education 2

Tutors and mentors can provide which of the following benefits to students?

1. One-on-one help that classroom teachers are typically unable to give 2. Specialized assistance in reading, math and other areas 3. Strengthened network of support 4. All of the above

Which of the following types of complex cognitive processes steadily improves with age?

1. Reasoning 2. Critical thinking 3. Problem solving 4. All of the above

Which of the following individuals would be a good resource for aiding in classroom management?

1.Peers 2. Parents 3. Administration 4. All of the above

Which of the following activities would be best for acquiring expertise?

1.Practice 2. Motivation 3. Talent 4.All of the above

At what age do children begin to understand perceptions, desires, and emotions?

2 to 3 years

Cooperative learning groups vary in size, but typically consist of how many students?

4

According to George Miller, students are frequently limited in how much information they can keep in their memory without external aids. What is the limit?

7 (plus or minus 2) items

Which of the following scenarios provides the best example of a mental process?

A child tries to decide which crayon to use next

In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when

A previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced, and the response decreases

Which of the following is the best definition of a "heuristic"?

A rule of thumb that suggests a solution to a problem, but does not provide the answer

Which of the following statements best describes the nature of declarative memory?

A student is able to provide specific factual information about an event

Which of the following scenarios best depicts positive reinforcement?

A student raises her hand to answer a question. The teacher compliments the student for answering the question. The student continues to raise her hand to answer questions.

Which researcher proposed the working memory model, which views working memory as a workbench?

Alan Baddley

Which of the following individuals is one of the main architects of social cognitive theory?

Albert Bandura

Which of the following statements about creativity is true?

Although most creative students are highly intelligent, in other respects, many highly intelligent students are not very creative

Which of the following terms best describes an activity that requires or encourages critical thinking?

Analyze the causal factors behind the fall of Rome

Researchers have found that self-regulatory learners also often have which of the following traits?

Are high achieving

Of the following traits, which is most typical of students whose teachers adopt the authoritative strategy of classroom management?

Are self-reliant

A key to team-building is to work with students' active listening skills. Which of the following is not a good way to go about doing this?

Ask students to share how other students in the class have not engaged in good listening skills

Which of the following strategies would best help students become better problem solvers?

Asking students to solve a real-world problem

Which one of the following examples best describes thinking in working memory?

At the end of soccer practice, Shey runs over to her parents' car while mentally alphabetizing the names of five friends that she wants to ensure her parents invite to her birthday party

Good peer relations are most likely to develop in classrooms that are managed with which strategy?

Authoratative

Which of the following activities provides the greatest opportunity for children to construct knowledge by social interaction?

Brainstorming ideas for a skit

Which of the following statements best describes an important conclusion that arose from the Bobo-doll study?

Children learn to display aggressive behavior when they observe that other people are rewarded for doing it, and when others encounter no consequences at all

Katy has not done well on her spelling tests in the past. In fact, spelling is the only subject that Katy has ever failed. When Katy's third-grade teacher announces that the class will be having their spelling test during lunch, Katy becomes very anxious and begins to feel sick. What is this situation best illustrating?

Classical conditioning with spelling tests being the CS

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the sound of the bell ringing just prior to the presentation of food is best described as which of the following?

Conditioned stimulus

According to a recent study, what are some of the benefits to children from watching the television show "Sesame Street?"

Conflict resolution skills, Prosocial behaviors, Less stereotyping, All of the above

For getting students to cooperate, all of the following strategies are recommended except which one?

Criticize students for noncompliance with rules

Which of the following is the greatest barrier to effective verbal communication?

Criticize the other person

Effective classroom managers have a tendency to do which of the following?

Deal with multiple situations at a time

_________ refers to thinking in which an individual evaluates alternatives and makes choices among them.

Decision making

Of the following strategies, which is least likely to encourage students to share and assume responsibility for their accomplishments and behavior?

Discourage students from judging their own behavior

Inductive reasoning is best described as:

Drawing general conclusions based on specific observations

Which of the following is not true concerning management issues in the elementary and secondary school classrooms?

Elementary school students' problems can be more deeply ingrained

Which of the following is a positive aspect of cooperative learning?

Enhanced motivation to learn

All of the following are recommended classroom management strategies for teachers to follow at the beginning of the school year, except which one?

