Ecology Ch 21

Match the term to description 1. foundation species 2. ecosystem engineers 3. keystone species A. reshapes ecosystems B. Large effect on community despite low abundance C. Has large impact on community and in great abundance.

1. C 2. A 3. B

complete each statement 1. Organisms that cause changes in the physical environment that influence the structure of the landscape are referred to as ________. 2. The species identified as the dominant modifier of the landscape is _________. humans beaver ecosystem engineers

1. ecosystem engineers 2. humans

complete the statements 1. Habitats located at the transition zone from one type of ecosystem to another are called ______. 2. The edges of habitat patches often contain ________ species richness compared to the interior or surrounding area. This pattern is referred to as the _______. 3. A habitat patch with a circular shape has a ______ amount of edge compared to an elliptical-shaped patch of the same interior area. 4. Increased fragmentation of habitat patches would ______ the total area of interior habitat patches, but _______ the amount of ecotone habitat reduce edge effect higher patches increase lower ecotones

1. ecotones 2. higher; edge effect 3. lower 4. reduce; increase

complete each sentence 1. The size, shape, number, composition, and position of landscape elements within a landscape is called ________. 2. A relatively homogeneous area that differs from its suroundings is called a _______. 3. The landscape element that is the most spatially continuous is referred to as the _______. landscape structure matrix patch

1. landscape structure 2. patch 3. matrix

Select some of the general explanations for the large migration of people from rural areas to urban areas over the past several decades. check all that apply A. Access to health care services B. Economic opportunities C. Higher crime rates D. Proximity to schools E. Air and water quality

A, B, D

Which following facets of landscape ecology distinguish it from other subdisciplines of ecology? check all that apply A. Highly interdisciplinary field B. Quantitative approach to research questions C. Considerations of human influence on landscapes have been part of the field since its inception D. Focuses on spatial heterogeneity across multiple spatial scales

A, C, D

Which of the following statements best describes how landscape structure would be affected following the local extinction of beaver from the boreal forest? A. Landscape complexity would decrease. The proportion of wet meadow, moist meadow, and pond habitat area would decrease and forest habitat would dominate the area.

A. Landscape complexity would decrease. The proportion of wet meadow, moist meadow, and pond habitat area would decrease and forest habitat would dominate the area.

Groundwater inputs to lakes tend to A. increase from the upper to lower end of a flow system. B. decrease from the upper to lower end of a flow system. C. remain roughly constant from the upper to lower end of a flow system. D. be higher for lakes with less input from surface runoff. E. make up the great majority of water supply for all lakes.

A. increase from the upper to lower end of a flow system.

Mowing experiments in a Kansas prairie established that, for small mammals, A. moving individuals travel farther in more fragmented landscapes. B. moving individuals travel farther in less fragmented landscapes. C. more individuals move in more fragmented landscapes. D. fragmentation affects movement distance but not the likelihood of movement. E. fragmentation affects the likelihood of movement, but not movement distance.

A. moving individuals travel farther in more fragmented landscapes.

The following facets of landscape ecology distinguish it from other subdisciplines of ecology. check all that apply A. Quantitative approach to research questions B. Considerations of human effects on landscape have been part of the field since the beginning C. Low level of interdisciplinary research D. Focus on spatial heterogeneity across multiple spatial scales

B, D

In the figures below, each WHITE CELL represents an isolated patch of habitat. Which of the following statements about the two ecosystems is TRUE? A. Diversity will be higher in ecosystem two. B. N will be smaller in ecosystem two. C. Gene flow will be lower in ecosystem one. D. Genetic drift is more likely in ecosystem one.

B. N will be smaller in ecosystem two.

Is it necessary to look beyond the boundary of a lake when studying lake water chemistry? A. Yes, lakes that are big are affected by more of the surrounding landscape than smaller lakes. B. Yes, the position of a lake in a landscape may affect the physical characteristics, including water chemistry. C. No, it is not necessary to look beyond the boundary of a lake to study water chemistry because all lakes are isolated from the landscape. D. No, water chemistry is only affected by processes within the lake.

