EDP

A researcher is investigating children's and adolescents' ability to understand metaphors. Which of the following best reflects an adolescent's description of the meaning of the saying "A chain is only as strong as its weakest link"?

"When a group of people are working together to solve a problem, every person must contribute strongly for optimal success."

Ethan is a 15-year-old boy growing up in New York City. Having won his school's science fair, he is going to compete at the state science fair. Ethan wants to win the state title to receive the prestige that accompanies it. Given his focus on this individualistic achievement, what would Ethan be most likely to say upon winning the state science fair?

"I am proud of my hard work."

Which of the following statements most likely reflects what American parents would say regarding their beliefs about educating adolescents?

"I believe that getting an education and doing well in school is the key for adolescents to become successful adults; furthermore, I think that it is important for youth to develop interests outside of academics, such as playing a sport, so that they can be well-rounded and have fun."

Nathan is a college student, and he recently broke up with his girlfriend. Which of the following statements BEST reflects the research evidence for what Nathan would say when asked why he broke up with his girlfriend based on the notion of consensual validation?

"I broke up with my girlfriend because I like to spend time playing sports and working out at the gym, whereas she prefers to spend time reading novels and watching movies; in short, we did not line up on our common interests."

Robert is a middle-school student who is participating in a study on the emotional status of adolescents when they are among friends and parents. When asked whether he is most likely to feel positive and happy around his friends or his parents, Robert is likely to say which of the following statements?

"I feel much more positive and happy when I'm around my friends because I know I can let loose and be myself around them."

Which of the following statements best reflects what an emerging adult would say when asked how they found their current career?

"I just fell into my current job because I was trying to find something to help pay the bills while searching for my dream job".

Akira is a 14-year-old girl growing up in India. When asked how she likes to spend her leisure time, Akira is likely to respond with which of the following statements?

"I like my friends, but I typically spend more of my leisure time with my family than my friends because I value and enjoy spending time with my family more."

Gene is 21 years old and in college. Which of the following statements BEST reflects the research evidence for what Gene would say when asked about how his sex life as an emerging adult is different from when he was an adolescent?

"Now that I'm in my 20s, sex is just a normal part of life and there is much less restriction around it compared to when I was a teenager; also, in the past year I've had two sexual partners and I am willing to have recreational sex."

Which of the following best reflects the research evidence for what an emerging adult would say in response to the question, "How has conflict with your parents changed since adolescence?"

"Since I started college and moved into the dorms, we argue less because we are not living on top of each other. Plus, I can control when I do and do not talk and spend time with my parents, and this time apart has helped me see my parents in a new light and establish a new sense of mutual respect with them."

Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence for the general pattern of adolescents who run away from home in the United States?

Approximately 1 million adolescents run away from home every year in the United States, and one of the most common family factors linked to running away is experiencing physical or sexual abuse.

Chelsea made a new friend at summer camp, and she wants to stay in touch with her friend so they are exchanging phone numbers. Chelsea does not have a piece of paper to write down her friend's phone number. What type of memory is Chelsea using to remember the phone number?

Short-term memory

Researchers have found that working up to ______ hours a week has little to no influence on adolescents, psychological functioning; however, working ______ hours a week or more has a considerably negative influence on adolescents' psychological functioning.

10; 20

LGBT adolescents usually "come out" around age ___, first to ________

16; friends

Historian Anthony Rotundo refers to the ____________ century as the era of ____________ because an explicit emphasis on developing the individualistic character qualities considered necessary for manhood, such as self-control and independent decision-making, became paramount.

19th; self-made manhood

The prominent use of imaginative play and difficulty with using mental operations are highly characteristic of youth ages _________ and reflect the _________ stage of cognitive development.

2 to 7; preoperational

Although many of the countries of Latin America have established democracies and have experienced economic growth, youth in Latin America still face high unemployment rates that often exceed _________ percent.

25

Among American emerging adults, although about ________ report that living together before getting married is a good way to avoid divorce, cohabitation is ________ associated with divorce.

60%; positively

Although research by Schlegel and Barry in 1991 found that about _______% of the traditional cultures they assessed had pubertal rituals, since this time globalization has _______ the prevalence of these pubertal rituals.

75; decreased

Researchers have found that by the 11th grade ________ of adolescents report experiencing a romantic relationship at some point, and that by emerging adulthood the most important function of romantic relationships is ________.

80%; intimacy

According to the Pew survey, __% of 13- to 17-year-olds connect to the Internet daily; __% say they are connected to it "almost constantly."

92; 24

Which of the following scenarios BEST reflects the research evidence for an adolescent or emerging adult who is the most likely to experience a fatal driving accident?

A 23-year-old male who has had a few alcoholic drinks with friends at a bar and just left to drive home.

Richard is participating in an intervention for neglected adolescents. Which of the following reflects a step Richard might learn for improving his social skills, and why?

A step Richard will learn is to "make eye contact, smile, and nod when listening to someone talk," because as a neglected adolescent Richard needs to improve his social skills involved with learning how to make friends.

Alisha is an African American girl growing up in the United States, and Jamila is an African girl growing up in Kenya, Africa. Alisha experienced menarche at 12 years old, and Jamila experienced menarche at 16 years old. Which of the following is the best explanation for the difference in the age at which they experienced menarche?

Accessibility to high-quality nutrition and medical care in the United States

Results from the General Social Survey include which of the following about gender role beliefs among Americans since the 1970s?

Since the 1970s the proportion of Americans who endorse egalitarian gender roles has increased, such that fewer Americans today believe that preschoolers would suffer if their mothers worked.

__________ programs are sex education programs that encourage adolescents to delay intercourse while also providing contraceptive information for adolescents who choose to have intercourse.

Abstinence-plus

Which of the following best summarizes Carol Gilligan's perspective that girls "lose their voice" during adolescence, along with the major criticisms of this perspective?

According to Gilligan's research, girls "lose their voice" in the course of conforming to cultural pressures for the passive female role during adolescence; however, critics argue that this perspective is biased because of major flaws in Gilligan's research methods, including rarely assessing boys and only conducting qualitative research.

Which of the following best explains how Jean Phinney's model of ethnic identity development classifies adolescents into one of four different identity statues, and what are the resulting four identity statuses?

According to Phinney, identity development among ethnic minority adolescents involves a process in which youth must negotiate the values of their ethnic group with the values of the majority culture; the resulting combinations of this process are the four ethnic identity statuses of assimilation, marginality, separation, and biculturalism.

Imagine that Adeline is a 13-year-old girl growing up in America in the 1890s. What is Adeline's most likely response to her experience of menarche, and why?

Adeline is likely to be shocked and scared about menarche because the culture of her time did not advocate educating young women about menarche.

