EBP Exam 1
match the following 1) count data 2) incidence 3) prevelence 4) rate a) measure of disease frequency in a defined population over a specified period of time b) the number of existing cases of disease in a population c) the raw number of health phenomena under investigation d) the number of new cases of disease in a population
1c, 3b, 4a, 2d
how long can it take for innovation to become a standard of care?
200 years
match the following 1)real life account using third person 2) speaking as participant observer about experience 3) emphasizing scientific rigor in method a) realist b) confessionist c) impressionist
1a, 2c, 3b
which are primary sources? a) biography b) systematic review c) research article d) dissertation
C, D
What are barriers based on?
Individual and organizational factors
diseases can be described by all of the following except a) dimension b) person c) place d) time
a
what is the degree to which the results of studies can be generalized to other individuals? a) external validity b) internal validity c) construct validity d) statistical conclusion validity
a
what is the researcher's ability to manipulate or regulate extraneous variables known as a) control b) manipulation c) bias d) probability
a
which of the following are criteria for establishing trustworthiness a) credibility b) reliability c) confirmability d) inferability
a and c
what is descriptive research?
a category of research that is concerned with providing accurate descriptions of phenomena
what is a research topic
a clinical problem of interest
what are case studies?
a description of a single or novel event; a unique methodolgy used in qualitative research that may also be considered a design or strategy for data collection
case studies
a description of a single or novel event; a unique methodology used in qualitative research that may also be considered a design or strategy for data collection
what is the problem statement
a formal statement describing the problem addressed in the study
what is a simple hypothesis
a hypothesis describing the relationship among two variables
What is a complex hypothesis?
a hypothesis describing the relationships among three or more variables
What is a research hypothesis
a hypothesis indicating that a relationship among two or more variables exists
Statistical hypothesis
a hypothesis stating that there is no relationship among the variables, null hypothesis
what is a null hypothesis
a hypothesis stating that there is no relationship between the variables; the statistical hypothesis
what are indexes
a listing of electronic or print resources
follow up
a longitudinal design used to follow subjects, selected for a specific characteristic or condition, into the future
rate
a measure of disease frequency in a defined population over a specified period of time
ethnoscience
a method used in anthropology to discover nursing knowledge
what is scientific literature publication cycle?
a model describing how research becomes disseminated in publications
what is the model of EBP levels of collaboration
a model explaining how five levels are intertwined to contribute to EBP
What is the PICO(T) model
a model in EBP used to formulate EBP questions, patient(population), intervention of interest, outcome of interest, time frame used to formulate EBP
what is the translational research model
a model that provides specific strategies organizations can use to improve adoption of an evidence-based innovation examples: organizations should include EBP in policies and standards, modifying medical records to require best practice (pain scale), supporting education of Sr. administrators, orientation of new staff and travel staff
define research
a planned and systematic activity that leads to new knowledge and/or the delivery of solutions to problems or questions
pre-experimental
a post test-only design that involves manipulation of the independent variable but lacks control for extraneous variables
one-group posttest only design
a pre-experimental design involving one group and a post-test with little control over extraneous variables
nonequivalent groups post test-only design
a pre-experimental design involving two groups measured after an intervention with little control for extraneous variables
negative case analysis
a qualitative strategy involving the analysis of cases that do not fit patterns or categories
time series design
a quasi-experimental design where one group is measured prior to administering the intervention and then multiple times after intervention
non-equivalent control group pretest- post test design
a quasi-experimental design where two groups are measured before and after an intervention
realist tales
a real-life account of the culture being studied presented in a third-person voice that clearly separates researchers from participants
what is the Belmont Report? and the three major principles involved
a report outlining three major principles (respect for persons, beneficence, and justice) foundational for the conduct of ethical research with human subjects
what is a magazine
a resource targeted to the general reading audience
what is a periodical
a resource that is published on a set schedule journals and magazines are considered part of this
what is a systematic review
a rigorous and systematic synthesis of research findings about a clinical problem can make gaps in the literature more apparent
what is a journal
a scholarly or professional resource
what is a meta-analysis?
a scholarly paper that combines results of studies, both published and unpublished into a measurable format and statistically estimates the effects of proposed interventions
what is an integrative review?
a scholarly paper that synthesizes published studies to answer questions about phenomena of interest found in peer-reviewed professional publications
what is precision
a search strategy that narrows the parameters of the search
what is truncation
a search strategy that uses a symbol at the end of a group of litters that form the root search term (*) (Nurs*)
what is interlibrary loan
a service where libraries provide items in their collections to each other upon request; lending of items through a network of libraries
what is theory
a set of concepts linked through propositions to explain a phenomenon
what are subject headings
a set of controlled vocabulary used to classify materials; organization of databases according to topic
What is a pilot?
a small study to test a new intervention with a samll number of subjects before testing with larger samples; adopting an innovation on a trial basis
What is the focus of the problem solving process
a specific goal in a particular setting for the purpose of generating the best solution to achieve the goal
what is a proposition
a statement about the relationship between two or more concepts
what is the purpose statement
a statement indicating the aim of the study
what is nesting?