Establish expectations for behavior OR Bend the rules if students do not comply

Which of the following activities would best encourage metacognition in students?

Evaluating one's strategy for taking notes

When a student is solving a problem, which of the following steps should come first?

Find and frame the problem

What is the schedule of reinforcement for a behavior that reinforced after a set number of responses?

Fixed-ratio

An effective classroom manager will most likely avoid doing which of the following?

Flip-flopping between two distantly related topics

What is an appropriate strategy for reaching low-achieving students with low expectations for success?

Give students constant reassurance

Chunking is a beneficial strategy for improving memory that involves:

Grouping information into higher-order units

Heterogeneous grouping refers to:

Grouping students with diversity in ability, gender, and ethnic background

Which of the following is the best example of problem-based learning?

Having students propose remedies for world hunger

Of the following questions, which is best addressed by the approach of social cognitive learning?

How do behavior and environment interact to influence learning?

Which of the following statements about bullying is true?

In a national survey, nearly one of every three students said that they had experienced occasional or frequent involvement as a victim or perpetrator in bullying

A teacher who fosters critical thinking in students would most likely ask them to do which of the following?

Infer and create

What is a schema?

Information that already exists in a person's mind

Bandura's reciprocal determinism model consists of all of the following main factors, except which one?

Intelligence

The serial position effect states that recall:

Is best for items that are positioned at the beginning and the end of the list

In classical conditioning, a generalization occurs when:

It involves the tendency of a new stimulus similar to the original stimulus to elicit a similar response

Which of the following statement best describes a prompt?

It is a cue, given just before a desired response, to increase the likelihood of the desired response

Which of the following statements best describes shaping?

It is a strategy of setting increasingly more difficult goals for the student, all directed toward attaining a target behavior

Under which of the following conditions, if any, is physical punishment of students recommended?

It is not recommended in any circumstance

Which of the following individuals is best known for his investigations of classical conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov

Which of the following scenarios best depicts a student's declarative memory?

Julia can summarize the stages of development according to Jean Piaget

What is metacognition?

Knowing about knowing

Semantic memory includes all of the following except which one?

Knowledge in the form of skills that can be performed

Deductive reasoning is best described as

Making specific predictions based on general conclusions

All of the following are recommended strategies for increasing academic learning time, except which one?

Making sure students remain in their seats

Implementing critical thinking in the classroom can be difficult for teachers because:

Many students come into class with a history of passive and rote learning

Which of the following are recommended strategies for increasing academic learning time?

Minimizing transition time between activities

Which of the following activities would be recommended if someone wanted to be an expert?

Motivation

Which of the following does not characterize a teacher with adaptive expertise?

Mr. Wallace does not modify his instruction for English language learners in the classroom

Mr. Elliott is walking around the learning centers in the room helping his students with their activity. Jack tells Mr. Elliott that Jan is not doing her part of the work - in fact she is distracting them by telling them jokes. Mr. Elliott tells Jan that she will have to go back to her seat and work independently if she does not stop telling jokes. Jan does not cause further problems in her group. In this example, Mr. Elliott used _________, and it was ___________.

Negative reinforcer, effective

According to the decay theory, which of the following is the cause of forgetting?

Passage of time

Posting student photographs and examples of exemplary work and charting students' everyday accomplishments refer to which classroom management strategy?

Personalizing the classroom

Classrooms are complex environments that are multidimensional, quick-moving, unpredictable, and lack privacy. These characteristics reflect which of the following?

Potential for problems and chaos

According to the textbook, of the following strategies for decreasing undesirable behaviors, which strategy should be tried last?

Present aversive stimuli (punishment)

Finding appropriate strategies to reaching one's goal is best referred to as:

Problem solving

The current view of managing classrooms emphasizes which of the following?

Providing opportunities for student self-regulation

Which of the following is not the best way to promote concept formation?

Refrain from providing many examples of concepts as they may result in student frustration

Time out is best described as an example of which of the following?

Removal of desired stimuli

According to which researcher(s), memory involves a sequence of three stages: sensory, memory, working memory, and long-term memory?

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin

When a teacher changes the level of support provided to a student according to the student's performance level, the teacher is engaging the student in which of the following strategies?

Scaffolding

Teachers that successfully guide students' efforts at thinking do all of the following, except:

Seek the correct answer to validate students' learning

The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes is:

Self-efficacy

Which of the following aspects of the person factor has Bandura emphasized in recent years?