Which of the following is an explanation researchers have found that clarifies why girls' academic performance usually exceeds boys during adolescence?

Adolescent girls report more positive classroom experiences, including better relationships with teachers, compared to boys.

Which of the following examples best reflects the research findings regarding the importance of attending to family processes versus family structure when investigating the effects of divorce on youth?

Adolescents and emerging adults in high-conflict nondivorced households have poorer adjustment than adolescents and emerging adults in low-conflict divorced households.

Which of the following best reflects the research evidence for an adolescent's explanation for the dissolution of a friendship, and why?

Adolescents are most likely to indicate violations of trust, such as divulging secrets or competing for a romantic partner, as the main explanation for the dissolution of a friendship because intimacy is more highly valued in adolescent friendships than in younger childhood friendships.

Which of the following best summarizes the main features of the apprenticeship program in Europe?

Adolescents in Europe typically enter into an apprenticeship program at age 16 that lasts for 2 to 3 years, during which youth continue to attend school part-time while learning skills from a master across a wide range of professions including auto mechanics, computer technicians, and child-care.

Which of the following best summarizes adolescents' use of sarcasm and ridicule in traditional cultures?

Adolescents in traditional cultures sometimes direct their sarcasm and ridicule toward adults to enforce social norms

Which of the following BEST reflects the research evidence on the benefits of working conducted by Mortimer and her colleagues?

Adolescents who have a part-time job feel like working has helped them learn better social skills.

Which of the following is one of the main reasons why programs such as "Outward Bound" and group therapy have failed to prevent adolescent delinquency?

Adolescents who participate in these programs often do so unwillingly, leading to an increased resistance to engage with the program content.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the main differences between internalizing and externalizing problems during adolescence?

Adolescents with internalizing problems are called overcontrolled because they often come from families who exercise strict psychological control and typically experience problems such as depression, anxiety, and eating disorders; conversely, adolescents with externalizing problems are called undercontrolled because they often come from families who lack monitoring and typically experience problems such as delinquency, substance use, and risky driving.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding cultural differences with regard to self-esteem?

Americans value high self-esteem to a greater extent than people in other countries.

Which of the following best summarizes anthropologist Margaret Mead's description of how technological changes influence youth culture?

Among cultures in which the rate of technological change is fast, youth are more likely to learn from each other than from adults regarding what is required to succeed in their economy because there are likely generational differences in technology knowledge.

Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence for the transmission and progression of HIV/AIDS among those infected in the United States?

Among those infected with HIV/AIDS in the United States, the most common form of transmission is bodily fluids via intercourse; furthermore, once HIV is contracted, the virus has a long latency period and AIDS symptoms do not present for at least 5 years.

Which of the following BEST reflects the research evidence for late adolescents' workplace experiences in developed countries today?

An adolescent works as a busboy in a restaurant cleaning tables about 15 hours per week, and does not feel close to his bosses nor does he see this job as the basis for a future career.

Which aspect of the traditional teaching of the Law to adolescent Aborigines represents the socialization outcome of cultivating sources of meaning?

An understanding of the origin of the world, such as divine beliefs

Both girls and boys tend to follow the same order of the development of secondary sex characteristics. Which of the following reflects the typical first secondary sex characteristic to develop?

Appearance of pubic hair

Which of the following jobs would an adolescent likely have during the Industrial Revolution in the United States?

Working in a coal mine

Which of the following scenarios reflects how gender expectations change from middle childhood to adolescence for adolescent girls in traditional cultures?

As a young girl, Sofia attended school for 10 years to learn how to read and write. Now that Sofia is 16 years old, she is considered to be marriageable age and is being chaperoned at public festivals to initiate courtship with adolescent boys.

Currently in the United States, ________ are the ethnic group most likely to attend college immediately following high school. Furthermore, across academic fields, women currently earn ________ of postgraduate degrees compared to 10% in 1960.

Asian Americans; 60%

Mario is taking a home economics class and is a novice at cooking. For his final project, he must successfully bake and compile a three-layer cake. According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of cognitive development, which of the following scenarios best reflects how Mario would be able to achieve this task?

At first, Mario's teacher should provide him with substantial direct instruction on baking, and as he gains knowledge and skills with baking, his teacher should gradually remove assistance.

When James was in the third grade, he used a technique involving his fingers to help him remember the multiplication table for the number nine. Now that James is in the fifth grade, he no longer needs to use the finger technique and is fast and accurate with all of his times tables. What aspect of information processing has James developed?

Automaticity

Which of the following best summarizes gender differences in responses to first intercourse?

Boys feel excited and happy and will likely tell their friends about having sex; conversely, girls often feel ambivalent because they are excited to experience intercourse but feel guilty for engaging in the behavior due to fears of becoming pregnant and the double standard for girls' sexuality that exists in Western countries.

Brooke was born female, but she does not identify with being female. Since the time that she was 12 years old, she has requested people address her as "Brooks" and has worn masculine clothes because she identifies with being male. Which of the following scenarios below demonstrates a challenge "Brooks" is at risk of experiencing compared to other adolescents?

Brooks has a higher risk of experiencing verbal and physical aggression compared to other adolescents.

Which of the following changes did Richard Condon observe in his study of the adolescent Inuit of the Canadian Arctic following the introduction of television to the community?

Following the introduction of television to the Inuit community, adolescent participation in sports increased, and adolescents' romantic relationships became more public.

Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence on explanations for the prevalence of contraceptive use among American adolescents?

Because most American adolescent sexual activity is unplanned and infrequent and because youth receive conflicting cultural messages about the acceptability of premarital sex, about 60% of American adolescents report "always" using contraception in their most recent sexual relationship; thus, American adolescents are inconsistent in their contraceptive use.

Which of the following best summarizes how collectivistic cultures socialize adolescents on conceptions of the self?

Because narrow socialization values are emphasized within collectivistic cultures, an interdependent conception of the self prevails in which adolescents are socialized to focus on their own needs and interests.

Evan goes to a private high school, William goes to a public high school, and Evan is from a higher socioeconomic background than William. Both Evan and William report that their teachers have high expectations for performance but are also involved and supportive. If Evan and William are representative of students with their backgrounds, who is more likely to report higher levels of achievement and lower levels of delinquency, and why?

Because researchers have found that the effects of school climate remain above and beyond differences in school type and students' socioeconomic backgrounds, Evan and William are likely to report equally high levels of achievement and low levels of delinquency because they both view their school climate as being positive.

Which of the following best explains how the parenting styles model classifies parental responsiveness in non-Western cultures and Western cultures?

Because the parenting styles model defines responsiveness as open expressions of affection, the model classifies non-Western parents as low in responsiveness compared to Western cultures; however, this is an erroneous conclusion because parent-adolescent relationships in non-Western cultures maintain a high level of closeness via the value of interdependence.