a strategy best used when a search contains two or more Boolean operators (herbal remedies)
focus groups
a strategy to obtain data from a small group of people using interview questions
bracketing
a strategy used by qualitative researchers to set aside personal interpretations to avoid bias
member checks
a strategy used in qualitative studies when the researcher goes back to participants and shares the results with them to ensure the findings reflect what participants said
what is recall
a strategy used to search for the number of records retrieved with a keyword; the broad "catch" of retrieved records
What is an exempt?
a study with low enough risk not to require consent from individuals that still require IRB approval
peer debriefing
a technique use in qualitative research in which the research enlists the help of another person, who is a peer, to discuss the data and findings
referential adequacy
a technique used in qualitative research in which multiple sources of data are compared and the findings hold true
memoing
a technique used in qualitative research to record ideas that come to researchers as they live with the data
interaction of treatment and setting
a threat to external validity when an intervention conducted in one setting cannot be generalized to a different setting
interaction of treatment and history
a threat to external validity when historical events affect the intervention
construct validity
a threat to external validity when the instrument does not accurately measure the theoretical concepts
interaction of treatment with selection of subjects
a threat to external validity where the independent variable might not affect individuals the same way
testing
a threat to internal validity when a pretest influences the way subjects respond on a post test
maturation
a threat to internal validity when subjects change by growing or maturing
selection bias
a threat to internal validity when the change in the dependent variable is a result of the characteristics of the subjects before they entered a study
history
a threat to internal validity when the dependent variable is influenced by an event that occurred during the study
instrumentation
a threat to internal validity when there are inconsistencies in data collection type of device
mortality
a threat to internal validity when there is a loss of subjects before the study is completed; attrition rate
trend
a type of longitudinal design to gather data from different samples
ethnography
a type of qualitative research that describes a culture
phenomenology
a type of qualitative research that describes the lived experience to achieve understanding of an experience form the perspective of the participants
grounded theory
a type of qualitative research that examines the process of a phenomenon and culminates in the generation of a theory
historical
a type of qualitative research used to examine events or people to explain and understand the past to guide the future and present
proportion
a type of ratio where the numerator is included in the denominator
what is associative research
a type of relationship such that when one variable changes, the other variable changes
case-control
a type of retrospective study in which researchers begin with a group of people who already had the disease; studies that compare two groups; those who have a specific condition and those who do not have the condition
case-control
a type of retrospective study in which researchers begin with a group of people who already have the disease; studies that compare two groups: those who have a specific condition and those who do not have the condition (uses OR)
What is an expedited review
a type of review by an institutional review board that can occur quickly; an IRB may conduct an expedited review if there is minimal risk to human subjects
What is a full review
a type of review by an institutional review board that requires all members of the board to participate; an IRB conducts a full review if there is potential risk to human subjects
personal narrative
a way of conveying the meaning of experiences through story telling
epidemic
a widespread occurrence of a disease in a community or population that is in excess of what is expected
what is construct
a word or phrase used to communicate a specific key idea to others
what is a keyword
a word used to search electronic databases; a significant word from a title or document used as an index to content
how can plagiarism be avoided a) using quotations with proper citations b) paraphrasing the work of others c) erring on the side of caution d) cutting and pasting from websites
a, b, c
which of the following are techniques for maintaining a scientific rigor in qualitative studies a) achieving saturation b) thick descriptions c) peer debriefing d) generalizing to populations
a, b, c
To promote EBP, which of the following strategies must be addressed? a) lack of commitment to EBP b) lack of computer skills c) lack of time d) lack of value placed on research in practice
a, b, c, d
which of the following can be used to identify researchable problems? a) current nursing thepries b) personal clinical experiences c) philosophical questions d) national initiatives
a, b, d
which of the following are strategies for drawing and verifying conclusions a) checking fro representativeness b) ignoring negative cases c) being sensitive to bias d) confirming findings through replication
a, c, d
when designing a study, which of the following should the researcher consider a) research question b) review literature c) theoretical framework d) study purpose
a,b,c,d
which of the following terms are associated with qualitative sampling a) snowball b) random c) purposive d) subjects
a,c
study validity
ability to accept results as logical, reasonable, and justifiable based on the evidence presented
control
ability to manipulate, regulate, or statistically adjust for factors that can affect the dependent variable
community based participatory action research
active involvement of community members throughout the research process
what are the similarities of the problem-solving process, nursing process, and research process?
all three use abstract, critical thinking, and complex reasoning, discover relationships, and make predictions about phenomena, all involve scientific method
pandemic
an epidemic that has spread world wide
What is the Nuremberg code?
an ethical code of conduct for research that uses human subjects
what is informed consent?
an ethical practice requiring researchers to obtain voluntary participation by subjects after subjects have been informed of possible risks and benefits
what is research imperative?
an ethical rule stating that nurses should advance the body of knowledge
what is therapeutic imperative
an ethical rule stating that nurses should perform actions that benefit the patient
what are the Nazi experiments?
