Eastern Europe Final Exam

1956 - 1964 Revisionism

19th Century Marxist Term that became prevalent under the rule of Khrushchev Idea the Marxism has to be revised, and was proposed by Eduard Bernstein. Said that Marxism had gone wrong, clearly texts had been misinterpreted Had to be fixed by going back and realigning Marx's and Lenin's texts. this led to larger questioning of the USSR, largely by Hungary and Yugoslavia Idea that the problem is not the source - problem is that later interpreters of the book have gotten it wrong Understanding things more correctly - the new generation has the opportunity to get it right

1981 - 1989 Ronald Reagan

40th President of the United States. He challenged Gorbachev to "tear down this wall," and successfully negotiated arms reductions, dialogue, and rights issues with the Soviet Union

Dubrovnik

A Croatian city. In 1991 after the break-up of Yugoslavia, it was besieged by the Serb and Montenegrin soldiers in the Yugoslav people's army and suffered significant damage from shelling

Knin

A city in Croatia. Declared the the capital, briefly, of the self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina from 1991 to 1995 (a Serb parastate within the territory of the Republic of Croatia during the Croatian war of independence).

1947 Truman Doctrine

A form of policy created by Truman in order to counter the spread of soviet communism around the world. The doctrine was the first of many "containment moves" by the US including the Marshall Plan, and set up a framework around which NATO was later created.

1956 Secret Speech

A report by soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev at 20th party congress. Was critical of the reign of deceased Stalin particularly with respect to the purges. Charged Stalin with having fostered a personality cult. An attempt to draw USSR closer to Leninism, and perhaps ulterior motives of consolidating power over government and driving out rivals who were involved in purges. Secret because was delivered in unpublicized session, but the text was widely discussed afterwards and the transcript was eventually released

George Kennan

American diplomat and historian. He was known best as an advocate of a policy of containment of Soviet expansion during the Cold War on which he later reversed himself.

1948-1951 Marshall Plan

An American initiative formed in order to aid Western Europe by helping to rebuild their economies, rebuild their infrastructure, promote free-trade, and to prevent the spread of communism. The United States gave Europe over $13 billion ($130 billion today) in aid. Soviet Union viewed the plan as an attempt to interfere in the internal affairs of other states and did not participate, as well as Poland and Czechoslovakia

Goli Otok

Barren uninhabited island that was the site of a political prison in use when Croatia was part of Yugoslavia. The prison was used for political prisoners, including Stalinists, other Communist Party of Yugoslavia members or even non-party citizens accused of exhibiting sympathy or leanings towards the Soviet Union.

1942-1943 Stalingrad, Kursk

Battles on the Eastern front that were Allied victories and would mark the turning of the tide on the Eastern Front in favor of the Allies. The Battle of Stalingrad 1942-1943: It was a major Soviet victory that stopped the German advance into the Soviet Union and marked the turning of the tide in favor of the Allies. The Battle of Kursk 1943: It was an unsuccessful German assault that marked the decisive end of the German offensive capability on the Eastern Front and cleared the way for the great Soviet offensives of 1944-45.

Helsinki Final Act 1975

Brezhnev asked for the borders of Eastern Europe to stay the same and for a reduction of arms. seen as a significant step in reducing Cold War Tensions and as a diplomatic boost for the USSR, as it consolidated Soviet Territorial gains from WWII. Also acknowledged human rights, and allowed NGOs to monitor compliance A declaration signed by 35 states in an attempt to improve relations between the Communist bloc and the West. Signatories said they would not violate human rights. Kind of abolished the logic of the Brezhnev Doctrine

1986 Chernobyl

Catastrophic nuclear accident that occurred in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union. Gave many Soviet citizens less trust in the system, as it showed that the government could not fully protect its citizens.

1947 Cominform

Communist Information Bureau. Intention was to coordinate actions between Communist parties under Soviet direction.

1957 Treaty of Rome

Created the European Economic Community in 1958, signed by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, and West Germany; created a single market across its members; another example of rising supranationalism leading up the creation of the European Union

Vladimir Putin

Current Leader of Russia

Petro Poroshenko

Current president of Ukraine, billionaire chocolatier, but is honestly trying to reform Ukraine

Rudolf Slansky

Czech communist politician, and was one of creators and organizers of the Communist rule in Czechoslovakia. Slansky was one of the 14 leaders arrested in 1951 and out on show trial for high treason.