Which of the following scenarios best reflects adolescents' experiences of the imaginary audience?

Becky is going to prom, but she is quite upset because she has developed a pimple on her forehead and is afraid everyone at the prom will notice it and make fun of her.

Zhang Li is a 23-year-old emerging adult who lives in China. When asked what she considers to be the most important markers for adulthood, which of the following is most likely to be one of the markers she lists?

Being able to support her parents financially

Dean is an emerging adult who is enrolled in a few MOOCs. Which of the following best describes Dean's experience of the MOOCs and the likelihood of him completing them?

Being enrolled in massive open online courses (MOOCs), Dean likely watches prerecorded lectures, engages in online discussions with classmates about the course material, and takes unmonitored online exams; furthermore, Dean is unlikely to complete his MOOCs because 90% of students who enroll in them fail to finish.

Although American adolescents tend to be more religious than adolescents in other developed countries, their religious beliefs do not follow a traditional doctrine and are more generalized. This general set of beliefs is called Moralistic Therapeutic Deism and includes which of the following features?

Believing that the central goal of life is to be happy and to feel good about oneself

Which of the following best summarizes the theory of genotype → environment effects?

Both genetics and environmental factors make contributions to human development, in which genes influence the kind of environment experienced.

Which of the following best reflects how adolescents are MOST likely to use their digital devices?

Both girls and boys are likely to primarily use their smartphones to access social media, especially Facebook; however, girls are likely to use their smartphone to text more often than boys.

Which of the following best reflects the research evidence for how the function and importance of crowds change from 6th through 12th grade?

From the 6th to 9th grade, crowds become more differentiated and increase in importance for defining social status, whereas from the 9th to 12th grade, crowds become further differentiated but have less importance in defining social status.

Which of the following best summarizes research findings on the proportion of time youth in developed countries spend with friends and family during adolescence?

Findings indicate that youth spend increasingly less time with their parents and increasingly more time with their peers, especially other-sex peers, during adolescence; furthermore, about 60% of adolescents in developed countries across the world report having daily social media contact with their friends.

Janice and Caroline are in high school and both spend about 25 hours per week socializing with friends. Janice spends her 25 hours with friends shopping at the mall or hanging out and talking, whereas Caroline spends her 25 hours with friends while in band practice or debate club. How is this time spent socializing with friends MOST LIKELY linked to Janice's and Caroline's academic performance?

Caroline is likely to have better academic performance and is less likely to drop out of high school compared to Janice, because Caroline spends her 25 hours socializing with friends in structured activities.

Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence that explains differences in self-esteem among adolescents?

Celine has a warm and supportive relationship with her parents, and in turn she has a high level of self-esteem.

_________ is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection among adolescents and emerging adults, and _________ are the most effective form of treatment.

Chlamydia; antibiotics

Which of the following best summarizes Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Cognitive development proceeds in distinct stages and progresses with age, in which each stage is organized into a coherent mental structure.

Which of the following reflects research results on gender stereotypes that provides insight into why gender stereotypes continue to exist?

College students rate articles they believe are written by males as higher in quality than articles believed to be written by females because of gender schemas that seek to confirm expectations that men are more intellectual than women.

Which of the following factors is linked to increasing the likelihood of an emerging adult's college retention?

Coming from a family with a high socioeconomic status

Gene and Doug are planning to go to their high school's homecoming football game together so that they do not have to go alone and can sit by each other and hang out. What type of friendship support are Gene and Doug providing each other?

Companionship support

A researcher is conducting a study to assess how student-teacher relationship quality is related to academic performance among middle school students. The teachers want to know how their students are rating their relationship quality. If the researcher provides this information, which ethical research requirement would be violated?

Confidentiality

Which of the following scenarios best depicts the factors that are highly associated with a life-course-persistent pattern of delinquency?

Connor was raised in a single-parent family and diagnosed with ADHD at age 5.

Jasmine is 19 years old and officially declared biology her college major because she wants to become a veterinarian and learned by talking with her academic advisor that the majority of veterinary schools enroll graduates with biology undergraduate degrees. According to Super's theory of occupational development, which stage of occupational development is Jasmine?

Crystallization

Which of the following best summarizes the historical change in the timing of first intercourse among American adolescents over the past century?

Currently, about 45% of high school students report having intercourse at least once, with rates increasing from 9th to 12th grade; however, before 1965, 10% of girls and 25% of boys in high school reported having intercourse at least once.

Although there are many different Asian countries, they share common characteristics that are rooted in Confucianism traditions and thus influence the cultural context of Asian adolescents. Which characteristic reflects the Confucian culture for Asian adolescents?

Filial piety

Research by Shirley Feldman and colleagues on individualistic and collectivistic values among Chinese adolescents who had immigrated to Australia or the United States found which of the following?

First- and second-generation Chinese adolescents endorsed similar high levels of individualistic values as White Western adolescents.

___________ is the most common internalizing problem during adolescence, and one of the key symptoms is a(n) ___________

Depressed mood; enduring period of sadness

Which of the following was one of the three key changes from 1890 to 1920 that was crucial to defining these years as the "Age of Adolescence"?

Development of laws requiring a longer period of schooling

Jack is 12 years old, and unbeknownst to him his body is working to produce sperm now that he has reached puberty. Which of the following is Jack experiencing?

Development of the primary sex characteristics, specifically spermarche

Donna's parents work full-time, and she often spends a few hours alone from the time school gets out to the time both of her parents get home from work. Donna is less likely to engage in problem behaviors if her parents do which of the following?

Donna is less likely to engage in problem behaviors if her parents consistently and caringly monitor her behavior from a distance by asking her to call them when she gets home from school.

Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence for how a secure attachment relationship established in infancy is linked to developmental outcomes during adolescence?

During childhood, Claire's parents consistently and caringly responded to her needs and she felt safe to explore her environment; as such, Claire developed a healthy level of relatedness and autonomy that has positively influenced her social skills and self-dependence as an adolescent.

Which of the following best summarizes the changes in grey and white matter that take place during emerging adulthood?

During emerging adulthood, the proportion of grey matter decreases and white matter increases so that the brain's processing becomes even more efficient.

Emerging adults are likely to be involved in organizations working toward change in a specific area, including political movements. Which of the following reflects a developmental perspective for why emerging adults are likely to be involved in political movements?

Emerging adults are engaging in identity explorations to find an ideological framework for explaining the world.

Which of the following reflects the research evidence for characteristics of friendships between adolescents and emerging adults?

Emerging adults are more likely to have other-sex friendships than adolescents.

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor that increases the likelihood of externalizing problems among adolescents?

Family history of depression

Which of the following treatments have been found to be the most effective for eating disorders in adolescence?

