ECHD 3170 Final Exam (CH.12-18)

Levels of drug prevention:

1. Primary prevention 2. Secondary " " 3. Tertiary " "

Chronic marijuana use shows a possibility of damage to (3 things)

1. chromosomes 2. cerebral atrophy (shrinking of brain) 3. lowered capacity of WBCs to fight disease

Marijuana contains ___ chemicals

421

Who created LSD in 1938?

Albert Hofmann

___ ___ consist of a group of natural and synthetic drugs that are chemically similar to cholesterol and related to male hormone testosterone

Anabolic steroids

___ generally refers to stopping a drug and overcoming physical symptoms of withdrawal.

Detoxification (medical and nonmedical)

What act established criteria to determine whether a drug should be used only under direction of a licensed health professional?

Durham-Humphrey Act of 1951

What hallucinogen has been tested in FDA-approved clinical trials for its ability to treat PTSD conditions?

Ecstasy

True or False? Flashbacks won't occur months to years after hallucinogen drug use

False

True or False? LSD tends to be physically addicting.

False

True or False? Phenylethylamine is not amphetamine related.

False

Drug abuse has been reported since the ___ started the Olympics in 776 BC

Greeks

True or False? Outpatient is intended for (more/less) severe addictions and addicts/drug abusers.

Less (less intense= less frequent)

What does LSD stand for?

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide

This hallucinogen was originally developed as an intravenous anesthetic; this same drug can also trigger schizophrenic episodes

PCP

This hallucinogen is suggested for sedative use and is said to resemble the human body

The Mandrake

__ __ is the place or environment where AOD treatment services are provided.

Treatment setting (self-help groups, outpatient treatment, residential/inpatient treatment, dual-diagnosis programs, half-way houses)

True or False? Environments that are warm, comfortable, and hospitable tend to create pleasant sensory response to the psychedelic effects of these drugs.

True

What groups typically have a problem with inhalant abuse?

adolescents and teenagers

Inhalants are most widely used among the following demographics

adolescents, Caucasians, citizens of rural areas

spray paint, deodorants, hair spray

aerosols

Volatile substances include...

aerosols, adhesives, fuels and household solvents

What are the four main types of inhalants?

aerosols, toluene, gasoline, freon

1970s and 80s prevention brought about new approaches such as

affective education, alternatives to drug use, social skill development; neutral results

Herbal medicines are claimed to help

alleviate anxiety, chronic fatigue, arthritis, digestive problems, elevate mood

Changes in the interpretation of stimuli resulting from marijuana are called ___ ___.

altered perceptions

The most frequent type of recurrence, consisting of seeing dots, flashes, trails of light, halos, false motion in the periphery field, and other sensations

altered visual perception

Marijuana is considered to be worse for the lungs than tobacco (50%+ more tar), and it is said to cause ____ syndrome.

amotivational

Drugs with similar structures

analogs

drugs that suppress the activity of the brain's appetite center, causing reduced food intake

anorexiants

relieves symptoms of inflammation

anti-inflammatory

drugs that reduce fevers

antipyretics

codeine is a type of

antitussive; raises the threshold of the cough coordinating center

drugs that block the coughing reflex

antitussives

Nitrites cause ____ and are abused for enhancing sexual pleasure and function.

vasodilation

Confrontational model is

very direct about problems; challenge clients

In general, ____ are more likely to become addicted to tobacco and reluctant to seek substance abuse than ____

women; men

What are different kind of ads in the direct effort of consumer advertising of prescription drugs?

"Help-seeking" ad, "reminder" ad, "product claim" ad (be sure to consider loose regulation)

Recurrence of a distressing thought or emotion

"bad mind trip"

Recurrence of an unpleasant physical sensation

"body trip"

Nitrous oxide is the main component in...