Jan Masaryk

Czech diplomat and politician who served as foreign minister in both the Czechoslovak government-in-exile in London during WWII and the postwar coalition government of Czechoslovakia. He was convinced that Czechoslovakia must remain friendly to the Soviet Union, but was very anti-communist and was killed in 1948 when communists came to power.

1968 Ludvík Vaculík 2000 Words of Workers, Farmers, Scientists, Artists, and Everyone

Czech journalist and prominent samizdat writer. Manifesto was not a call of revolution but rather a revival of public interest in politics, of holding the government accountable to its' words despite the past decades being defined by a resignation of the civil society from politics. In effect, he was mobilizing everyone to stop turning a blind eye to government injustice and deception and pushed for a greater media freedom that would engage everyone in discussion and critique

Pavel Kohout

Czech novelist and playwright and Party member who was another ideological driver of the Prague Spring. Frequent themes in his work are the absurdity of life under Communism and the breakdown of typical societal fabric in the face of denunciation and heavy state presence.

Milan Kundera

Czech writer whose books were banned under the Communist regime. Explores tragic and even comic aspects of totalitarian systems from an individual perspective. Political commentary but in novel form and not actual philosophy.

Klement Gottwald

Czechoslovak Communist politician and longtime leader of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ). Czechoslovak General Secretary of Communist party from 1929-45 He was Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia from 1946-1948 and President from 1948-1953 (after Benes resigned under Soviet threat). Seized power during the 1948 coup. He adopted a Soviet model of government, in which the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia substituted itself for the state.

1993 Copenhagen criteria

Define what criteria countries need to fulfill to be eligible to join the EU; criteria includes institutions to preserve democracy and human rights, market economy, acceptance of the obligations and intent of EU

1946 Greek Catholic Church

Dissolution Most important national institution prior to its dissolution Soviets Close this institution down Anniversary of when church was created Many priests go into goulag, people are forced to go into orthodox

late 1980s INF (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces)

Europeans were worried about these. The europeans wanted to get weapons outside of Europe, as it was a threat because it brought the threat of nuclear war into Europe. Gorbachev offered the west control over INF weapons, and engaged in arms reduction as he wanted to get rid of conventional forces as well.

1991 - 2000 Boris Yeltsin

First President of Russia Transformed Russian economy from command to free market. Led resistance to a coup when the USSR broke down over the national question; undid the Union Treaty and says that Russia and Belarus are independent parties. 1994 sent troops into Chechnya, which had seceded from Russia in 1991. Peace treaty in 1997. He named Putin acting president in 1999, and Putin granted him immunity from prosecution. Later changed sides and resigned from the politburo, branded a rebel. As president tried to turn Russia into a capitalist country, but instead led wealth into the hands of oligarchs, arbitrage corruption

Golda Meir

Founder and 4th prime minister of Israel. Relationship with Soviet Union was important in securing arms for Israel from Eastern Europe. While strong relationship with Israel meant the Soviets could further their position in the Middle East. This relationship was complicated by Soviet religious policies.

FPO Austria, Freiheitliche Partei

Freedom Part of Austria. Founded in 1956 as the "third camp" of Austrian politics — pan-Germanists and national liberals opposed to both socialism and Catholic clericalism. Has since turned into a right wing populist party who are anti-immigrant.

1971 - 1989 Erich Honecker

GDR was one of most repressive but most prosperous of Eastern Bloc countries. Lost support of Gorbachev and forced to resign 1989 in face of pre-democracy demonstrations by the people

late 1980s CFE Conventional Forces in Europe

Gorbachev wanted to reduce the amount of money the Soviets spent on the army, so he needed to draw down conventional forces deployed in Eastern Europe. As he did this, the Eastern European countries were able to do some of their own things, as they were not under constant threat. The Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) treaty brought the discussion of these forces to the table. The dissolution of these forces brought the Brezhnev doctrine to a close