Family-based therapy

____________ tend to be the most common parent to physically and sexually abuse their adolescent children, and ____________ adolescents tend to be the most common recipient of physical abuse.

Fathers; male

Which of the following best summarizes and explains the gender difference in rates of suicide attempts and suicide in adolescence and emerging adulthood?

Female adolescents attempt suicide four times as often as males because of the higher rates of depression among females; however, males are about four times as likely to kill themselves because males are more likely to use deadly methods to kill themselves, such as guns.

Garth's high school requires him to participate in community service before graduation. Garth did not want to volunteer his time and would not have done so without the requirement. How is Garth's community service participation likely to influence his interest in political and social issues, and why?

Garth is likely to have an increased interest in political and social issues after participating in community service because despite his resistance to service, the experience likely helped him gain consciousness of his own political socialization.

Based on research conducted by Murnane and Levy on "the new basic skills" that adolescents need to acquire a job directly after graduating from high school, which of the following scenarios BEST reflects an adolescent who is MOST likely to be hired and why?

George can read and do math at the 9th-grade level and is proficient with operating a computer; George is most likely to be hired because his higher-level math, reading, and computer skills are attractive to the current information- and technology-based economy in America.

Which of the following BEST summarizes the research findings that demonstrate cross-national differences in countries' cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality?

Given that premarital sex is most prevalent in Western countries and least prevalent in Asian countries, there is evidence that Eastern cultures are more restrictive in their approaches to adolescent sexuality.

Which of the following best summarizes how globalization of economic life in traditional cultures has influenced adolescents' work?

Globalization has provided adolescents in traditional cultures with more access to industrial jobs; however, the working conditions of these industrial jobs are hazardous because youth are often locked in hot factories and forced to work 14-hour shifts.

Which of the following reflects how globalization is influencing gender role socialization among adolescents in developing countries?

Globalization promotes more industrialized economies, which is influencing socialization of male adolescents toward technological careers versus traditional hunting careers.

Ryan is developing a questionnaire to assess the frequency of adolescents' healthy dietary behaviors on a scale that ranges from 1 (Never) to 5 (Almost Always). Which of the following items should Ryan include on his questionnaire to increase its validity?

I drink water instead of soda.

Deeya is an adolescent girl growing up in the rural state of Bihar, India. Deeya has different experiences compared to girls growing up in urban states of India. Which of the following is Deeya most likely to experience?

Illiteracy resulting from a lack of access to compulsory education

Carlos is part of a clique of boys who play video games. To demonstrate their clique identity, every day the boys wear a t-shirt that depicts their favorite video game character and greet each other by pretending they are robots. Which of the following two components of youth culture style are Carlos and the clique of video game boys displaying?

Image and demeanor

Which of the following reflects the typical living arrangements of families in traditional cultures, and how that is linked to family relationships?

In traditional cultures it is typical for newly married couples to live in the husband's parents' home; youth growing up in these households are in close proximity to their extended family, which promotes developing close and supportive relationships, especially with grandparents.

From the 1920s to the 1980s, women in the famous Middletown studies reported a dramatic shift in child-rearing beliefs that emphasized broad socialization values and minimized narrow socialization values. Which of the following pairs of beliefs reflect this shift?

Increased value of independence; decreased value of obedience

Which of the following outcomes is common among emerging adults who choose to volunteer for military service in the United States?

Increases in self-discipline

Which of the following is one of the explanations for why emerging adulthood is a recent historical phenomenon?

Increases in the median age of marriage to the later 20s

Which of the following best summarizes the history of secondary school attendance in developing countries?

Industrialization of developing countries has introduced agricultural technologies that make youth's labor less necessary to the family, while staying in school has economic benefits as more jobs become available that require educational skills; over the past 35 years the proportion of adolescents in secondary school in developing countries has increased and youth are more likely to be literate compared to older generations.

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences includes nine types of intelligence. Which of the following type of intelligence reflects skills regarding empathy, interaction, and understanding with other people?

Interpersonal

Will is surveying college student-athletes to investigate how their parents' involvement is linked to their athletic and academic performance. To increase the depth of the survey answers provided by the student-athletes, which research method should Will include in his study?

Interviews

Which of the following BEST explains whether adolescent boys' viewing of violent TV shows will be linked to promoting aggressive behavior if they did not grow up watching violent TV?

It is unlikely that the boys' viewing of violent TV shows will promote aggressive behavior because the body of research linking violent TV and aggressive behavior during adolescence is weaker and more inconsistent compared to the research during childhood; thus, because the boys did not watch violent TV as a child, the chances of watching the violent TV shows causing increases in their aggressive behavior are low.

Which of the following scenarios best reflects the family systems principle of subsystems?

Jaime and her brother, Jordan, are constantly fighting over who gets to use the family car on the weekends to hang out with their friends; as such, their fighting has negatively impacted both of their relationships with their parents, as well as their parents' marital relationship because their mom and dad disagree about how to handle their fighting.

Which of the following part-time jobs would a 16-year-old girl growing up in the United States in the 1960s MOST likely have, and why?

She would most likely work at a store because from 1950 through the 1990s, the fastest-growing sectors of the American economy were retail trade and service.

Jamal and Candice are boyfriend and girlfriend, and they often engage in long episodes of kissing that include Jamal touching Candice's breasts and vagina. Based on the research evidence for the development of sexual behavior among American adolescents, how old are Jamal and Candace and what phase of sexual behavior are they experiencing?

Jamal and Candace are likely 18 years old because they are experiencing the petting stage of sexual behavior that includes touching below the waist and typically occurs in late adolescence.

Which of the following scenarios best reflects adolescent media use for the purpose of identity formation?

Jarred loves jazz music and has ambitions of being a professional piano player in a jazz group. Jarred decorated his bedroom with posters of famous current and historical jazz pianists, some of which have women in minimal clothing laying on top of the pianos, and made his Facebook profile picture that of his favorite jazz pianist.

Which of the following scenarios reflects how adolescent girls growing up in the 18th and 19th centuries in America faced restrictive gender expectations?

Joan is pursuing a career as a seamstress because she has been sewing since she was a little girl.

Which of the following best exemplifies a classroom characteristic that promotes the development of critical-thinking skills among adolescents in secondary school?

Johnny is pouring together different materials, such as water, sand, oil, and chalk, and making hypotheses about the properties of the resulting mixtures for his science project.

Which of the following scenarios best reflects adolescents' and emerging adults' primary use of social media?

Kristy graduated from high school in Washington, DC, and is moving to San Francisco, CA to begin college. Kristy connected with all of her high school friends via Facebook to keep in touch when she moves.

Within the United States, ________ adolescents have the highest rate of teenage pregnancy; however, regardless of race, girls from ________ households are MOST likely to become unmarried teenage mothers.