an example of unethical research using human subjects during world war II aimed at determining the limits of human endurance
Solomon four-group design
an experimental design with four groups- two groups receive the intervention, two groups serve as controls; one of each are measured before and after; other two are measured only after the intervention
what is the declaration of Helsinki
an international standard providing physician guidelines for conduction biomedical research
what is the research question
an interrogatory statement describing the variables and population of the research study
what is review of literature
an unbiased, comprehensive, synthesized description of relevant previously published studies
what was the tuskagee study?
an unethical study about syphilis in which subjects were denied treatment so that the effects of the disease could be studied
what was the willowbrook studies?
an unethical study involving coercion of parents to allow their children to participate in the study in exchange for admission to a long-term care facility
what is the Jewish chronic disease hospital study
an unethical study involving injection of cancer cells into subjects without their consent
what is generalize
applyign findings from a sample to a wider population
what is a research problem
area of concern when there is a gap in knowledge that requires a solution
coding
assignment of labels to each line of transcript in qualitative analysis
random assignment
assignment technique in which subjects have an equal chance of being in either the treatment or the control group
how can relationships be described in a research hypothesis?
associative or casual simple or complex non-directional or directional
what are the 4 categories of hypotheses?
associative versus causal simple versus complex non-directional versus directional null versus research
what describes this hypothesis? Age, number of medical diagnoses, and number of medications affect the incidence of falls in older adults
associative, complex, non-directional, and research
what is the discussion section
author provides interpretation of the results and discuss how the findings extend the body of knowledge discuss possible limitations and sometimes suggest solutions for future studies
A researcher plans to observe children in a kindergarten class. Students have always been told to be on their best behavior when guests are present in the classroom. What is the greatest threat to external validity? a) construct validity b) hawthorne effect c) selection d) interaction of treatment setting
b
experimental designs have control groups. Quasi-experimental designs have which of the following a) control groups b) comparison groups c) extraneous groups d) peer groups
b
when a researcher assigns subjects to groups by tossing a coin, the researcher is using which technique a) random selection b) random assignment c) bias d) with-in group design
b
which of the following are techniques used by qualitative researchers a) peer review b) member checks c) data saturation d) audit trails
b, c, d
define record
basic building block in an electronic or print database
why are replication studies important?
because research can never be "proof" rather support for a thought.
How does the scientific literature publication cycle go?
begins with research and idea (available through raw data reports, grant proposals, unpublished conference papers) --> information is prepared for dissemination as professional scholarly papers--> papers accepted by editors --> move into less professional publication format (reviews, magazines) summarized and compiled with other like topics for general audience --> Most noteworthy information from paper may be cited in textbooks/ reference materials
what are 7 threats to internal validity?
bias, history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, morality, and statistical conclusion validity
what is a con about personal experience as a source?
biased by perceptions and values influenced by tradition, authority, and trial and error
where are sources of authority from? what are cons regarding this source?
books, articles, web pages, and individuals and groups cons are that these sources can often be based on personal experience or tradition instead of scientific evidence... ensure legitimacy of information
What does borrowing evidence mean? What is an example? how can it be useful?
borrowing evidence from a different discipline to use in nursing care. Pediatric nurses often rely on developmental theories. can fill gaps in nursing science and provide a basis to build new evidence.
diseases that occur over a long period of time are known as a) cyclical changes b) intermittent trends c) secular trends d) short term trends
c
during a study examining nurses' job satisfaction the union decides to hold a strike. The is which type of threat to internal validity a) selection bias b) mortality c) history d) testing
c
in an article, a nurse reads the follwoing statement: this study aims to examine the effect of guided imagery on postoperative pain in adults. This statement is an example of a: a) problem statement b) research question c) purpose statement d) hypothesis
c
quasi-experimental designs include which of the following essential components a) randomization, control group, and manipulation of IV b) randomization and control group c) manipulation of IV d) randomization and manipulation of IV
c
which of the following is not a component of the definition of EBP? a) lack of commitment to EBP b) nursing research c) organizational culture d) patient preference
c
put the following in the correct order a) pull together evidence into a meaningful report b) code line by line c) transcibe interviews d) group coded data to generate categories, themes, and patterns
c, b, d, a
match the following with one of the four types of qualitative methods a) constant comparison b) strategic sampling c) lived experience d) emic
c, d a,b
rank the evidence generated from the following designs from lowest to highest a) experimental designs b) nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest c) one-group posttest only d) nonequivalent-groups posttest-only
c, d, b, a
a researcher is conducting a study to determine whether a radio advertisement about the importance of early detection for colorectal cancer increases the attendance of middle-age men at a free screening. which type of research is this an example of a) basic research b) community-based participatory action research c) health services research d) translational research
c,d
What is the international level?
changes that result from collaboration among nurses from different countries example: Joanna Briggs institute, Cochrane center
What is research utilization
changing practice based on the results of a single research study
What is the national level?
collaboration among nurses throughout the country to effect practice changes examples: specialty nursing societies (oncology nursing society), agency for healthcare research and quality
What is hypothesis testing?
collection of objectively measurable data that are gathered through the five senses to confirm or refute a hypothesis; empirical testing; a test for construct a validity
what is empirical testing?
collection of objectively measurable data that are gathered through the five senses to confirm or refute a hypothesis; hypothesis testing
what is a secondary source?