1956-1988 Janos Kadar

Hungarian communist leader and the general secretary of the Hungarian socialist worker's party Took over following the ousting of Nagy. His rule saw "Goulash Communism," and the increase in consumer expenditures because of the New Economic Mechanism. He was viewed with distrust by Brezhnev, due to his questioning of communism and trade with capitalist countries Focused on industries aimed at consumers, reintroduced certain market mechanisms. Pushed for an improvement in the standard of living. Increased trade with non-communist countries. 1961: "those who are not against us are with us." He was responsible for dissolving parties in Hungary; set up a new system to adapt to a new form of Soviet rule

Laszlo Rajk

Hungarian communist politician who served as Minister of the Interior and Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was an important organizer for the Hungarian Communists' power and organization the State Protection Authority. He was eventually a victim of Matyas Rakosi show trials. Rakosci saw him as a threat to his power and declared him a tito-ist

1953-1955; 1956 Imre Nagy

Hungarian communist politician. Appointed Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People's Republic on two occasions. Second term ended with non-Soviet-backed government was brought down by Soviet invasion in the failed Hungarian revolution of 1956, resulting in his execution. This revolution happened after he announced the withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact through the UN and attempt to recognize Hungary as a neutral state.

Hungary Smallholders Party

Hungarian political party that was left-wing, non-communist, and became popular after WWII. It was an agrarian party that represented the interests of mainly landed peasants. It advocated for land reform and other liberal democratic demands. It supported the dissolution of great landed estates, but insisted on basing agriculture on private peasant ownership and maintaining a multi-party system of parliamentary democracy.

1945 Allied Control Commissions

Joint force of US, Soviet, British, and French foreign agents and military people who presided over the post-war efforts of liberation, rebuilding, and occupation in defeated states. The withdrawal of the Soviet officer in Germany led to the formation of a western control commission and a Soviet control commission, which led to the partition of Germany.

1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Prague aka Operation Danube

Joint invasion of Czechoslovakia by 4 warsaw pact nations (Bulgaria, Poland, USSR, and Hungary) which effectively ended the Prague Spring. Quintessential example of the Soviet Union exercising the Brezhnev Doctrine as their method of foreign policy

1968-1969 Alexander Dubček

Leader of Czechoslovakia who attempted to reform the communist regime during the Prague Spring but was ousted after the invasion. Was instrumental in the Prague Spring's liberalization of the communist government, but couldn't convince Moscow that the reforms were an internal matter

1985 - 1991 Mikhail Gorbachev

Leader of USSR Final leader of the Soviet Union. Tried to democratize political system and decentralize USSR economy leading to downfall of communism and breakup of USSR in 1991. He implemented the policies of glasnost and perestroika. He believed in reform and that communism could make it as a political force on its own; talked about class struggle and universalism; revoked Brezhnev doctrine; first communist leader to be popular around the world ("gorbasm"); used the military as a cashcow

Yalta February 1945

Major World War II conference of the three chief Allied leaders, US President FDR, British Prime Minister Churchill, and Soviet Premier Stalin, which met at Yalta in Crimea to plan the final defeat and occupation of Nazi Germany. The issue of free elections and who would control which part of Germany were the main topics of discussion

1989 glasnost

Meaning Openness, this was part of a policy in the Soviet Union under the direction of Mikhail Gorbachev designed to open the USSR to discussion and reform the soviet union. This had the unintended effect of opening the government up to criticism, and was a partial cause of the dissolution of the USSR. Word made popular by Gorbachev in favor of increased government transparency. Included things like more freedom of speech, as Soviet citizens could finally publically discuss the problems of the system and seek solutions

Group of Five (Bulgaria, East Germany, USSR, Hungary, Poland)

Met in Dresden East Germany, questioned a Czechoslovak delegation led by Dubček's over the planned reforms, suggesting any talk of "democratization" was a veiled critique of other policies. Kadar was highly supportive of Dubček's appointment in January whereas Brezhnev and others were concerned about Dubček's reforms because feared they would weaken the position of the communist block during the cold war.

Karel Kosík

Neomarxist philosopher and anti-Nazi activist. During the Prague Spring advocated democratic socialism, which the central ideology of the movement. This led to his dismissal from academic and political circles.

Ilya Ehrenburg:

Notable author in the Soviet Union. His novel The Thaw gave its name to an entire era of Soviet politics, namely, the liberalisation after the death of Stalin.