Latina; single-parent

Adelson's research on political beliefs revealed three key changes from early to late adolescence. One of these changes was a shift in cognitive mode. Which of the following statements best reflects what a late adolescent would say when providing a rationale for laws?

Laws are important because they promote the safety and rights of the population.

The fact that about 80% of American adolescents today list at least one member of their extended family, notably their grandparents, among the people most important to them reflects which of the following changes that have taken place in adolescents' family lives over the past 200 years?

Longer life expectancy

Which of the following best summarizes the results from the Kauai study that provided evidence for emerging adulthood as a critical period for resilience?

Many of the participants who were categorized as nonresilient in adolescence were then recategorized as resilient in emerging adulthood.

Mark and Andrew are in the same sixth-grade class. Mark likes to practice his trombone during his free time, and Andrew likes to practice baseball during his free time. Which of the following best explains whether Mark and Andrew are likely to become friends?

Mark and Andrew are unlikely to become friends because they are dissimilar in their preferences for leisure activity.

Which of the following scenarios best depicts how the characteristics of adolescent romantic relationships in developed countries have changed over the past few decades?

Mark and Karen are in the ninth grade and have been friends for a few years. They say that they are "hanging out" with each other, and they spend time together listening to music.

Mateo is an adolescent who is being raised in a traditional Latino home. Which of the following scenarios reflects the ideology of machismo that Mateo is being socialized to develop?

Mateo's father is teaching him that as a man he is the head of the household and any decisions he makes should not be questioned.

In the __________________ theory, the more people watch TV, the more they are likely to believe that the world is a dangerous place, that crime rates are high and rising, and that they themselves are at risk for being a victim of a crime.

Mean World Syndrome

Molly has been diagnosed with bulimia and Haley has been diagnosed with anorexia. Which of the following best describes how Molly and Haley's body weight may be influenced by their respective disorders?

Molly will likely maintain a normal body weight and she will have relatively normal eating habits in between her episodes of binging and purging, whereas Haley will likely experience a 15% reduction in body weight because of her restriction of food intake.

Which of the following factors are related to a later initiation of adolescents' first episode of sexual intercourse?

Monitoring by parents and a warm and supportive relationship with them

Which of the following scenarios reflects the research evidence for differential gender socialization that occurs in the family?

Nate has a later curfew than his sister, and Nate is younger than his sister.

Kohlberg conducted 20 years of follow-up research on his participants' moral reasoning development. Which of the following was one of the key findings of this longitudinal research?

Ninety percent of participants reached the stage of postconventional reasoning.

Which of the following reflects one of the main critiques of Holland's theory of occupational choice?

One of the main critiques of Holland's theory of occupational choice is that because the six personality categories are not mutually exclusive, there is not just one personality type that is best suited to a particular career.

Which of the following is most likely to be the basis of the selection of a partner in an arranged marriage in India?

Parents choose a partner for their child on the basis of similarity of family economic status.

Kevin is in gifted classes in his middle school for multiple reasons. Notably, as a child Kevin could read and write earlier than other children his age, and because he currently expresses an intense desire to master his course material. Which of the characteristics that distinguish gifted youth is Kevin demonstrating?

Precocity and drive for mastery

Trumak is growing up in a traditional Brazilian culture, and every day he participates in wrestling matches with his peers to learn skills required for warfare. Trumak has been losing his matches and is worried this will affect achieving the status of manhood. Which requirement for manhood is Trumak failing?

Protection

A team of researchers is developing a study to assess how the transition to middle school influences mental and physical health outcomes among adolescents. The researchers are especially interested in assessing links between the school transition and adolescents' reports of depressive symptoms and manifestation of stress hormones. Which of the following research teams would be best suited to carry out this study?

Psychologists and physicians

Rachel's biological parents divorced when she was 11 years old and her younger brother, Richard, was 5 years old. Rachel's mother remarried 2 years after the divorce, and now Rachel and her brother have a stepfather. Based on the research evidence about remarriage, how are Rachel and Richard MOST likely to respond to their mother's remarriage and why?

Rachel will have more problems adjusting to her mother's remarriage than Richard because the closeness Rachel developed with her mother post-divorce will be disrupted by her stepfather, whom she views as an unwelcome intruder in their family.

Rachel found out that her friend, Emma, kissed the boy that she has a crush on. Rachel is mad at Emma for violating the trust in their friendship and wants to get revenge. Which of the following scenarios best depicts Rachel's use of relational aggression toward Emma to express her anger?

Rachel will instruct all of their friends to ignore Emma, including not letting her sit with them at lunch, and spread a rumor that Emma has a sexually transmitted infection.

Rebecca is in seventh grade, and her brother Alex is in fifth grade. Because their parents work late into the evening, when the school day ends Rebecca makes them an after school snack and helps Alex with his homework. What type of sibling relationship do Rebecca and Alex portray?

Rebecca is in seventh grade, and her brother Alex is in fifth grade. Because their parents work late into the evening, when the school day ends Rebecca makes them an after school snack and helps Alex with his homework. What type of sibling relationship do Rebecca and Alex portray?

When Damian transitioned from middle school to high school, he increasingly broke the boundaries his parents set and argued with his parents about their rules. In response, Damian's parents increasingly demonstrated an authoritarian parenting style because Damian ignored the explanations of the rules they previously established and because he repeatedly violated their trust. This scenario reflects which of the following principles about research on parent-child relationships?

Reciprocal effects

_____________is the capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments.

Reflective judgment

Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence on the long-term intellectual and nonacademic benefits of a college education?

Regarding the long-term intellectual benefits, emerging adults who obtain a college education tend to have higher levels of critical thinking skills, and the long-term nonacademic benefits include a higher level of psychological well-being.

Which of the following activities would an emerging adult who is participating in AmeriCorps most likely be engaged?

Rehabilitating housing for low-income families in a local, American community

Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence on the general patterns of parents' development in midlife?

Research has found that midlife is a satisfying and enjoyable time of life, as job satisfaction and earning power increase and gender roles and personalities become more flexible; the research, evidence does not support the stereotyped "midlife crisis."

Researchers have concluded which of the following regarding links between school size and adolescents' academic achievement?

Researchers have concluded that there is no consistent association between school size and adolescents' academic achievement.

Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence linking working and substance use during adolescence?

Researchers have found that the link between working and substance use is complex; specifically, adolescents who work long hours may already have a tendency toward substance use, and that tendency may be further amplified by working long hours.

The fact that more than 25% of young people today will spend some time in a stepfamily by the time they reach age 18 reflects which of the following changes that have taken place in adolescents' family lives over the past 50 years?