"laughing gas"

The word psychedelic comes from the Greek root meaning of

"mind-revealing"

In 2009, prescriptions drugs brought in a whopping ____ dollars

$300 billion

Effects of chronic use of anabolic steroids:

-breast enlargements in men; breast reduction & hair growth in women -infertility -atrophy (shrinking of male reproduction organs); enlargement of external genitalia in females

Withdrawal symptoms of anabolic steroids:

-craving -fatigue -depression -loss of appetite -insomnia -diminished sex drive -headaches

Physiological effects of marijuana use include

-decreased sex drive -impotence -fertility -damage to lungs

Possible clinical uses of marijuana:

-glaucoma -cancer/HIV -epilepsy -depression -anxiety -ADHD -headaches

Effects of anabolic steroids:

-increased strength -increased lean body mass -increased "bad" cholesterol -increased risk of liver disorders

3 main types of OTC drugs that combat issues and have high abuse potential

-internal analgesics -cold, allergy and cough remedies -sleep aids

Pharmacological strategies include:

-methadone (opiate addicts) -naloxone and naltrexone (opioid addiction) -buprenorphine (partial agonist) -Antabuse & acamprosate (alcoholics) -Clonidine (opiate dependence)

What are the challenges of comprehensive (multiple) prevention?

-programs must be customized to meet each community's needs -standardization for the purpose of "accountability" -research outcomes must be est. -more expensive than stand-alone programs

Legalization of marijuana would...

-remove all penalties for use -laws for use in public would remain intact -ALLOW REGULATION OF CONTENT -ALLOW TAXATION -ELIMINATE CRIMINAL ELEMENT

What are the 4 main stages of a trip (based on Solomon Snyder)?

1. Heightened, exaggerated senses 2. Loss of control 3. Self-reflection 4. loss of identity and a sense of cosmic merging

What are the 3 most common categories of prescription drug abuse?

1. Narcotic analgesics 2. CNS depressants 3. Stimulants (often use a combo of prescription drugs)

Steps to effective prevention:

1. assess local needs 2. develop goals and objectives 3. identify resources 4. identify funding sources 5. assign leadership tasks 6. implementation 7. evaluation (research) 8. revision (ongoing)

According to the Durham-Humphrey Act of 1951, drugs are controlled with prescriptions if they are...

1. habit-forming 2. not safe for self-medication 3. intended to treat ailments that require the supervision of a health professional 4. new and lacking an est. safe track record

2 types of prescription drugs:

1. proprietary (brand names) 2. generic

AA is a ___ step program and is ____ based; focuses on the disease model and abstinence

12; spirituality

Prevalence rates for marijuana show that __ to __ yr olds have a higher rate.

18-25

Prescription drug abuse is HIGHEST among __ to __ year olds; most commonly abused by _____.

18-25; 12th graders

Inhalant abuse became well-known in the

1950s

Hallucinogens became popular during the

1960s

A typical high from a joint will last between __ and __ hours

2-3

How long does it take for mescaline to reach MAX concentration in the brain?

30-120 min

How long does it typically take an LSD trip to start?

30~90 min...about an hour

What is the average dose for mescaline and how long does the "high" usually last?

350-500mg; 5~12 hours

Each level of outpatient typically lasts approx. ___ to ___ days

60-120 (way longer than inpatient)

Secular Organizations for Sobriety and Women for Sobriety are also ____ alternatives.

AA

__ is only 2nd to cancer and heart disease in causes of death for women.

AIDS (#s are on the rise)

Athletes (are/are not) much more likely to use performance-enhancing drugs: stimulants and those with ergogenic effects, such as anabolic steroids.

ARE

___ (similar to endorphins) is the possible neurotransmitter acting at the cannabinoid receptor site.

Anandamide

Marijuana comes from the ____ ___ plant

Cannabis sativa

__ are meetings to which only alcoholics having a serious desire to completely stop drinking are invited.

Closed meetings

___ between the drug addiction and other mental illnesses is common.

Comorbidity

___ is a condition in which two or more illnesses occur in the same person, simultaneously or sequentially.

Comorbidity

1980s and 90s prevention introduced the ___ program

D.A.R.E. (a collaboration between LAPD and local school districts)

short-acting hallucinogen from seeds in trees; no effect when taken orally--must be smoked or inhaled

DMT

"___" is very common among world-class competitors

Doping

What is the most important factor for the spread of HIV/AIDS?

Drug use of heroin, cocaine or both; crack encourages high-risk sexual activities

___ ___ is co-occurring addiction and mental illness

Dual diagnosis

___ is responsible for regulating OTC drugs according to effectiveness and safety

FDA

True or False? Marijuana now is not as potent as it was 20 years ago.

False; it is 20X stronger now

True or False? There is lots of evidence to support marijuana being a gateway drug.

False; very little evidence, and other drugs often comes first (inhalants, alcohol, etc.)