Prague Spring

Onset by revisionist Marxism, the Prague Spring was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia which, led by Dubcek, were an attempt to give citizens more rights in a move of partial decentralization of the economy as well as democratization. The spirited, nonviolent resistance was not received well by the Soviets.

Social Democratic Party (SPO)

Opposition Party in Austria; tried to repair damage done under Karl Waldheim (President from 1986-1992); also helped oust communists from power, relevant from the 1950s until the present

1951 Coal and Steel Community

Organization set up after WWI to regulate industrial production; members were Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Luxembourg; proposed under the Schuman Plan in 1950 to create European stability; first step toward supranationalism which led to European Union

1941 Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee

Organized by the Jewish Bund leaders upon initiative of Soviet Authorities and reformed under Stalin. It was designed to influence international public opinion and organize political and material support for the Soviet Union to fight Nazi Germany. Prominent members were arrested during the persecution of Jews by Stalin in the 1950's, tortured and executed by firing squad as secret mock trials. Stalin was worried about influence and connects with the West.

Viktor Yanukovych

Ousted president of Ukraine, currently in exile in Russia. Very corrupt

1945-1949 Polish Peasant Party

Party in post-WWII Poland led by Mikolajczyk. It was a non-communist party, supported agrarianism, was socially conservative, and was nationalist. The party's goals were to prevent the communists from monopolizing power in Poland, establish a parliamentary system with market economy and to win free elections, which were promised by the Yalta agreements.

People's Party Austria, Volspartei

Party of Karl Renner, new version of the Christian Social party; ousted communists from power and have been relevant in Austrian politics since the 1950s

1989 Rukh

People's movement of Ukraine, center right wing party, founded as a part of perestroika, associated with victor yushchenko

Anders Army

Polish armed forces set up in the former Soviet Union in the period 1941-1942, named after its commander, General Anders. The army provided the bulk of the Polish Armed Forces in the West which fought against Italy.

1976 KOR (Workers' Defense Committee)

Polish civil society group that emerged under communist rule to give aid to prisoners and their families after the June 1976 protests. It was a precursor and inspiration for efforts of the Solidarity Trade Union. Ut was a collaboration between intellectuals and workers—t was lawyers who helped families with legal defense.

Edward Gierek

Polish communist politician. He replaced Władysław Gomułka as First Secretary of the Polish Communist Party. He attempted to solve the Polish Economic Crisis by borrowing money from the west. This succeeded initially and consumption increased. In 1973, the Oil shock ended the supply of money from the west, which then led to hard currency scares, and a lack of funds. He also attempted to raise food prices, and was usurped in 1976

1956 - 1970 Wladyslaw Gomulka

Polish communist politician. He was the de facto leader of post-war Poland. He eliminated all opposition to communist rule, crushing the Polish Peasant Party. purged in 1948 as a "Right wing deviationist," Against forcible collectivization and was critical of the Soviet line. Arrested in July 1951 but then released after Stalin's death in 1954 becoming a popular figure in Poland and regained power. He eliminated oppressive Stalinist features including: the role of terror, persecution of the Roman Catholic Church and stopped collectivization. Kept some institutions of Stalinism including: restricted intellectual freedom and generally the same economic policies. Discontent rose and culminated in March 1968 with open defiance of the regime by intellectuals and students with riots in Warsaw. promised a "Polish Way to Socialism," but became more and more conservative and was forced to resign following a "anti-Zionist" campaign. He was succeeded by Edward Gierek, as the people grew more and more unhappy with Communist rule. He did classical communist reform, and used the jews as a scapegoat. He was kicked out of power in 1970 for raising food prices.

Stanislaw Mikolajczyk

Polish statesman who tried to establish a democratic, non-Soviet regime in Poland after World War II. He served as Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile, that the US and Britain supported as the legitimate Polish government at Yalta, during WWII. Also became leader of the Polish Peasant Party and fought against communism

1968 Action Programme

Political program designed by Dubcek that included economic liberalization (partial mixed economy), freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, freedom of travel, more power for non-communist voices, and more internal Party democracy. Called for Czechoslovakia to to take its own path toward mature socialism rather than follow the Soviet Union, and was in many ways the basis for Prague Spring

Edvard Benes

President of Czechoslovakia twice, before and after WWII. A founder of modern Czechoslovakia who forged its Western-oriented foreign policy between World Wars I and II, but capitulated to Hitler's demands (Sudetenland) during the Czech crisis of 1938. He formed an exile government in London during WWII and was recognized as president.