Rise in the divorce rate

Fatima is a 13-year-old girl in the Middle Eastern country of Saudi Arabia. Growing up in a country that endorses Islamic principles, she must wear a veil to cover her face and body to demonstrate modesty. Fatima is being socialized to adhere to a strict female gender role, which includes valuing virginity before marriage. Which socialization outcome does this describe?

Role preparation

Across adolescence and into emerging adulthood, Jake has held similar religious beliefs and says that he chooses to follow certain aspects of Christian faith and not others. For instance, he says that he believes in God and prays to God but that he does not feel the need to participate in weekly church services. Jake belongs to which of the following religiosity categories?

Selective adherents

Which of the following best reflects the research evidence that describes how and why self-esteem changes during adolescence and emerging adulthood?

Self-esteem is lower during adolescence compared to emerging adulthood because adolescents tend to be more peer-oriented and self-conscious about harsh peer evaluations than emerging adults.

Jack is a 15-year-old boy in middle school in the United States. Jack recently visited his doctor, and his BMI indicated he is obese. According to researchers, which of the following is the most likely explanation for Jack's obesity?

Soft drinks and junk food are available in Jack's school.

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of asynchronicity?

Some body parts grow faster than others during the growth spurt.

Joan and Sheila are adolescent girls growing up in the United States and Australia, respectively. Although Joan and Sheila live in different countries, which of the following leisure time experiences are they likely to have in common?

Spending leisure time text-messaging with friends

Megan likes two boys in her ninth-grade class: Wesley, who plays on the football team, and Nick, who is on the science team. Megan decides to ask her friends to ask Wesley if he likes her because she thinks that by going with Wesley she will become more popular. According to Bradford Brown's developmental model of adolescent love, in which phase are Megan and Wesley?

Status phase

Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence for parenting characteristics that are positively linked to adolescents' academic engagement and achievement?

Stephanie is in middle school and her parents talk with her about the importance of gaining an education, expect her to do well in her classes, and stay involved in her education by helping with homework and attending parent-teacher conferences.

Which of the following best describes Sternberg's theory of love and how it applies to adolescent romantic relationships?

Sternberg's theory identifies three qualities of love, specifically intimacy, commitment, and passion, which are combined at different levels to identify seven different types of love; researchers have found that because adolescent romantic relationships last less than a few months, this lack of commitment indicates the two principal types of adolescent love are infatuation and romantic love.

Although African adolescents in the 21st century face many challenges, notably extremely poor living standards, what is a positive African cultural tradition that serves to protect adolescents from these challenges?

Strong family relationships

In a study that includes the question "What sources do you think you have learned a lot from?", American adolescents were MOST likely to answer:

TV and movies

Which of the following BEST reflects the research evidence for the most effective approach for treating adolescent depression?

Taking the antidepressant medication Prozac in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy sessions

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings from the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) studies on emotional volatility across adolescence?

The ESM results indicate adolescents reported experiencing more extremes of emotions, such as feeling embarrassed, compared to both preadolescents and adults, and that from fifth to eighth grade there was a 50% decline in the proportion of time youth reported feeling "very happy.

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings from the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) studies on adolescents' emotional states during times they are alone?

The ESM studies revealed adolescents spend about 25% of their time alone, and that although they report experiencing low moods during these hours, they use this time to engage in self-reflection and mood regeneration.

James Marcia and other psychologists extended Erikson's theory of identity development by creating and conducting research on a questionnaire called the Identity Status Interview that classifies adolescents into one of four different identity statues. Which of the following best explains how this questionnaire categorizes adolescents, and what the resulting four identity statuses are?

The Identity Status Interview has questions that tap into adolescents' level of engagement in identity exploration and commitment, and the resulting combinations of these processes are the four statuses of identity diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and achievement.

Which of the following best summarizes the Media Practice Model?

The Media Practice Model is based on the uses and gratifications theory, and thus emphasizes people as active media consumers; furthermore, the model describes the selection, interaction, and application of media products into adolescents' development of an identity.

During Ancient Greece, the philosophers Plato and Aristotle identified adolescence as the third distinct phase of life when which of the following developed?

The capacity for reason

When asked how she describes her personality, 15-year-old Serena said, "I am friendly and outgoing, but sometimes I can be self-conscious." Which of the following best explains why Serena described her self-concept this way?

The cognitive development that occurs in adolescence, specifically the attainment of formal operations, enables Serena to develop self-conceptions that are more complex and abstract.

Debbie is growing pubic hair and breast buds. Which of the following is Debbie likely to experience next regarding her pubertal development?

The growth spurt

Which of the following best represents the occurrence of the adolescent growth spurt?

The growth spurt begins about age 11 for girls and age 13 for boys.

Which of the following best summarizes the critique that the information-processing approach is reductionist?

The information-processing approach fails to consider how human cognition works as a whole rather than as a set of isolated parts.

Sexual ________ is when a person experiences unwanted sexual contact, and studies indicate that about ________ of adolescent boys report experiencing this.

coercion; 30%

Diana Baumrind and other psychologists conducted research on the kinds of practices that parents exhibit in relation to their children and the effects of these practices, which resulted in identifying four distinct parenting styles. Which of the following best explains how parents are categorized into one of the parenting styles, and what the resulting four parenting styles are?

The level at which parents engage in the dimensions of demandingness and responsiveness in their parenting practices determines their parenting style; the resulting combinations of high and low levels of these dimensions are the four parenting styles of authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and disengaged.

A researcher is investigating adolescents' and emerging adults' ability to engage in pragmatic thinking by asking them to predict what will happen in this scenario: "A man is unhappy with his job and despite having expensive medical bills, he has decided to quit his job if his boss gives him the night shift again. The boss posted the upcoming work schedule, and the man is assigned the night shift. What will the man do?" Which of the following best reflects an adolescent's prediction?

The man will quit his job because he said he would if his boss gave him the night shift, which he does not like.

How does myelination, the development of the fatty sheath around brain neurons, influence cognition during adolescence?

The myelin sheath insulates neurons and enables faster and more clear transmission of electrical signals, which enhances executive functioning during adolescence.

Which of the following best explains the difference in rates of substance use between adolescents and emerging adults?

The peak of substance use occurs in emerging adulthood and not adolescence because emerging adults have higher levels of unstructured socializing, which includes both the propensity and opportunity to engage in risky behavior.

Which of the following best summarizes the three main criticisms of hip-hop music and the research evidence linking listening to hip hop and aggressive behavior among adolescents?

The three main criticisms of hip-hop music are that it promotes sexual exploitation of women, violence, and racism. Furthermore, there is little support for evidence linking listening to hip-hop and aggressive behavior among adolescents because the research is correlational.

Katie is designing a study that will include four time points to assess how students' depressive symptoms change across the first year in college. What are two major limitations associated with this longitudinal research design?