____ players have the highest rate of steroid abuse.

Football

__ __ are usually located near tx facilities and typically require abstinence from drugs, employment, 12-step programs, maybe drug tests

Halfway houses

__ residential treatment is when clients temporarily live in the treatment facility; typical length = 21-30 days with occasional "passes" to leave; drug testing is used

Inpatient

"K-hole;" out-of-body experience relates to this hallucinogen

Ketamine

"love drug;" effects on sense of touch

MDA

This is the modified version of MDA where it is more psychedelic w/ less stimulant activity; it is VERY popular on college campuses

MDMA (ecstasy)

Major toxicities and minor side effects of drugs to treat HIV

MT- anemia, diarrhea, pancreatitis, rashes, etc. MSE- nausea, dyspepsia, headache, vomiting

___ are much more likely to use steroids than ___; and more in high school than college (as reported).

Males; females

Hemp, ma, hashish, "the assassin or sacrament" can all be associated with

Marijuana

___ is the most frequently used illicit drug, and parental use has been found to be a major influential factor.

Marijuana

___ ___ is not a treatment, but rather a precursor to treatment.

Medical detoxification

___ ___ is the use of THC in cannabis as a drug to calm or relieve symptoms of an illness.

Medical marijuana

___ is remains the biggest source for most of the weed found in the U.S.

Mexico

The ___ model is a major model in the treatment of alcohol and drug abuse, involving a month-long stay in an inpatient rehabilitation facility, a multidisciplinary treatment team, systematic assessment, and a formal treatment plan with long and short-term goals.

Minnesota

___ ___ is a behavioral syndrome that causes individuals to have distorted image of their bodies.

Muscle dysmorphia

The ___ ___ ___ (NIH) says that drug abuse is preventable!

National Institute of Health

____ shows the heaviest marijuana use, while the other groups are not far behind with pretty similar rates.

Native American -side note: Hispanic varies by group

_____ ____ was first created in 1776 by British chemist Joseph Priestley

Nitrous Oxide

__ are meetings to which anyone having an interest in attending and witnessing is invited.

Open meetings

___ may be the primary treatment or may follow residential (aftercare)

Outpatient

This hallucinogen in its pure form is a white crystalline powder that readily dissolves in water or alcohol and has a distinctive bitter chemical taste; contains lots of contaminants causing a wide color range

PCP

What systems are activated by LSD use?

Parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

What hallucinogen did the members of the Native American Church use as a sacramental plant?

Peyote

DiClemente and Prochaska believe that behavioral change is a many-stage process; the stages include:

Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance

Substances that initiate psychotic behavior

Psychotogoenics

What describes a "bad trip?"

Recollections of hidden fears and suppressed anxieties that can cause frightening neurotic or psychotic responses

potentially fatal complication of colds, flu, or chicken pox in children

Reye's syndrome

What Mexican herb resembles Ketamine?

Salvia

____ seems to have the most participants according to the graph, with outpatient in 2nd.

Self-help groups

First time inhalant users can die from a condition called

Sudden Sniffing Death Syndrome (SSDS)

A subjective sensation or image of a sense other than the one being stimulated, such as an auditory sensation caused by visual stimulants

Synesthesia

___ is the primary mind-altering ingredient in marijuana

THC

The "bible" of the psychedelic drug movement

The Psychedelic Experience (based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead)

__ __ (TC) is inpatient treatment that focuses on the "resocialization" of the individual and uses the program's entire community as important treatment components.

Therapeutic community

What ex-Harvard professor started the League of Spiritual Discovery?

Timothy Leary

What was Leary's goal in his unorthodox religious orientation?

To gain legitimate access to hallucinogens like LSD

True or False? Hallucinogens date back to numerous ancient cultures such as Ancient Greece, the Egyptians, Mayans, Incans, Aztecs, and Native Americans

True

True or False? Moderation Management, though not currently in GA, is an alternative to AA.

True

True or False? Tolerance builds quickly for LSD.

True

True or false? Cannabis dependence (physical and psychological) are possible.

True

True or false? Herbal supplements are OTC remedies that are hardly regulated and lack in scientific testing; abuse is common.

True

True or false? More people die from overdosing on prescription opioid than from all other drugs combined.

True

___ leads the world in prescription drug consumption

U.S

Primary prevention is

a broad range of activities aimed at reducing the risk of drug use among those with little or no drug history; often targeted to at-risk neighborhoods, communities and families.