1968 socialism with a human face

Program announced by Dubcek in Czechoslovakia which included mild democratization and political liberalization but would still enable the communist party to have the real power. Also helped initiate Prague Spring

Viktor Yushchenko

Ran against Yanukovych in falsified elections, actually won

1953 Antonín Novotný

Replaces Gottwald as General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia Had Soviet backing which threatened other high-ranking party members to follow his words. Continued previous repression with mild media liberalization, continued de-Stalinization. Replaced constitution with Communist document in 1960

1969 - 1987 Gustav Husák

Secretary General of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia post-Prague Spring who oversaw "normalization" Had Soviet Support

1989 - 1997 Slobodan Milosevic

Serbian politician who was the President of Serbia rose to power, leading the socialist party of serbia, when he claimed the need to reform the 1974 constitution of yugoslavia because of its marginalization of serbia and its incapacity to deter albanian separatist unrest in Kosovo. Reduced power of autonomous provinces in serbia, and calls for re-centralization. In power during the disintegration of Yugoslavia, and is eventually put on trial for war crimes.

1943 Moscow Declaration

Signed by US, UK, USSR, and China. Declared that Austria was the first "victim" of German aggression in WWII and would be liberated as a country. Declared Austria was first victim in order to attract Austrians away from the German army.

1920 Treaty of Trianon

Signed by allied victors of WWI and accepted by Hungary (begrudgingly). Hungary, which had been a fairly autonomous part of Habsburg Empire, declared itself a Republic with the hope that Allies would accept pre-war borders. Gives Transylvania to Romania. Loses 70% of pre-war territory, 60% of population, and a lot of Hungarian speakers.

1919 Treaty of St. Germain

Signed by the allied victors of WWI on one side and Austria on the other side. It prevented Anschluss. The political class in Austria didn't really think that Austria should exist. Weird case of denying self-determination

1967 Six-Day (Arab-Israeli) War (Israel v. Egypt, Jordan and Syria)

Six day conflict resulting from Soviet misinformation to Syria that Israeli forces are bound to attack. After Syrian request for help Egyptian troops enter Israel, which swiftly won all major battles. Conflict resulted in emergence of more violent Palestinian national movement, which in turn polarized European states on the pro-anti Zionist spectrum. USSR and satellites generally anti-Israel.

Moldova

Small country subject to constant russian influence

1980 - 1995 Lech Walesa

Solidarity founder and leader Solidarity was the first non-communist trade union in Warsaw Pact history. President of Poland Awarded Nobel Prize for Peace 1983. After 1989 spring elections, refuses to work with Jaruzelski to form a coalition government, forcing Sejm to accept Solidarity-led government

Peretz Markish

Soviet Jewish poet and playwright who wrote predominantly in yiddish

1968 Brezhnev Doctrine

Soviet Union declaring its right to intervene in other communist countries to protect communism. Was announced retroactively to justify the invasion of Prague, and was later strayed away from by Gorbachev. An example of it in practice was the Soviet invasion in Afghanistan — any instance which caused the Soviet Union to question whether or not a country was a risk to socialism justified and necessitated the use of military force speech to the Polish United Worker's Party, Brezhnev said that when a transition to socialism took place anywhere, the Soviet Union considered that transition irreversible, and he pledged to back that up with force. This allowed for the invasion of Czechoslovakia, and limited independence of the satellite states. Gorbachev ended the Brezhnev Doctrine in 1988

1964-1982 Leonid Brezhnev

Soviet leader known for the Era of Stagnation, and an increase in military expenditure. He had the Brezhnev Doctrine, which essentially said that if socialism was under threat in a country, they would invade to protect its best interest. The economic and social stagnation under Brezhnev led to reforms by his successors. His Doctrine allowed for the Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, as they had criticized the Government

1980 - 1981 Stanislaw Kania

Succeeded Edward Gierek as head of the Polish Communist Party admitted that the party made many economic mistakes, and advocated working with Catholic and trade unionist opposition groups. He agreed that the Communist needed to be in power, but refused to crack down on Solidarity. After complaining that the Soviets relied on an economic model that "failed the test," he was replaced by Wojciech Jaruzelsk

brotherly assistance

Term for Soviet support for the Afghan revolution

Home Army

The Polish Home army was an army that acted as a resistance force against Soviet and German occupation of the country in 1939. In 1944 the Polish Home Army lead the largest organized resistance against German control in what was called the Warsaw Uprising.