Self-efficacy

In which of the following classroom arrangement styles do large numbers of students sit in circular, square or U-shaped arrangements?

Seminar style

The assumption that highlights the idea that thinking is located in social and physical contexts refers to:

Situated cognition

Social constructivism emphasizes the:

Social contexts of learning

Which of the following actions is an important component of active listening?

Synthesize themes and patterns from the other person's comments

Which of the following is an effective approach to helping students to transfer learning?

Teach for depth of understanding

What is episodic memory?

The retention of information about the where and when of life's happenings

In operant conditioning, reinforcement occurs when:

The stimulus increases the frequency of an undesired response

A social studies teacher frequently ignores the quiet child in the social studies class. As time passes, the quiet child becomes restless and disruptive whenever she is in the social studies classroom, even when a substitute teacher is in charge. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus?

The teacher's tendency to ignore the child

Mr. Rojas says "what great behavior Daniel is showing, he is standing quietly in line the way he is supposed to be." Soon, all of the third graders in Mr. Rojas's class are standing in line quietly like Daniel. In this example, what has happened to the class?

They are imitating Daniel because his behavior was reinforced

Which of the following best represents "critical thinking"?

Thinking reflectively and productively, and evaluating the evidence

The Bobo-doll study shows that children can learn aggression in which of the following ways?

Through observation

Which of the following is one of the main goals of effective classroom management?

To help students spend more time engaged in learning

Applying prior experiences to new learning and problem-solving situations is best referred to as:

Transfer

Which of the following situations best describes the conditions under which far transfer takes place?

Transfer occurs between two situations that are very different from one another

Short-term or "working" memory is retained for approximately how long?

Up to 30 seconds

Sensory memory lasts approximately how long?

Up to several seconds

Of the following strategies that might be used by a teacher, which one leads to the greatest persistence in the desired behavior?

Variable-interval

Which of the following is the best example of a learned situation?

Vincent consistently talks out of turn because his teacher pays attention to him whenever he does so

A concept map is best described as:

Visual representations of concept's connections and hierarchical organization

Of the following scenarios, which is the best examples of associative learning?

When Douglas asks a good question, the teacher smiles.

Arranging desks in rows is least appropriate for which of the following activities?

When students are working on cooperative projects

Verbal reprimands are most effective under which of the following conditions?

When the teacher makes eye contact with the student and speaks in a regular tone

In general, socioeconomic status is better than ethnicity at predicting what student outcome?

academic achievement

Problem-based learning is best described by which of the following?

an emphasis on real-life problems

When students perceive the level of challenge as being low and their skill in that area as being low, the likely outcome is:

apathy

Which of the following statements about motivation is NOT true?

as students move from the early elementary school years to the high school years, their intrinsic motivation increases

Multiple-choice questions are typically most appropriate for assessing which of the following?

comprehension

Bloom's taxonomy consists of educational objectives in all of the following domains except which one?

emotional

What is the primary emphasis of efficacy training?

improving students' academic confidence

Which of the following describes discovery learning?

learning in which students are actively engaged in knowledge construction

Students of middle ability are likely to perform best in groups with students of:

middle ability

In order to avoid failure, some students simply do not try. What is the name of this protective strategy?

nonperformance

Of the following strategies, which is least likely to foster a sense of self-determination and choice?

offer praise to students for following directions in the book

Which of the following factors would most likely lead to an increase in intrinsic motivation among students as they progress through elementary to high school years?

perception of being challenged at a level consistent with ability

Situated cognition

reflecting on one's learning process and goal attainment

In which grade are students most likely to be more influenced by parental approval than peer approval?

second grade

What have researchers concluded about the skills and work habits that children have when they enter kindergarten?

they are among the best predictors of academic motivation and performance throughout the elementary and secondary school years

Which of the following statements provides the best description of analysis?

to break down complex information into smaller parts

Which of the following statements provides the best description of synthesis?

to combine elements to create new information

Which of the following statements best summarizes the intent of behavioral objectives?

to communicate proposed changes in student behavior necessary to reach a desired level of performance

Which of the following statements provides the best description of knowledge?

to remember a list of information

If a teacher is utilizing essential questions, what is he/she doing?

using questions that reflect the core of the curriculum