EDAPT: The Endocrine System - Part I
Classify the following as characteristics of the endocrine system or nervous system.
*Endocrine System:* • Adapts relatively slowly • Communicates by means of hormones. • Reacts more slowly to stimuli. • May continue responding long after stimulus stops. *Nervous System:* • Communicates by means of electrical impulses. • Adapts relatively quickly to continual stimulation.
Indicate if each description belongs to endocrine or exocrine glands.
*Endocrine:* • Glands exhibit a high density of capillaries. • Secretions are distributed through the bloodstream. • Secretions serve as a form of cell-to-cell communication. • Secretions belong to three chemical categories - steroids, monoamines and peptides. *Exocrine:* • Secretions are released via ducts onto epithelial tissues. • Secretions serve to lubricate mucosal membranes. • Secretions might contain metabolic waste. • Secretions may hase antimicrobial properties.
Indicate if the following functions are regulated by the endocrine system or by other systems.
*Regulated by endocrine system:* • Sleep • Stress • Growth • Metablolism • Mood • Reproduction • Fluid and electrolyte balance • Tissue function *Regulated by other systems:* • Olfaction
Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify which chemical classification it describes.
*Steroid:* • Hydrophobic • Require a transport protein. • Pass directly through the plasma membrane. • Bind to receptors in the cell's nucleus. • Elicit response over several hours to days. *Peptide:* • Hydrophilic • Require second messenger systems. • Elicit responses almost immediately. • Bind to membrane bound receptors. • Utilize cAMP DAG, or IP3 systems.
In each scenario, identify if the initiation of hormone secretion is due to neural, hormonal, or humoral stimulation. 1. As calcium levels begin to fall in blood, the parathyroid gland will secrete parathyroid hormone. 2. When a patient is exposed to a major stressor, it triggers the brain to send sympathetic innervation towards the adrenal glands, leading to the secretion of adrenaline. 3. Corticotropin release from the hypothalamus will lead to the secretion of ACTH.
1. Humoral stimulation 2. Neural stimulation 3. Hormonal stimulation
Correctly label the following gross anatomy of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands.
1. Nuclei of hypothalamus 2. Anterior pituitary 3. Infundibulum 4. Stalk 5. Hypophysial portal venules 6. Secondary capillaries
Match the letters in the picture to the labels below.
A: Peptide hormone B: Steroid hormone C: Gene transcription D: Membrane enzyme E: Protein synthesis
Match the hormone abbreviations with their function.
ADH - Stimulates water retention. TRH - Stimulates production of TSH and PRL. LH - Stimulates ovulation. PRL - Stimulates milk synthesis. ACTH - Stimulates secretion of adrenal hormones.
Which glands secrete their product by way of a duct directly onto an epithelial surface?
Exocrine
Select all of the following molecules that are capable of penetrating the plasma membrane of cells.
Gases Lipids Hydrophobic molecules
Which of the following organs is considered the master regulator of homeostasis?
Hypothalamus
Complete the following sentences with the correct term. The __________ produces 6 hormones that are responsible for the control of several endocrine organs. The __________ is a region in the brain that detects changes in homeostasis and will secrete __________ hormones. The __________ will not produce any hormones, but rather is responsible for the secretion of hormones produced by the hypothalamus.
Hypothalamusanterior pituitary gland Hypothalamus; tropic Posterior pituitary gland
Drag and drop the hormone to its appropriate stimulus.
Low blood pressure - ADH Sexual maturation - FSH/LH Stretching of the cervix - Oxytocin Tissue damage - GHRH Corticotropic releasing hormone - ACTH
With a basic understanding of the hormones of the pituitary gland, match each of the following hormones to the biological process they would be most associated with.
Mitosis of cells - Growth hormone Blood pressure - Antidiueretic hormone Ovulation (female); promotes production of testosterone (male) - Luteinizing hormone Childbirth - Oxytocin
A hormone is a __________ and the target cells is __________.
Molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones.
As glucose levels of blood rise, insulin secretions increase, leading to a decrease in glucose levels. This is an example of __________ feedback.
Negative
Target organs regulate the pituitary through feedback loops. Most often, this is in the form of __________.
Negative feedback
Select all the following body systems that have mechanisms of regulation for most body systems.
Nervous Endocrine
Peptides and catecholamines are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate a target cell. Where are the receptors for these hormones?
On the cell surface.
Which of the following is considered a secondary endocrine structure?
Pancreas
Match the hormone of the anterior pituitary gland with their function.
Production of sex cells - Follicle stimulating hormone Activation of the thyroid gland - Thyroid stimulating hormone Activation of the adrenal cortex - Adrenocorticotropic hormone Production of breast milk - Prolactin
Steroid hormones bind to __________ of the target cell
Protein receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
Match the tropic hormone to its function.
Somatostatin - Inhibits growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone. Thyrotropin releasing hormone - Stimulates the release of prolactin and thyroid-stimulating hormone. Dopamine - Inhibits prolactin. Corticotropin releasing hormone - Stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Match the description to the correct hormone classification.
Steroid hormones - Derived from cholesterol. Monoamine hormones - Derived from amino acids that retain their amine group. Peptide hormones - Consist of chains of 2-200 amino acids.
Which of the following statements are true? Select all that apply.
The anterior pituitary is also known as the adenohypophysis. Cell bodies in the hypothalamus synthesizes hormones that pass down the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract and are stored in the posterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary is stimulated by the hypothalamus via tropic hormones.