Szklarska Poreba, Andrei Zhdanov, "two camps"

The idea of "two camps" was originally part of the Zhadnov doctrine which proposed that that the world was divided into two camps: imperialists (the US) and democrats (the USSR).

V.V. Shcherbyts'kyi

Ukrainian Brezhnev protege, he was the first secretary of the Ukrainian Communist Party and a key factor in central control of Ukraine until 1989. He believed that Ukrainian national questions were solved by the Soviet policy.

1979 Pope John Paul II

Visited Poland Introduced idea of human rights Churches became a place of discussion. Though he urged all people to remain calm and non-violent, he advocated for standing up to oppression and talked about the necessity of truth. This stoked the fire of Solidarity

Volkspartei = People's Party

Was a national liberal party in Weimar Germany and a successor to the National Liberal Party of the German empire. It was a right-wing liberal party with both center and right factions. Thought to represent German industrialists. In 20's it supported Christian values, secular education, oppositiion to welfare spending, and anti-Marxism. In the thirties it became further right.

1956 Twentieth Party Congress

Where Nikita Khrushchev made the secret speech

Jan Palach

Young Czechoslovak student who lit himself on fire (self-immolation) as a political protest against the Warsaw Pact invasion of Prague and the ending of the Prague Spring Representation of how young students felt about the end of the prague spring

1989 Radovan Karadzic

a Bosnian Serb. Cofounded the Serb Democratic Party in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which aimed at unifying the Republic's Bosnian Serb community and joining Croatian Serbs in leading them in remaining as part of Yugoslavia in the event of secession by those two republics from the federation. In 1991 helped establish various Serb Autonomous regions throughout Bosnia-Herzegovina.When Bosnian parliament voted on sovereignty in 1991 he helped set up a separate Serb assembly and had a referendum which overwhelmingly voted to stay. Accused of war crimes during the Bosnian War that followed.

1990 - 2000 Franjo Tudjmann

a Croatian politician and historian. He became the first President of Croatia after the country's independence in 1990. He founded the Croatian Democratic Union in 1989. He pressed for the creation of an independent Croatia, issued an independence referendum that was passed by 93% of Croats. Led Croatia during its War of Independence when Serb majority areas in Croatia revolted against the independence. He was a signatory of the Dayton Agreement that put an end to the Bosnian War.

1945 - 1956 Matyas Rakocsi

a Hungarian communist politician. Leader of communist party. De facto ruler of Communist Hungary ardent Stalinist and his gov. of USSR. Was pressured to resign as General Secretary of Hungarian party by Soviet Politburo in 1956 shortly after the Secret Speech. Developed a cult of personality, imposed totalitarian rule, and issued many purges.

1953 - 1961 Julius Raab

a conservative Austrian politician who served as Federal Chancellor of Austria. Steered Allied-occupied Austria to independence by negotiating the Austrian State Treaty in 1955. Stood for a pragmatic social partnership and the Grand Coalition of Austrian Conservatives and Social Democrats

Karl Renner

austrian politician of the socialist party. Called the Father of the Republic because he headed the first government in German Austria and the first Austrian Republic in 1918/1919. Also was decisive in establishing the Second Republic after the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945, becoming its first president (assisted by Soviets). First theorist of minority rights and a philosopher on how to separate cultural needs from political ones. Only has authority in the east. Western allies recognize him and agree that there will be elections later. Because the West controls most of country there will actually be elections.