commentaries, summaries, reviews, interpretations of primary sources; often written by those not involved in original work textbooks, systematic reviews, biographies, general magazines, do not cite work of others
what is the institutional review boards?
committees that review research proposals to determine whether research is ethical
What are organizational factors (related to barriers)?
communication gap between researchers and clinician, organizational culture, and inability of individuals to evaluate nursing research
within-groups design
comparisons are made about the same subjects at two or more points in time or on two or more measures
What is the results section
component of a research article that reports the methods used to analyze data and characteristics of the sample
computer assisted qualitative data analysis software
computer software that assists in the management , coding, grouping, and analysis of qualitative data
exposure
contact with a disease or disease producing agent
model testing
correlational design to test a hypothesized theoretical model; causal modeling, or path analysis
descriptive correlational designs
correlational design type used to explain the relationship among the variables or groups using a non-directional hypothesis
predictive correlational design
correlational design when researchers hypothesize which variables are predictors or outcomes
ecologic studies
correlational studies that are population-based rather than individual based
how can organizational barriers be overcome?
creating and maintaining an environment where EBP can flourish
what is CINAHL?
cumulative index to nursing and allied health literature; database for nursing and health-related literature
Which of the following is not a purpose of non-experimental designs a) describe phenomenon b) explain relationships c) predicts relationships d) examine causality
d
all of the following are components of the epidemiologic triangle...except a) agent b) environment c) host d) population
d
which method would you choose to answer the question, what process do older adults use when they quit smoking a) ethnography b) historical c) phenomenology d) grounded theory
d
aggregate data
data collected from individuals that are grouped to represent a population
what are conceptual definitions
definitions of concepts contained in a theory that sound like dictionary definitions
what are operational definitions?
definitions that explicitly state how the variable will be measured or nonoperationalized; empirical definition
survey design
descriptive design type involving data obtained through subjects self-report
comparative designs
descriptive design type that compares two or more groups or variables
How can research be categorized?
descriptive, explanatory, or predictive basic or applied quantitative or qualitative
experimental designs
designs involving random assignments to groups and manipulation of the independent variable
descriptive designs
designs that provide a picture of a situation as it is nautrally happening without manipulation of any of the variables
longitudinal designs
designs used to gather data about subjects at more than one point in time
what is the focus of the research process
drawing on knowledge from nursing and other disciplines
attrition rate
dropout rate; loss of subjects before the study is completed; threat of mortality
how can nurses who use EBP best be described?
early adopters
what are electronic indexes?
electronic listings of electronic or print resources
what is the focus on for quantative experiments
empirical evidence very objective
short-term changes
epidemics
case reports or series
epidemiologic reports used to describe rare diseases or outcomes
What is empirical evidence
evidence that is verifiable by experience through the five senses or experiment
descriptive epideminology
examination of the distribution of disease in a population in terms of person, place and time
factorial designs
experimental designs allowing researchers to manipulate more than one intervention
crossover designs
experimental designs that use two or more treatments; subjects receive treatments in a random order
crossover design
experimental designs that use two or more treatments; subjects receive treatments in random order
multiple experimental groups designs
experimental designs using two or more experimental groups with one control group
two-group posttest-only design
experimental designs when subjects are randomly assigned to an experimental or control group and measured after the intervention
what is designed stronger? survey study or experiments
experiments
What are moderators?
extraneous variables that affect the relationship among the independent and dependent variables account for how/why two variables are strongly associated
What are the mediators?
extraneous variables that come between the independent and dependent variables intervening variable that is necessary to complete a cause-effect link between an independent and dependent variable
determinants
factors that are capable of bringing a change in health
what are confounding variables (extraneous variables)
factors that interfere with the relationship between the independent and dependent variables (Z or C variable) predicts outcome variable and is associated with independent variable can be known before study begins
extraneous variables
factors that interfere with the relationship between the independent and dependent variables; confounding variable; Z variable
define barriers
factors that limit or prevent change
true or false: computer software programs use to analyze qualitative data automatically generate themes based on participants words
falase
the Belmont report identified four ethical principles: respect for persons, non maleficence, beneficence, and justice
false
true or false: IRB approval must be obtained for studies involving food, animals, or drugs
false
true or false: all experiments must include a minimum of three groups of subjects
false
true or false: all libraries use the same system for organizing their collection
false
true or false: all source retrieved for internet are applicable to EBP
false
true or false: all useful resources on the Web are free and accessible to all
false
true or false: descriptive epidemiology is used to investigate the determinants of disease
false
true or false: in factorial design, only one group of subjects is required because they act as their own control
false
true or false: in nonexperimental designs, researchers manipulate the IV to determine cause-and-effect relationships
false
true or false: in retrospective designs, also know as ex post facto designs, the researcher manipulates the IV
false
true or false: in the discipline of nursing, it is easy to follow how knowledge has developed because theorists have carefully provided citations for their ideas
false
true or false: qualitative researchers do not have to adhere to the usual protection of human subjects because most studies are noninvasive
false
true or false: qualitative researchers do not need to obtain informed consent because they participate in the process
false
true or false: researchers should design studies that are easy for subjects to participate in regardless of how much control over extraneous variables is achieved
false
true or false: researchers use correlations to determine if there are differences between two groups
false
true or false: screening are done even when there is no treatment for the disease being screened
false
true or false: sensitivity describes the ability of the test to correctly identify people without the disease by negative results
false
true or false: the purpose of research is to prove something is true
false
true or false: the threat of mortality is greater in cross-sectional designs than in longitudinal designs
false
true or false: theory research and practice should be developed in isolation
false
true or false: there are no ethical concerns related to false negatives
false
true or false: there is no harm or risk associated with participation in qualitative research because data are typically collected through interviews
false
true or false: when reading a quantitative research article you would expect to se words being analyzed as data
false
when a nurse researcher suspects abuse, it is unethical to report it because this information was obtained during a research interview
false
true or false: concepts of the meta-paradigm of nursing include nursing, health, disease, social interaction, and persons
false-person, health, environment, and nursing
true or false: there are no differences between research questions and EBP questions
false: research= generate new knowledge, EBP is to make decisions about patient care
true or false: any study that involves collecting data at multiple points in time is a longitudinal study
false= can be retrospective or longitudinal
what is the IRB?
