Japan theater.

Inoue Yasushi

wrote about sages including Confucius (1989). Gave great respect to upper authority religious ideals through eyes of a disciple.

Oe Kenzaburo

wrote on psychological complexities of modern people (violence, social morality, and symbolism as examples). Became famed with winning the Nobel Prize for literature and praised for post-Aun Shinrikyo age writing.

Wang Bi

wrote on the Daodejing and Changes to give depth to the conept of wu (classical Daoism). Emphasized original non-being (benwu) as the ultimate reality and origin of everything. Introduced ti and yong as "substance" and "function" respectively.

During the Ming Dynasty, if you are caught denouncing an emperor...

you are punished with likelihood of being condemned to death by strangulation.

Yuen Kwok-chung

young architect who designed the Triptych. Invites viewers to see the barcode as the true flag of Hong Kong and infers commercial consumerism is what links the U.S. and PRC.

Wei Jingsheng

young man who worked as an electrician and had 4 years of army service. Designed a poster in China calling for democracy as the "Fifth Modernization", in order to attain the other Four.

Red Guards

young people mostly born prior to the founding of the PRC. Vanguards and shock-troops of the Cultural Revolution who, under Zedong, pushed rallies in many areas around China. Responsible for public humiliation, beatings and hostage-taking, ransacked houses, destroyed literature and art, and imprisoned many others/beat them to death.

Tenji

young prince (626-671 CE) who conspired against the Sogas with the help of Nakatomi no Kamatari.