B. Yes, the position of a lake in a landscape may affect the physical characteristics, including water chemistry.

Bowen and Burgess' work in Ohio confirmed that vastly different landscapes can arise from variation in both the __________ and __________ of habitat fragments. A. type; density B. shape; density C. geology; size D. arrangement; age

B. shape; density

Which of the following statements is true concerning the fire regimes of southern California and northern Baja California? A. The total area burned each year in southern California is approximately 2X the total area burned each year in northern Baja California. B. The total area burned each year in northern Baja California is approximately 2X the total area burned each year in southern California. C. Less frequent, larger fires burn each year in southern California than in northern Baja California. D. More frequent, smaller fires burn each year in southern California than in northern Baja California. E. Because of similarities in climate, vegetation, and fire history, there are few quantifiable differences in the fire regime of southern California and northern Baja California.

C. Less frequent, larger fires burn each year in southern California than in northern Baja California.

For Glanville fritillary butterflies in Finland, larger habitat patches (compared to smaller ones) support A. higher population sizes and higher population densities. B. higher population sizes but equal population densities. C. higher population sizes but lower population densities. D. equal population sizes, due to higher population densities. E. equal population sizes and equal population densities.

C. higher population sizes but lower population densities.

Recent conversion of forests to beaver ponds and wet meadows A. is producing a novel landscape structure because beavers have never been as numerous as they are now. B. is producing a novel landscape structure because beavers previously exploited natural wetlands. C. is restoring prehistoric landscape structure. D. decreases nutrient levels in areas affected by beaver damming. E. increases nutrient levels in remaining forests, but not in beaver ponds.

C. is restoring prehistoric landscape structure.

A heterogeneous area consisting of a patchwork of distinctive ecosystems is called a __________. A. habitat B. matrix C. landscape D. geographic unit E. community

C. landscape

What effects might the extinction of beavers on the landscapes in which they live? A. Decrease in the extent of wetlands in the landscape B. Shift from a mosaic of multiple ecosystems to one dominated by one or few ecosystem types C. Decrease in the quantity of nutrients and ions in the environment D. All of the answer choices are correct.

D. All of the answer choices are correct.

In studies of experimental clear-cuts at the Savannah River Site, open patches connected to other open patches A. had higher butterfly densities B. supported more frequent butterfly movements C. has higher rates of plant pollination D. all are correct

D. all are correct

The term landscape, as used in ecology, is best defined as A. a homogenous area occupied by one species at large spatial scales. B. the fundamental niche of an organism at large spatial scales. C. any distinctive feature of the earth's surface. D. an area consisting of a mosaic of heterogeneous habitat types.

D. an area consisting of a mosaic of heterogeneous habitat types.

Structures that dominate urban landscapes contribute to the heat island effect in all of the following ways except A. by absorbing solar energy. B. increase surface and air temperatures. C. reduce air circulation and trap heat. D. increasing air humidity levels.

D. increasing air humidity levels.

When measuring the coastline of Texas, which of these rulers would give you the shortest estimate of coastline length? A. 1 cm B. 10 cm C. 1 m D. 10 m E. 1 km

E. 1 km

McAuliffe found middle to late Pleistocene soils of the Sonoran Desert, which formed hundreds of thousands of years ago, were characterized by A. a well-developed B horizon. B. high amounts of clay. C. a well-developed caliche layer. D. a well-developed argillic horizon. E. All of the choices are correct.

E. All of the choices are correct.

Vegetation in southern California burns frequently because A. summers there are hot and very dry B. the vegetation contains highly flammable oils C. lightning strikes easily ignite dry vegetation D. human activities provide sources of ignition E. all are correct

E. all are correct

Connections of similar habitat maintained between habitat fragments are known as __________.

corridors

T/F: During droughts, water levels are likely to drop most steeply in lakes at the lower end of hydrological flow systems.

false

T/F: Habitat corridors have been shown to decrease rates of movement in animals such as the Glanville fritillary butterfly, along isolated habitat patches.

false

T/F: The proportion of the world's population living in cities has increased since 1950, but is expected to decline in the coming decades.

false

Periods of unusually high temperatures and humidity that can result in human injury and even death, are defined as

heat waves

T/F: Ecotones are transitional habitat between two ecosystems, which usually include a mix of the physical and biological properties of both ecosystems.

true

T/F: There is experimental evidence to support the theory that the negative impact of fragmentation and isolation on populations can be reduced by connecting habitat fragments with corridors of similar habitat.

true