OTC labels

approved uses of the product, detailed instructions of safe and effective use, cautions or warnings to those at greatest risk

Athletes (are/are not) more likely than non-athletes to use drugs of abuse, such as marijuana, alcohol, barbs, cocaine & hallucinogens.

are NOT

an irregular heartbeat

arrhythmia

____ are most likely than any other subcultural group to take drugs that enhance physical attributes

athletes

Threatening, hostile environments are likely to lead to intimidating, frightening "____ ___"

bad trips

inhaling the substance via plastic bag

bagging

Marijuana + alcohol =

blackout

When users report that marijuana stops having effects, so they sometimes switch to another drug, this is referred to as "____."

burnout

A condition of physical rigidity, excitement and stupor

catatonia

In 1960s and 70s, prevention came in the form of

classroom education and information about the consequences; scare tactics as well

The "sledgehammer" approach refers to the ___ ___.

confrontational model

Inhalant side effects include:

confusion, nausea/vomiting, loss of coordination, hearing and vision, muscle weakness, weight loss, apathy and stupor, delirium, spasticity, impaired judgment, depression, attention problems

Withdrawal from excessive use of a decongestant, resulting in congestion

congestion rebound

__ is a cognitive state where individuals relive the positive feelings of use

craving

Cold, allergy and cough remedies are split into 2 main categories:

decongestants (antihistamines to fight runny noses) AND antitussives (fights frequency and intensity of coughs)

number of admissions to treatment for inhalant dependence has ___ since 1997

decreased; it only represents .01% of all drug and alcohol related admissions

Most common dual diagnoses include

depression, personality disorders, panic, schizo, and mania

Successful prescription drug abuse treatment includes:

detox, counseling, use of other medications, behavioral treatment (various forms of counseling & therapies)

The Matrix Model is

direct, but not confrontational; supportive; targeted toward stimulant users

The ONDPC suggests

do not flush medications, put medications in safe/secure place, mixing them with coffee grounds or cat litter when disposing, use drop off boxes in the community for proper disposal

THC stimulates the brain cells to release the chemical ___, thus activating the reward system.

dopamine

In the state of euphoria from using marijuana, one could expect to experience...

dry mouth, elevated heartbeat, some loss of coordination, slower reaction times and feeling of mild to elevated intoxication; blood vessels in the eyes expand--causing red eyes

Natural substances can include tobacco, marijuana, and cocaine (because they come from plants) and can cause...

elevated mood, energy, or relief from stress which has the potential for abuse.

The ___ plays a major role in determining the sensory response to hallucinogens.

environment

Drugs that enhance athletic performance

ergogenic substances

Poisoning by toxic substances from the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea

ergotism

substances that stimulate mucus secretion and diminish mucus viscosity

expectorants

Law enforcement, availability of drug dealers, and concerns with being caught using drugs are examples of

external forces

Recurrences of earlier drug-induced sensory experiences in the absence of the drug

flashback

nonflammable moderately toxic gas or liquid used as a refrigerant

freon

contains benzene which damages bone marrow

gasoline

inflammation or irritation of the gut

gastritis

official, nonpatened, nonproprietary name of a drug

generic

Marijuana can sometimes help alleviate ____ (blinding eye disease that causes intraocular pressures), as well as muscle spasms.

glaucoma

Substances that alter sensory processing in the brain, causing perceptual disturbances, changes in thought processing, and depersonalization

hallucinogens

Sticky resin from the female plant flowers, which has an average THC level of 3.6% is known as

hashish

Motivational enhancement will...

help a person weigh their options; increase motivation; roll with resistance

inhaling from rags or bandanas soaked in the fluid

huffing

elevated blood pressure

hypertension

a state of oxygen deficiency

hypoxia

First step is to ___ the diagnosis (i.e. abuse vs. dependence) and other relevant information.

identify

expectorants

increase and thin fluids of the respiratory tract to soother irritation and decrease thickness of accumulated secretions

Physiological effects of LSD

increased blood pressure/heart rate, dizziness, loss of appetite, dry mouth, sweating, pupil dilation