federally mandated organizations that hold research facilities accountable minimum of 5 members with varying expertise
what is a hypothesis
formal statements of the expected or predicted relationship among two or more variables
what is metaparadigm
four broad concepts core to nursing: person, health, environment, health, and nursing
what are human rights
freedoms to which all humans are entitled
What are the two kinds of review?
full and expedited
what is the purpose of the research process
generate new knowledge that has wide application to promote positive health outcomes for a particular patient population, enhance the overall quality and cost-effectiveness of care and improve the health care delivery system
what is autonomous
having the ability to make decisions
intervention study
in epidemiology a study that has a treatment can be manipulated by the researcher (uses RR)
data saturation
in qualitative research, the time when no new information is being obtained and repitiion of information is consistently heard
what are differences of the problem-solving process, nursing process, and research process?
in their foci, purposes, and outcomes.
what are the 5 levels of corroboration
individual nurse level, organizational level, regional level, national level, international level
informants
individuals in a qualitative study, participants
participants
individuals in a qualitative study; informants
what are laggards
individuals who are slow or fail to adopt an innovation
key informants
individuals who have intimate knowledge of a subject and are willing to share it with the researcher
what is the hallmark requirement for the conduct of ethical research ?
informed consent
what are the 4 major concepts of diffusion of innovation
innovation, communication, time, and social system an innovation is communicated through channels over time to members of a social system
how does diffusion of innovation occur
innovative nursing practice begins in a small number of institutions and spreads and eventually becomes standard of practice
What is a review that synthesizes only published articles to answer questions about phenomena of interest? a) narrative b)integrative c) meta-analysis d) systematic
integrative
analytic epidemiology
investigation of the determinants of disease
What is the theoretical framework part of a research article?
it can be combined with the review of literature, is the structure of s study that links the theory concepts to the study variables; describes the theory used.
what is the problem with tradition as a source of EBP
it limits effective problem solving and fails to consider individual needs and preferences
learning to perform a quality literature review is essential for which of the following reasons
lays foundation fro writing quality undergraduate academic papers, IDs gap in current research, provides basis for making best practice decisions, develops skills necessary for lifelong learning
probability
likelihood or chance that an event will occur in a situation
what is qualification
limiting fields of search, commonly using limits such as author, title, or subject
panel design
longitudinal design where the same subjects, drawn from the general population provide data at multiple point in time
what is the methods section?
major portion of a research article that describes the study design, sample, and data collection important to talk about target population and explain how sample was obtained outline of data collection and measures used rationale for decision of how study was implemented
what are empirical indicators?
measures of the variables being studied
define the model of diffusion of innovations
model to assist in understanding how new ideas come to be accepted practice
what should the review of literature focus on?
most recent work in the field, can include older citations if considered to be landmark studies. Must have complete citations concludes with a summary of what is known about the problem and identifies gaps in the knowledge base
what is a narrative review
most traditional reviews based on common or uncommon elements of works without concern for research methods, designs, or settings. Traditional literature review
what are the four major types of reviews
narrative, integrative, meta-analysis, and systematic
what are middle range theories
narrower in scope and provide a bridge from grand theories to a testable theory with a limited number of variables that describe, explain, and predict outcomes of interest in nursing practice
cohort comparison
non-experimental cross-sectional design in which more than one groups is studied at the same time so that conclusions about a variable over time can be drawn without spending as much time
exploratory designs
non-experimental design type that compares two or more groups are variables
cross-sectional
non-experimental design used to gather data from a group of subjects at only one point in time; study design to measure exposure and disease as each exists in a population or representative sample at one specific point of time
correlation designs
non-experimental designs used to study relationships among two or more variables
What is the focus on for qualitative experiments
non-objective with emphasis on verbal descriptions
cross-sectional
nonexperimental design used to gather data from a group of subjects at only one point in time ; study design used to measure exposure and disease as each exists in a population or Representative sample at one specific time
What are individual factors (related to barriers)?