1946 - 1948 Zhdanovshchina

capitalism and socialism are two camps and are irreconcilable was the idea that the word was divided into "imperialistic" and "democratic" campus, the USA and the USSR (because equality) respectively

Period of normalization

characterized by initial restoration of the conditions prevailing before Dubcek's reforms Period in Czechoslovakia from 1969-1987 where the firm rule of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was reestablished and later, the preservation of the status quo took place. This was done through 'reluctant terror,' using methods like repeated arrests and imprisonments and punishment through job loss

Dayton

city in Ohio where the Dayton Agreement, which was a peace accord between the parties to the hostilities of the conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina and the former Yugoslavia

1954-1968 Todor Zhivkov

communist head of the People's Republic of Bulgaria first secretary of the Bulgarian Communist party, and wanted expanding ties with the west. His rule saw political and economic stability for Bulgaria, as Bulgaria remained completely submissive to Soviet directives.

1947 - 1965 Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej

communist leader of Romania until death. He used patronage politics to come to power under Stalin, and did NOT reform Stalinist repressive policy. He was an example of patronage politics. There was increased trade with the west, and Romania became the first Soviet Bloc country to trade with the West completely independently

1990 - 2000 Croatian Democratic Union, HDZ

conservative political party and the main centre-right political party in Croatia. Ruled croatia after the country gained independence from Yugoslavia. Led Croatia toward political and economic transition from communism to capitalism. Implemented privatization in the country (controversial).

Potsdam July-August 1945

continuation of Yalta, but this time they were more interested in peace settlements. The chief concerns were the immediate administration of defeated Germany, the demarcation of the boundaries of Poland, the occupation of Austria, the definition of the Soviet Union's role in Eastern Europe, the determination of reparations, and the further prosecution of the war against Japan

1991 Maastricht Treaty

created the EU and the Euro; "pillar structure" which states the criteria members must fulfill to be able to adopt the Euro

Leonid Kravchuk

first post soviet president of Ukraine, Initially favorable of Viktor Yanukovych, but later critical, calling him out for being anti Ukrainian.

Petro Shelest

first secretary of the Ukrainian SSR, and oversaw a resurgence of Ukrainian regional culture. He was forced into retirement by Leonid Brezhnev, who saw his upsurge of nationalism as a break from the soviet line

Association Agreement

first step on the way to EU membership. Requires the fulfillment of basic economic and democratic criteria, called the copenhagen criteria. When Ukraine tried to sign, Russian influence on Yanukovych led to maidan

1954 Crimea

given to Ukraine to try to commemorate treaty of pereyaslav 1654 military alliance with Muscovy. This however was also done because it was a poor region, and was expensive for the Russian SSR to maintain. Ukraine would be better at farming - much simpler to run waterlines and electrification down through Ukraine rather than Russia This has been a hotbed issue ever since, as the land is heavily ethnically Russian Ukraine and Russia tied together (Russia has control) - ideology Completely free but have to get permission - could pursue Ukrainian culture but very odd kind of autonomy - Ukraine is in some synthesis of Russia

1993 European Union

group of 27 member states of Europe in a union parliament central bank monetary union single market free movement standardized system of laws that apply in all member states. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within the internal market

Martial Law

imposed by Wojciech Jaruzelski as a sort of "self-invasion" ahead of a alleged Soviet Warsaw Pact invasion that never came. As Solidarity grew and spread, the Polish Communists panicked and in 1981 they arrested all of the leaders of solidarity.

Yulia Tymoshenko

leader of Ukraine after orange revolution, pro EU and pro NATO, but also somewhat corrupt, put into prison, beaten, released after Maidan

1965 - 1989 Nicolae Ceausescu

leader of the Romanian Communist Party and later the president of Romania. After a brief period of liberal rule, his regime became the most Stalinist and oppressive of the Soviet Bloc. He maintained controls over speech and the media. He expatriate much of Romania's agriculture to pay off debt, resulting in extreme shortages of food, fuel, energy, and medicines. He was overthrown in a coup, and represented the picture of the patronage system In 1968 Czechoslovak crisis (Prague Spring), he decided not to join Brezhnev in invading with other Warsaw Pact allies. His rule was harsh even within the Soviet sphere. In 1989, he ordered forces to fire on pro-democracy demonstrators during the Romanian Revolution, and this, along with his past actions, led to him being killed by firing squad. This was the only violent removal of a communist government during the 1989 revolutions

1968 New Economic Mechanism

major economic reform launched in Hungary under János Kádar in This allowed markets to fluctuate, and removed the quota system in Hungary. The key is that Hungary didn't present the mechanism as a tool for anyone else to use, they didn't pretend that it should have been a world wide example. This created Goulash communism, as it contained strains of every kind of communism, and capitalism, and was met to be consumed