Time, Attrition

The frequent inclusion of taboo and vulgar words in adolescents' language most closely reflects which of the following purposes for slang?

To challenge adult norms

Which scenario best describes emerging adulthood as a time of identity explorations?

Travis is taking a variety of courses from different college majors to explore what type of career best fits him.

Which of the following best summarizes one of the main reasons for high unemployment rates among minority emerging adults in urban areas in the United States?

Unemployment is prevalent among African American and Latino emerging adults living in American cities because these minority groups are more likely to drop out of high school and less likely to obtain higher education that specializes in fields such as information technology that are prominent in America's economy.

Usman is an adolescent boy growing up in the Middle Eastern country of Iran. Which of the following is most likely to occur in Usman's family?

Unquestioning acceptance of family rules

By taking an automotive class in high school, Samuel is skilled with fixing cars; however, when Samuel is asked to bake a cake in his home economics class he has no idea where to start. Which major critique of Piaget's theory is Samuel demonstrating?

Use of formal operations may be topic specific

Valerie is a 13-year-old White adolescent girl growing up in the United States who recently experienced menarche and is also showing visible secondary sex characteristics such as breast development. Which of the following best reflects Valerie's family relationships now that she has reached puberty?

Valerie and her parents now have a distant relationship, in which she feels less close to her parents.

Which of the following summarizes the research evidence for the sociometric status of victims of bullying, along with the outcomes reported by victims of bullying?

Victims tend to be low-status adolescents who are rejected by their peers, and victims tend to report significant psychological and physical problems such as anxiety and headaches, respectively.

Timmy is 14 years old and is going to take a test to evaluate his cognitive abilities and determine how his overall intelligence quotient compares to other adolescents his age. Most likely Timmy will take the _____________, which reflects the _____________, approach for measuring intelligence.

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V); psychometric

Which of the following scenarios best reflects the postmodern identity?

When Ellen is around her close friends, she is more outgoing and when she is around her coworkers, she is more reserved; furthermore, since Ellen has transitioned to college from high school, she has found herself being more open-minded and is choosing to remain this way.

Will has been practicing to try out for his middle school's baseball team. Will made a lot of mistakes at the tryout and did not make the team. When he got home from the tryout, he played a violent video game in which he used an army tank to run over enemy soldiers. After playing the game, he felt less angry about not making the team. Which of the following best describes why Will played the violent video game?

Will played the violent video game because it provided a cathartic effect.

Which of the following best summarizes the main forms of work that adolescents in traditional cultures usually engage in?

Within traditional cultures, adolescents are less likely to be involved in farming because this type of work requires more training and skill development; instead, adolescents are more likely to be involved with care of domestic animals.

Estella and Yifei are both in 8th grade, but Estella lives in Brazil and Yifei lives in Japan. If Estella and Yifei are representative of the majority of teens in their countries, who is likely to obtain a higher score on an achievement test, and why?

Yifei is likely to obtain a higher score on an achievement test than Estella because he is growing up in the developed country of Japan whose economy is more industrialized and advanced compared to Brazil.

Because of increased access to information technology and international trade, adolescents around the world are growing up experiencing relatively similar environments. Which of the following is an example of this globalization?

Youth in Siberia getting a Happy Meal from McDonald's

Jameson and Josh are both majoring in engineering. Jameson enjoys attending his classes and participates in class discussions to gain a deeper understanding of the material. Josh is majoring in engineering because he knows it will guarantee him a well-paying job after graduating. According to the student subcultures described by the sociologists Clark and Trow, Jameson would be categorized as part of the ________ subculture and Josh would be categorized as part of the _________ subculture.

academic; vocational

Likely because of a gradual increase in _________ genotype→environment interactions, by the time adopted children reach adolescence, the correlation between their IQs and the IQs of their adoptive parents has _________.

active; declined

Which of the following adolescents are least likely to drop out of high school?

adolescents whose parents graduated from high school.

The Notel study provides only mixed support for the claim that watching violent television causes ________ to behave aggressively. The evidence is more persuasive that violent television causes aggression in ________.

adolescents; children

The adolescent crowd structure in traditional cultures versus the American culture is different in that crowds tend to be less __________, especially because most youth sleep and spend their leisure time in a separate dwelling from their families, which is called a __________.

age-graded; dormitory

Findings from psychologist David Buss's worldwide study on the importance of traits for selecting a marriage partner found a cross-cultural difference on the trait of _________, in which ________ cultures ranked this trait highly important.

chastity; Eastern

Craig is one of five trumpet players in his middle-school band. The trumpet section members are good friends who often hang out together. Craig's friendship with the trumpet section members is an example of a(n) __________.

clique

Seo-yeon is a 16-year-old girl living in Korea. Growing up in this Eastern country and culture, she has cultivated a strong belief in prioritizing familial obligations and social order. She is experiencing ______________ cultural values that are being taught through the process of ______________ socialization.

collectivistic; narrow

Connor understands that when he pours water from a narrow, plastic bottle into a wide, drinking glass that the amount of water remains the same. However, Connor is unable to determine whether the amount of water would remain the same if he poured it into an ice-cube tray and froze the tray. According to Piaget, Connor is in the _________ stage of cognitive development and is having trouble using hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

concrete operations

Rather than viewing cognitive development as separated into distinct stages, the information-processing approach views changes in cognition to be _____________.

continuous

As a result of increased cognitive capabilities, adolescence is a premier time for cultures to educate youth about their set of beliefs and ideas that are the foundation for norms and standards of behavior. This set of beliefs and ideas is called ____________,

cultural beliefs

Shweder challenged Kohlberg's assumptions for his classification system of moral reasoning development. His research provided evidence that moral reasoning is not a simple reflection of a person's level of cognitive development. Rather, moral reasoning is rooted in _________________.

cultural beliefs

The Chinese custom that adolescents should not question their teachers, and the underlying belief in respect for authority, is an example of a ________________.

custom complex

Kevin is reading his history textbook while watching his favorite TV program. Kevin is engaging in ___________ attention, and this is likely to influence a ___________ performance grade on his history homework.

divided; lower

An adequate level of the protein ___________ is required to signal the ___________ to increase its production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and initiate the process of puberty.

leptin; hypothalamus

Jill is trying to decide the right thing to do because her friend Amy wants Jill to accompany her to the hospital to have an abortion. Jill wants to support Amy through this difficult time, but Jill decides she cannot accompany Amy because of her religious beliefs. Jill's decision is guided by the ethic of _____________.

divinity

European adolescents have to make educational and career decisions ________ than American adolescents, such that by about age ________ European adolescents have a clear idea of their chosen occupation.

earlier; 16

Conflict with parents tends to increase sharply in ___________ adolescence and according to research by psychologist Judith Smetana, parents and adolescents often disagree about who should have the authority over issues such as hairstyles and choice of friends, which reflects parent-adolescent differences in perceptions of the range of adolescents' ___________.