nurses not valuing research, being resistant to change, and lack of time and resources
dependability
one of four criteria for a trustworthy qualitative study that related to consistency in the findings over time; audit-ability; findings are reflective of data
confirmability
one of four criteria for a trustworthy qualitative study that relates to the rigorous attempts to be objective and the maintenance of audit trails to document the research process; findings can be substantiated by participants
transferability
one of four criteria for establishing a trust worthy qualitative study that relates to whether findings from one study can be transferred to a similar context; application of findings to a different situation
credibility
one of four criteria for establishing a trustworthy qualitative study; refers to the truth or believability of findings
what are grand theories
organized knowledge and explained phenomena about the nature and goals of nursing related to four key elements (person/ recipient of care, environment, health, and nursing
What is a primary source?
original information presented by the person or people responsible for creating it
what is the dependent variable
outcome or variable that is influenced by the independent variable; Y variable
diseases that spread around the world are known as a) endemic b) epidemic c) international outbreak d) pandemic
pandemic
what is the introduction of a research article
part of a research article that states the problem and purpose
gate keeper
person who facilitates or hinders entry into a particular group or setting
how are research problems identified?
personal clinical experience, professional literature, current nursing theories, previous research, and national initiatives
what is model?
pictorial representation of concepts and their interrelationships
what is the individual nurse level
practice changes that can be implemented by an individual nurse examples: identifying clinical issues, education approaches, implementation strategies, problem solving, collaborating with the team, acting as change champions
what is respect for persons?
principles that individuals should be treated as autonomous and that those with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection
what is a print index
printed listing of electronic or print resources
who do exemptions not apply to
prisoners, pregnant women, fetuses, newborns, most children
A ______________ at the abstract level is comparable to a hypothesis at the operational level
proposition
what is the list of references
publication information for each article cited in a research report
confessionist tales
qualitative researchers personal accounts that provide insight about data collection and scientific rigor written from researchers viewpoint with personal authority and thick description
impressionist tales
qualitative researchers storytelling and personal descriptions about the experiences of conducting studies researchers speak more personally about the experiences of conducting the study and they are participant observers
cohort studies
quasi-experimental studies using two or more groups epidemiologic designs in which subjects are selected based on their exposure to a determinant (uses RR)
how is intuition defined? Is it reliable as a source?
quick perception of truth without conscious attention or reasoning most patients would prefer health care that is based on stronger evidence
What is a pyramid of evidence
rank evidence from strongest to weakest
snowball sampling
recruitment of participants based on word of mouth or referrals from other participants
what is replication
repeated studies to obtain similar results
what are obligations
requirements to act in particular ways
what is explanatory research?
research concerned with identifying relationships among phenomenon
quasi-experimental designs
research designs involving the manipulation of the independent variable but lacking either random assignment to groups or control group
non-experimental designs
research designs that lack manipulation of the IV and random assignment
retrospective designs
research designs when researcher look back in time to determine possible causative factors; retrospective research design
translational research
research for the purpose of linking research findings to the point of care
health services research
research involving phenomena such as cost, political factors, and culture, related to the delivery of health care
What describes this hypothesis does consuming one glass of red wine daily reduce the incidence of heart disease in middle-aged men?
research question
What is predictive research
research that forecasts precise relationships between dimensions of phenomena or differences between groups
what is quantative research
research that uses numbers to obtain precise measurements
What is qualitative research
research that uses words to describe human behaviors
what is applied research
research to discover knowledge that will solve a clinical problem immediate application
what is basic research
research to gain knowledge for the sake of gaining knowledge that will solve a clinical problem
What ethical issues are involved with the development of research and EBP questions?
rights of human subjects, patient preferences , limited resources, interests of researchers
what is a systemic review?
rigorous and systematic syntheses of research findings about a clinical problem includes works that are similar/identical articles all address the same clincial problem
participant observation
role of the researcher in qualitative methods when the researcher is not only an observer but also a participant during data collection
strategic sampling
sampling in historical research to locate a small group of people who were either witnesses of or participants in the phenomenon being studied
purposive
sampling method to recruit specific persons who could provide inside information
What yields the best source of evidence?
scientific research, nurses use different research methods to describe, explain, and predict phenomena.
what is subject searching
searching databases using controlled vocabulary
cyclical
seasonal trends
What describes this hypothesis? There is no relationship between seatbelt use and head injury in auto accidents.
simple and null
what is controlled vocabularies
standardized hierarchical lists that represent major subjects within a database
what is directional hypothesis
statement describing the direction of a relationship among two or more variables
What is a non-directional hypothesis?
statement of the relationship among two variables that does not predict the direction of the relationship
how can individual barriers be overcome?
strategies aimed at instilling an appreciation for EBP, increase knowledge, and developing necessary skills and changing behaviors
what is required for a research topic
strong interest and passion (time and effort), motivation, clinical significance, applicable in a practice environment and to a large group of people, framed in manner that can be empirically tested within ethical boundaries, a need for the knowledge (has this already been done?)