1949 North Atlantic Trade Organization (NATO)

military alliance based on North Atlantic Treaty; 28 members states, all promising collective defense; really formed after the Korean War in 1955 and subsequent creation of the Warsaw Pact

1960s Ostpolitik (Eastern Policy)

normalization of relations between the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, or West Germany) and Eastern Europe, particularly the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) beginning in 1969. This was against the Hallstein Doctrine, which said that the FRG would withdraw diplomatic contact with any country that established diplomatic relations with the GDR. This wasted tension with the Soviet Union, and began the opening (albeit really slowly) of Europe

Reformism

not interested in ideology, trying to make the systems they have work better - ideology isn't even important - communism that preserves economic growth Maintain as is and tinker with the system

1986 - 1987 Ivan Stambolic

official in the communist party of Yugoslavia and later the president of serbia . Was a mentor and close friend of Milosevic. Held the view that constitutional changes were necessary to sort out the relationship between serbia and the autonomous provinces of Serbia, Kosovo, and Vojvodina. Wanted to protect the rights of Serbs and Montenegrins in Kosovo.

"Western Ukraine": Galicia, Volhynia, Ruthenia, Bukovina

part of Ukraine made up of four regions As the USSR pushed into Ukraine in 1946, they dissolved the Greek Catholic Church, which was of huge importance Policy of Zhdanovshchina Fights by Ukrainian nationalists against soviet rule British and Americans tried to support Ukrainian nationalists against soviets but didn't work at all

1989 Perestroika

political movement for reformation (restructuring) within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980,s widely associated with Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost. IT means, "restructuring," referring to the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system It was a partial cause of the dissolution of the USSR, and the end of the Cold War, as once people could criticize the system, it completely unraveled. A word often linked with Glasnost which meant restructuring/regrouping the Soviet state. Can be more widely defined as the political movement for reformation within the Soviet Union's communist party, which helped lead to the Soviet Union's dissolution, the revolutions of 1989, and the end of the Cold War.

Nikita Khrushchev

politician who led the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Served as First secretary of Communist Party from 1953-1964, and as Premier from 1958-1964. Responsible for de-stalinization of USSR and for backing the progress of early soviet space program. delivered the "Secret Speech," which denounced Stalin's military and party purges, and ushered in a less repressive era in the USSR. His domestic policies were ineffective, which allowed him to be ousted in 1964

Mieczysław Moczar

prominent polish communist who brought back the anti-Semitic sentiment during the late 1960's under Gomułka. Since Poland faced the National Question, which couldn't be addressed by nature of the Communist ideal, they attempted to make communism "less jewish" by massacring student protesters as jews to resolve the national question

1955 Austrian State Treaty

re-established Austria as a sovereign state. Signed in Vienna by western powers, soviet union, and Austria. Anschluss was again forbidden. Nazi and fascist organizations were prohibited. Declared it would remain neutral.

Luhansk and Donetsk

regions of Ukraine invaded by russian special forces in 2015, current civil war, unresolved national question

Leonid Kuchma

second president of Ukraine, defeated kravchuk in an election, former prime minister, initiated talks for association agreement with EU, critical of Russia, some minor scandals

1950 Schuman Plan

statement made by the French foreign minister Robert Schuman. It proposed to place French and German production of coal and steel under one common High Authority. This organization would be open to participation of Western European countries. This cooperation was to be designed in such a way as to create common interests between European countries which would lead to gradual political integration, a condition for the pacification of relations between them.

1981 - 1989 Wojciech Jaruzelski

succeeded Stanisław Kania as head of the Polish Communist Party and became the first president of the republic of Poland. He resigned from power following the Polish Round Table Agreement in 1989. He imposed Martial law in 1981, and attempted to crush Solidarity. This was a sort of "Self invasion," as he thought that the Soviets would invade. He asked Solidarity Leader Lech Wałesa to form a government in 1989 as the Communists could not form a majority in government.

Mustafa Nayem

ukrainian journalist of muslim origin that was one of the catalysts for the maidan revolution. Famous facebook post urging people to go to the maidan square