D.A.R.E. proved to be

ineffective; actually increasing heroin and cocaine use

Most ____ are household or commercial products composed of different fat-soluble chemicals that can act alone or synergistically to exert toxic effects

inhalants

Volatile substances that cause intoxicating and/or euphorigenic effects

inhalants

Drugs similar to salicylates (Aspirin), ibuprofen (Advil) or acetaminophen (tylenol) are classified as

internal analgesics

Shared attributes that are favorable of drug use, habitual and/or addictive behavior are examples of

internal forces

Tertiary prevention is

intervention at an advanced state of drug use/abuse. Very similar to drug abuse treatment; includes harm reduction

A potent hallucinogenic plant

jimsonweed

Why are inhalants popular?

legally obtained, readily available, inexpensive, easy to conceal

Abuse of inhalants can cause damage to the...

liver, brain, kidneys, and immune system

Marijuana + antidepressants =

manic episodes

The most active drug in peyote

mescaline

Using (multiple/individual) approaches in combination is MORE effective than any (multiple/individual) approach.

multiple; individual

Psilocybin

mushrooms (fresh or dried)

Pupil dilation

mydriasis

Anesthetics include ether, chloroform, halothane and ____ ____

nitrous oxide

These drugs are available upon request and do not require approval

non-prescription drugs (OTC)

anti-inflammatory drugs that do not have steroid properties

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

The most commonly abused steroids are ___ and ___.

oral and injectable

What are the different administration techniques for prescription drugs?

oral, topical, snorting or injection (i.e. insulin for Type 1 diabetes)

Internal analgesics are known to treat/reduce...

pain relief, anti-inflammatory, and fevers

A drug that has both agonist and antagonist properties is called ___ ___.

partial agonist

open sores that occur in the stomach or upper segment of the small intestine

peptic ulcers

These drugs are only available by recommendation of an authorized health professional, such as a physician

prescription drugs

____ are the drugs of choice among 12-to 13-year-olds

prescription drugs

brand or trademark name that is registered with the U.S. Patent Office

proprietary

Substances that expand or heighten perception and consciousness

psychedelics

Substances that cause psychosis-like symptoms

psychotomimetics

Prevention and treatment for prescription/OTC drug abuse include:

reading product labels carefully, ask questions, use properly, be educated, doctors can also help

Abstinence from psychoactive drugs and changes in psychological, family and spiritual areas is known as ___.

recovery

Why are prescription drugs often abused?

recreation, self-medication and aiding a bigger substance abuse issue one may have

Signs of inhalant abuse

red and watery eyes, uncoordinated and disoriented, slurred speech, nausea, headaches, nosebleeds, rashes around the nose and mouth

Attitudes and/or behaviors are exhibited that indicate a likelihood of resumption of use (process) and the resumption of use (event) is called ___.

relapse

Long-term consequences of smoking marijuana can effect:

respiratory functions, memory & learning, fertility and inability to quit using

Programs began to focus on the environment of potential users and ___/temptations specific to that environment; emphasis on "refusal" skills

risks

Aspirin-like drugs

salicylates

Early prevention method focused on

scare tactics and moralizing (Temperance Movement)

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) are examples of ____ groups.

self-help

One of the prominent effects of hallucinogens is ___.

self-reflection

Inhaling directly from the original container

snuffing/snorting

Dual Diagnosis Treatment is usually 7-28 days and focuses NOT on resolving mental health issues, BUT on ____.

stabilization

Women who have been raped are 2X as likely to use ___.

steroids

A ___ is defined as a special population or subgroup whose members share similar values and patterns of related behaviors that differ from the larger population.

subculture

25% of all people entering treatment have attempted ___.

suicide

LSD (colorless, odorless, tasteless) is available in what forms?

tablets, "window panes" (squares), "blotter acid" (eye dropper) and capsules

Secondary prevention is

targeted towards at-risk groups, early experimenters and abuse populations in order to stop the progression to drugs of abuse; "early intervention;" relies on recovering role models, healthy alternatives, assessment and monitoring

Often, ___ abuse prescription drugs, in which they attend events called "pharm parties."

teens

Sympathomimetic drugs can be used as decongestants, which cause

the nasal passages to shrink (nasal sprays, drops, pills)

paint thinner, nail polish, glue

toluene

A ___ ___ is a document that details how problems are defined and treatments are formulated; individualized for the client

treatment plan

most commonly used group of drugs to treat severe depression

tricyclic antidepressants

__ are behavioral impulses to get and use alcohol/drugs

urges (cues and triggers contribute)

A cannabis ___ is said to decrease respiratory problems but still risk addiction.

vaporizer