prospective designs
studies over time with presumed causes that follow subjects to determine whether the hypothesized effects actually occur
between-groups design
study design where two groups of subjects can be compared
Hawthorne effect
subject's behaviors may be affected by personal values or desires to please the experimenter, reactivity
double-blind experimental designs
subjects and researchers are unaware whether subjects are receiving experimental interventions or standard of care
two-group pretest-posttest design
subjects are randomly assigned to the experimental or control group and are measured before and after the intervention; classic or true experiment
what are major national initiatives
surgeon general's office, natioinal institute of health, US dept of health and human services,
what are wildcards
symbols substituted for one or more letters in a search term (Wom?n)
ethnonursing
systematic study and classification of nursing care beliefs, values, and practices in a particular culture
what is exploding
technique for searching subject headings that identifies all records indexed to that term
random sampling
technique for selecting elements where by each has the same chance of being selected
what is positional operators
terms that specify the number of words that can appear between search terms
screening
testing people without known disease to determine whether they have a disease, used to reduce morbidity and mortality in populations
quantitative research typically _______ theory, where as qualitative research typically __________theory
tests, builds
international factors for ethical practice
the Nuremberg code is the earliest international response, declaration of Helsinki
manipulation
the ability of researchers to control the independent variable
sensitivity
the ability of the test to correctly identify people with the disease by negative results
axial coding
the analysis of categories and labels after completion of open coding
eitology
the cause of disease
statistical conclusion validity
the degree that the results of the statistical analysis reflect the true relationship among the independent and dependent variables
representiveness
the degree to which elements of the sample are like elements in the population
internal validity
the degree to which one can conclude that the independent variable produced changes in the dependent variable
external validity
the degree to which the results of the study can be generalized to other subjects, settings, and times
audit trail
the documentation of the research process and researcher's decisions making in qualitative studies
endemic
the expected occurence of a particular disease within a community or population
What is that abstract of a research article
the first section of a research article that provides an overview of the study does not mean an article is a study.
open coding
the grouping of qualitative data into categories the seem logical
ratio
the highest level of measurements that involves numeric values that begin with an absolute zero and have equal intervals; in epidemiology a mathematical relationship between two numbers
what is the outcome of the nursing process
the improvement of health for a particular patient or family
temporal ambiguity
the inability to control for confounding variables and the inability to determine whether the exposure truly occured before the disease
reactivity
the influence of participating in a study on the responses of subjects; Hawthorne effect
emic
the insider's or participant's perspective
What is evidence based practice?
the integration of best research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preference
prevalence
the number of existing cases of disease present in the population
point prevalence
the number of existing cases of disease present in the population at a specific point in time
period prevalence
the number of existing cases of disease present in the population during a specified period of time
incidence
the number of new cases of a disease in a population during a specified period of time
etic
the outsider's perspective; the perspective of the researcher
distribution
the pattern of disease occurence in and and among populations or subgroups
lived experience
the perspective of an individual who has expereinced the phenomenon
What is beneficence
the principle of doing good
what is justice
the principle of equity or fairness in the distribution of burdens and benefits
What is minimal risk
the probability and magnitude of harm from participating in a research study are not greater than those encountered in daily life
postive predictive value
the probability that a person who screens positive actually has the disease
qualitative data analysis
the production of knowledge that results from analysis of words
trustworthiness
the quality, authenticity, and truthfulness of findings from qualitative research
count data
the raw number of health phenomena under investigation in epidemiology
causality
the relationship between a cause and its effect
randomization
the selection, assignment , or arrangement of elements by chance
data reduction
the simplification of large amounts of data obtained form qualitative interviews or other sources
data reduction
the simplification of large amounts of data obtained from qualitative interviews or other sources
relative risk (RR)
the statistic reported by epidemiologist when they conduct a cohort study
odds ratio
the statistic reported when epidemiologists conduct a case-control study (OR)
what is theoretical framework
the structrue of a study that links the theory concepts to the study variables; a section of a research article that describes the theory used
epidemiology
the stuyd of distribution and determinants of disease in human populations
fieldwork
the time researchers spend interacting with participants through interviews, observations, and detailed records
what is plagiarism
the use of another's work without giving proper credit
What is necessary for EBP?
theory derived, research-based information over the use of evidence obtained through tradition, authority, trial and error, personal experience, and intuition.
what is deductive reasoning
thinking that moves from the general to the particular linked with quantitative research
what is inductive reasoning
thinking that moves from the particular to the general associated with qualitative research
effects of selection
threats to external validity when the sample does not represent the population
what is the goal of the nursing process
to plan and direct care for a particular patient, family, or group of patients
what are sources for EBP?
tradition, authority, trial and error, personal experiences, intuition, borrowed evidence, and scientific research
secular
trend over years
fictitious names should be used when transcribing data so the actual participants remain unknown to each other
true
true or false: Knowing the key terms used in an index can facilitate effective searches
true
true or false: a false positive is when individuas are told they have the disease when in reality they do not
true
true or false: a qualitative study of adults that only involves tape recording interviews would likely receive and expedited review
true
true or false: access to computers and technical resources is critical to link research to EBP
true
true or false: analysis of data in qualitative research is done simultaneously with data collection
true
true or false: as sensitivity of a test increases, specificity of the test decreases
true
true or false: as the cycle of science continues, more middle range and practice theories will emerge that will be useful in clinical settings.
