EBM Multiple Choice

Which of the following terms is generally considered equivalent to the Odds Ratio? Select one: a. Relative Risk b. Relative Risk Reduction

Relative Risk

Which of the following Greek letters represents how chance-corrected agreement is calculated? Select one: a. Alpha b. Phi c. Gamma d. Kappa

d. Kappa

Which of the following groups should be blinded, if possible during a study? (May choose more than one correct answer) Select one or more: a. Data Collectors b. Data Analysts c. Clinicians d. Patients

All of the Above

Descriptions of an individual patient

Case Report

Descriptions of a series of patients

Case Series

The study design relies on the initial identification of patients with the outcome of interest and the selection of individuals who do not have the outcome of interest.

Case-Control Study

Which of the following are the best description of the three fundamental principles of Evidence based medicine (EBM)? (choose 3) a. EBM provides guidance to trustworthiness b. Extensive knowledge of statistics is essential c. Decisions must weigh the risks and benefits d. Clinicians must be aware of the best available evidence

Clinicians must be aware of the best available evidence, EBM provides guidance to trustworthiness, Decisions must weigh the risks and benefits

Investigators identify exposed and non-exposed groups of patients and follow them forward in time.

Cohort Study

The study design is based on an assembled population of exposed and non-exposed participants, AND the outcome is measured at the same point in time.

Cross Sectional Study

True or False: Making the mistake of concluding that treatment and control differ when, they actually do not is a Type II error.

False

True/False. Surrogate Outcomes are measures that are important to patients, such as a lab value like Hemoglobin A1C. Select one: True False

False

When looking at therapy or harm,which of the following best defines the acronym PICO? (Choose 4) Select one or more: a. Patients b. Outcome c. Comparison d. Prognosis e. Intervention

Patients Intervention Comparison Outcome

Blinding is a process that conceals whether patients are receiving the experimental therapy or control therapy. True False

True

For each type of question, EBM suggests a hierarchy of research designs to minimize the risk of bias. Select one: True False

True

One thing that the NNT does, is assists the clinicians in helping patients weigh the benefits and downsides associated with treatment options Select one: True False

True

True or False: Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) places the observations of individual clinicians at the lowest level of hierarchy?

True

True or False: It may be considered unethical to use a Randomized Control Trial (RCT) study design to determine the harmful effects of a treatment on patients. Select one: True False

True

True/False. Patient important outcomes are measures important to patients, such as a decreased risk of blindness from micro-vascular damage. Select one: True False

True

When using clinical prediction rules, which of the following levels is the best? Select one: a. 1 (one) b. 2 (two) c. 3 (three) d. 4 (four)

a. 1 (one)

As relevant to physician assistants, searching for evidence is best described which of the following? Select one: a. A basic clinical skill b. What librarians do c. What police investigators do

a. A basic clinical skill

Which of the following is the most popular approach to dealing with chance agreement? Select one: a. Chance-corrected agreement b. Heterogeneity c. Chi Square d. ANOVA

a. Chance-corrected agreement

Which of the following term is defined as, the range in which the true value of a parameter actually lies? a. Confidence Interval b. Relative Risk c. Odds Ratio

a. Confidence Interval

When the impact of treatment is expressed as the number of patients who would have to receive treatment in order to prevent an adverse event, it is referred to as which of the following terms? a. Numbers Needed to Treat b. Number Needed to Harm

a. Numbers Needed to Treat

For which of the following biases does a funnel plot test? Select one: a. Publication b. Channeling c. Data Completeness d. Detection

a. Publication

When we want to describe the relationship among different variables and make a PREDICTION, which of the following tests is best to select? Select one: a. Regression analysis b. Pearson Correlation

a. Regression analysis

Which of the following examples is at the highest level in the hierarchy of Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)? Select one: a. Summaries and Guidelines b. Clinical case studies c. Animal stuies d. Randomized Controlled Trials

a. Summaries and Guidelines

Which of the following statements best represents how you would interpret the results of a treatment study with a Relative Risk Reduction of 15% that has a Confidence Interval of -38 to 59%? Select one: a. You cannot be sure that the treatment is actually effective b. The treatment is most likely effective c. The treatment is definitely effective

a. You cannot be sure that the treatment is actually effective

What is the Grade approach in in research or research appraisal? Select one: a. A series of microarray experiments b. A system to rate the quality of evidence c. An approach to improve the appropriateness of health care services research d. A method of enrolling patients

b. A system to rate the quality of evidence

Which of the following best describes Foreground Questions? a. Are typically what expert clinicians ask about a new disease b. Are higher level question than background questions c. Are typically what novice clinicians ask d. Are lower level questions than background questions

b. Are higher level question than background questions

Which of the following best describes the method used to decide if one should trust the findings of a systematic review? Select one: a. Assess the completeness b. Evaluate the credibility c. Determine the amount of bias d. Judge the methods section

b. Evaluate the credibility

In a systematic reviews, to what does the term heterogeneity refer? Select one: a. A clinical problem which occurs frequently b. Inconsistency or differences among individual studies c. When a variable is associated with an undesired outcome d. A person who has two identical alleles

b. Inconsistency or differences among individual studies

Which of the following statements best describes the term, Numbers Needed to Harm? Select one: a. The numbers of patients who would have to be exposed to something to result in TWO additional harmful events b. The numbers of patients who would have to be exposed to something to result in ONE additional harmful event c. The numbers of patients who would have to be exposed to something to result in FOUR additional harmful events d. The numbers of patients who would have to be exposed to something to result in THREE additional harmful events

b. The numbers of patients who would have to be exposed to something to result in ONE additional harmful event

Which of the following generally represents a large effect size? Select one: a. 0.2 SD b. 0.5 SD c. 0.8 SD

c. 0.8 SD

Which of the following is an example of a Federated search resource? a. ACP Journal Club b. MEDLINE c. ACCESSSS d. DynaMed

c. ACCESSSS

Which of the following types of graphic representations is traditionally used for the results of a meta-analysis? Select one: a. Nomogram b. Funnel plot c. Forest plot d. PICO

c. Forest plot

Which of the following best describes the Ottawa Ankle Rule? Select one: a. It is a clinical guideline that helps guide treatment decisions b. It is a physical exam similar to the anterior drawer c. It is a clinical prediction rule that helps guide assessment decisions d. It is an Evidence Based Medicine principle

c. It is a clinical prediction rule that helps guide assessment decisions

Which of the following study designs most likely has the least bias? a. Physician preference determines who receives treatment b. Patient preference determines who receives treatment c. Randomization determines who receives the treatment

c. Randomization determines who receives the treatment

In a typical meta-analysis, which of the following shapes or lines depicts the confidence interval? Select one: a. square b. vertical line c. horizontal line d. diamond

c. horizontal line

Which of the following is the best first step in searching for evidence? a. Google it b. Search in Up-to-Date c. Search in PubMed d. Clarify the question

d. Clarify the question

Which of the following is the best way to decide if the findings of a research study can be generalized to your actual patient? Select one: a. Ask your supervising physician if the results would apply to your patient b. Use the inclusion/exclusion criteria and decide if your patient would meet them c. Contact the authors and ask them if the results would apply to your patient d. Look for a compelling reason why the study results do not apply to your patient

d. Look for a compelling reason why the study results do not apply to your patient

Which of the following is an example of a "Summary" resource? a. MEDLINE b. BMJ EvidenceUpdates c. A federated search d. Up-to-Date

d. Up-to-Date