early; autonomy

In Marcia's system based on Erikson's identity development theory, the psychosocial moratorium entails ______ but not _________.

exploration; commitment

In Western cultures during adolescence, the socialization influence of the __________ tends to diminish.

family

During adolescence, the development of cognitive skills such as ___________ enhances adolescents' abilities to interpret __________, which are ways in which people organize and process information according to cultural norms of what it means to be "female" or "male."

formal operations; gender schemas

According to the ________________ proposed by psychologists Hill and Lynch, behavioral and psychological differences between males and females become more distinct as adolescence progresses because of increasing socialization pressures to adhere to culturally prescribed gender roles.

gender intensification hypothesis

Researchers have consistently found that crimes committed by young men usually take place in a _______ context compared to adult offenders.

group

In response to rapid globalization, researchers have found that many adolescents are developing a ___________ identity, which integrates elements from their native culture, their current local culture, and the global culture.

hybrid

Each stage of life has a central crisis of this kind, according to Erikson (1950). In adolescence, the crisis is ____________________.

identity versus identity confusion

Studies have found that low-achieving adolescents' grades _________ over time when they have high-achieving friends.

increase

Across many developed cultures, emerging adults consistently report three main criteria that mark the transition to adulthood. These criteria are characterized by __________, which is the importance of learning to stand alone as a self-sufficient person without relying on anyone else.

individualism

Masculine traits such as being ambitious and competitive are referred to as ___________ traits and are reflected in adolescents' perceptions of gender ideals because research has found that adolescents rank the importance of having a good __________ as the most important quality for the ideal man.

instrumental; job

In general, the friendships of adolescent girls are based more on ______ than the friendships of adolescent boys, whereas the friendships of adolescent boys are based more on ______ than the friendships of adolescent girls.

intimacy; shared activities

Studies have found that religiosity is _______ related to participation in risk behavior in adolescence and emerging adulthood, such that youth who have _______ levels of religiosity are less likely to engage in substance abuse.

inversely; high

Because the economy of the 21st century will continue to become ________ based, countries across the world are focusing on helping adolescents develop ________ capabilities that will contribute to services based on technology and science.

knowledge; intellectual

Emerging adults who did not go to college but who participated in the Job Corps program are _______ likely to be arrested and _______ likely to earn a GED compared to emerging adults who did not go to college and who did not participate in the Job Corps program.

less; more

Imagine that Joseph is an 18-year-old adolescent who lives in Europe during the 1500s. Joseph recently moved out of his family's home and into that of an expert carpenter to undergo a 7-year apprenticeship. Joseph is experiencing what historians would call __________________:

life-cycle service

Researchers have found that African American and Latino students report ________ motivation to achieve compared to White and Asian students because they are _______ optimistic about future career success even if they do not excel academically.

lower; more

Taking a gap year is ______ common in Europe compared to the United States, and the emerging adults who take a gap year in Europe have _______ levels of academic motivation and performance when they enter tertiary education after their break compared to students who do not take a gap year.

more; higher

According to research on decision making, even though adolescents may demonstrate similar decision-making abilities as adults, they are likely to make different decisions than adults because they are _____________ influenced by psychosocial factors such as ___________.

more; peers

According to Selman's theory of perspective taking, __________ perspective taking develops during early adolescence, which includes the ability to understand that a third-person perspective exists.

mutual

Advances in cognitive development facilitate understanding complexities in family and peer relationships during adolescence, including the ability to have empathy for a sibling or friend who is undergoing a difficult challenge such as bullying. This example highlights cognitive development as a(n) _____________ that affects all other areas of thinking.

organizational core

During early adolescence the brain undergoes a considerable thickening of synaptic neural connections that is called ____________, and this process is concentrated in the ____________ lobes of the brain.

overproduction; frontal

According to the theory of genotype → environment effects, __________ genotype → environment effects become _________ salient during adolescence because parental control tends to diminish and youth spend more time away from the family of origin.

passive; less

Adolescents raised by ___________ parents, who provide their children with love and give them a great deal of freedom to do as they please, tend to be ________________.

permissive; irresponsible and immature

Problems that arise from gender socialization among adolescent girls tend to be a result of a focus on _____________, whereas problems that arise from gender socialization among adolescent boys tend to be because of a focus on ____________.

physical appearance; aggressiveness

Research by Susan Harter and other scientists has found the domain of ________ has the most influence on global self-esteem during adolescence, and that this link is strongest among ________.

physical appearance; girls

According to a national survey of American adolescents (ages 13-17) by Common Sense Media (2012), social media have mostly _________ effects on adolescents' social lives.

positive

Although children are typically aware of their own gender when they are 2 years old, the process of _____________ deepens cultural expectations related to gender roles during adolescence because it heightens awareness of differences between girls and boys.

puberty

Hypothesis formation is one of the most important steps of the scientific method because it influences the ____________ of the study, which is the plan for when and how to collect the data for the study.

research design

The _________ is the second stage of a graduated driver licensing program, and one of the most effective prohibitions during this stage that has been linked to reducing crashes is _________.

restricted license; driving curfews

Caroline and Kelly are friends in middle school and they both like to sneak beers out of their refrigerators at home to try out drinking. The fact that Caroline and Kelly's friendship may be explained by their shared preference for drinking is called __________.

selective association

The fact that females undergo menarche and males undergo significant muscular development during puberty reflects a ________ difference, which implies that the difference has a ________ basis.

sex; biological

The qualities most likely to distinguish popular from unpopular adolescents on sociometry measures are ________, and asking an adolescent to identify with whom among their classmates that they'd most likely to be paired on a team is an example of ________ sociometric measurement.

social skills; indirect

Michael went to a fraternity party and drank a lot of alcohol with his friends to celebrate the end of the college semester. Greg went to the same fraternity party and decided to try marijuana for the first time because he wanted to see what it felt like. Michael engaged in _________ substance use, and Greg engaged in _________ substance use.

social; experimental

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are the two gonadotropins released by the pituitary gland that are responsible for:

stimulating the development of the gametes.

Researchers have suggested that the media function as a __________ because adolescents often use media to learn about topics that they might not talk with their parents about, especially topics concerning ___________.

super peer; sexuality

Girls who mature later compared to their peers are likely to experience which of the following?

teasing

Research investigating links between Facebook use and body image has found that adolescent girls:

tend to draw negative conclusions about their appearance when making comparisons to the Facebook pictures of other girls.

A research study found that the effect of advertising on brand choice was _________ as strong for adolescents as for adults, and provided the example of the character _________ as being alluring to adolescents to initiate smoking because it depicted acceptance from peers if one smoked.

three times; Joe Camel