true
true or false: cohort comparison studies can save time because more than one group of subjects is studied
true
true or false: descriptive data are usually cross-sectional and can be collected through surveys and questionnaires
true
true or false: epidemiology is the study of disease in populations rather than in individuals
true
true or false: giving credit to those who provide the basis for ideas is ethical practice
true
true or false: informed consent is the hallmark of the Declaration of Helsinki
true
true or false: it is possible for a descriptive qualitative study to be applied to practice
true
true or false: it would be unethical to expose individuals to asbestos to study the disease pattern
true
true or false: librarians are searching and system experts
true
true or false: nonexperimental designs can be used to develop and test theories
true
true or false: nurses are encouraged to collaborate with researchers and theorists to expand nursing
true
true or false: nursing's body of knowledge is dependent on the quality of research findings that are disseminated
true
true or false: patients who are not in the intervention group must receive the usual standard of care
true
true or false: qualitative findings must be shared with participants
true
true or false: qualitative researchers often assign code names to participants to protect participants' privacy
true
true or false: tables of content and indexes can be useful to narrow searches for evidence
true
true or false: the PICOT model is useful when considering EBP questions
true
true or false: the Solomon four-group design is more effective at controlling the treat of testing than is the two group pretest-posttest design
true
true or false: the purposes of nonexperimental designs are to describe, explain, and predict relationships
true
true or false: the standard of care or alternative interventions can be used as comparisons of interest in the PICOT model
true
true or false: there are many different strategies for coding data
true
true or false: when there is a conflict, the therapeutic imperative takes precedence over the research imperative
true
Hypothesis: scores on the beck depression inventory will be lower in women who take yoga classes than in women who do not. What is the independent variable?
type of participation in yoga
what is grey literature
unpublished reports, conference papers, and grant proposals- shows up-coming hot topics in the field
triangulation
use of different research methods in qualitative research to gather and compare data
reflexivity
using a journal to record thoughts, ideas, and decisions during qualitative data gathering
what is citation chasing
using a reference list to identify sources of evidence
A concept at the abstract level is comparable to a _________ at the operational level
variable
What is an independent variable?
variable that influences the dependent variable or outcome; intervention or treatment that is manipulated by the research; X variable
what is literature review
what has been studied before, IDs gaps in current research, highlights areas that need change, increases awareness of practice, sharpen and refocuses research question
false negative
when a screening gives a negative result despite the presence of the disease
false positive
when a screening gives a positive result despite the absence of the disease
replicated
when another researcher has findings similar to a previous study
what is a trial and error source? What is the major con of this source?
when caring for ulcers nurses may use varying techniques until one works more often than not. leads to reduced critical thinking and wasted time and resources
covary
when change in one variable is associated with change in another variable
what is covary
when change in one variable is associated with change in another variable
what is peer review?
when experts and editors rigorously evaluate a manuscript submitted for publication
bias
when extraneous variables influence the relationship between the independent and dependent variables
ecologic fallacy
when false assumptions are made about individuals based on aggregated data and associations from populatiosn
What is a synthesis
when multiple studies have been conducted about a particular topic the findings of the studies can be combined into a synthesis
what is the regional level?
when nurses from a large geographic area collaborate to change practice examples: using skills of local librarian, collaborating with a local program of nursing, using resources from regional centers of excellence
what is the organizational level
when nurses in an organization effect practice changes example: value statements, performance expectations, creating committees
what is a causal relationship
when one variable determines the presence or change in another variable ASSOCIATION DOES NOT EQUAL CAUSATION
type II error
when researchers inaccurately conclude there is no relationship among the independent and dependent variables when an actual relationship does exist; when the researcher accepts the null hypothesis when it should have been rejected most common with small samples
persistent observation
when the researcher has spent sufficient quality time with participants while attempting to describe and capture the essence of the phenomenon
what is the search field
where each piece of information contained in the record is entered
what is a concept
words or phrases that convey a unique idea this relevant to a theory
what are stopwords?
words such as "a, the, and in that are commonly used that can hinder accurate record retrieval
what are boolean operators
words such as "and, or, not" that specify the relationship between search terms and: narrows or: broadens not: narrows
what is scholarly literature?
works written and edited by professionals in the discipline for other colleagues focus on narrow topics in discipline, filled with discipline-specific vocab
what is trade literature
works written for professionals in a discipline using a more casual tone than used in scholarly literature info related to professional development, products, practices, or trends in discipline
What is popular literature
works written to inform or entertain the general public very basic writing level, graphics have the same space as text
which of the following situations is unethical 1) a research tells a subject the he will not receives as high quality care if he withdraws form the study 2) a research assistant carefully explains in English, without using an interpreter, the benefits and risks of being in a study to a woman who speaks only Spanish 3) after discovering the subjects are experiencing adverse reactions to an intervention, researchers agree to discontinue the study
1 and 2 are unethical, 3 is ethical
match the following: 1) case control study 2) cohort study 3) intervention study a) OR b) RR
1) OR 2) RR 3) RR
