Education 300 Final JMU, Education 300 Final, Education 300 Midterm JMU Ch. 1, 11, 10, 6, 5
Noddings
Progressivism
Educational Malpractice
"Academic Damage": A new experimental line of litigation similar to the concept of medical malpractice; concerned with assessing liability for students who graduate from school without fundamental skills... however, many courts have rejected the notion that schools or educators be held liable for this problem
In Loco Parentis
"In place of the parents"; a teacher or school administrator assumes the duties and responsibilities of the parents during the hours the child attends school.
Induction Programs
"Provide some systematic and sustained assistance to beginning teachers for at least one school year"
Assimilation
"See Enculturation"
Three Factors of Individual Learning Style
- Physiology (Basic needs have to be satisfied to learn), -Affective (Attitudes such as affective domain and locus of control) - Affective Domain: Include attitudes, values and emotions, factors that influence curiosity, the ability to tolerate and overcome frustration, a preference to learn in groups or individually, the willingness to take risks - Locus of Control: Where learners attribute success or failure to external or internal factors -Cognitive (Information processing): Individuals have different ways of perceiving, organizing, retaining, and using information, all components of the Cognitive Domain
How to Avoid Liability
-Establish safety rules for students -Try to anticipate and avoid dangerous situations -Warn students of any potential dangers -Provide proper supervision -If an accident does occur, document the specifics and how you helped the victim
Essentialism
-Accumulate knowledge of civilization through core courses in the traditional academic disciplines -Popularized by William Bagley in the 30s -Sputnik (1957), A Nation at Risk (1983), and No Child Left Behind (G.W. Bush)
Teachers as Crisis Interveners
-All students experience crisis -Distress interferes with performance -Few students receive formal counseling -All schools have crisis plans -Teachers can be members of crisis teams -Students turn to teachers -Teachers are a valuable resource
Davis v. County School Board of Education of Prince Edward County (1951)
-Caused Massive Resistance -Tied into Brown v. BOE -The PECt school for Af. Amer. was lesser than the school for whites
Social Reconstructionism
-Encourages schools, teachers, and students to focus their studies and energies on alleviating pervasive social inequalities -George Counts: Wrote a book about change
Benefits of Teaching
-It is a social environment with constant contact with others -Praise from your students -To make a difference in even one life -Summer Vacations
Teacher Liability Terms
-Misfeasance: Failure to conduct in an appropriate manner an act that might otherwise have been lawfully performed; i.e. unintentionally using too much force in breaking up a fight -Nonfeasance: Failure to perform an act that one has a duty to perform; i.e. a teacher not present at his or her assigned duty -Malfeasance: An act that cannot be done lawfully regardless of how it is performed; i.e. starting a fistfight or bringing pot to school
Teacher Liability
-Misfeasance: Failure to conduct in an appropriate manner that might otherwise have been lawfully performed: unintentionally using too much force to break up a fight -Nonfeasance: Failure to perform an act that one has a duty to perform: ex. cafeteria situation in situation 5 -Malfeasance: An act that cannot be done lawfully regardless of how it is performed, starting a fist fight or bringing weed to school
Principles of an Effective Academic Structure
-Objectives: Let students know objectives of each lesson -Review: Help students review prior to presenting new info -Motivation: Create an "anticipatory set" that motivates students to attend to the lesson -Transition: Provide connections to help students integrate old and new info -Clarification: Break down large bodies of info -Scaffolding: Step-by-step practice and good questions support and encourage student understanding -Examples: Give examples to explain main points -Directions: Give directions distinctly and slowly -Enthusiasm: Demonstrate personal enthusiasm for the academic content -Closure: Close the lesson with a brief review or summary
Progressivism
-Organize schools around the concerns, curiosity, and real world experiences of the students -John Dewey: Philosophy and psych background taught that people learn best through social interaction in the real world
Five Characteristics important to Student Success
-Recognition for academic success -Having the opportunity to do well -Homework that is meaningful -A best friend at school -Feeling safe at school
Encouraging Student Resiliency
-Social Support -Making Meaning -Managing Emotions -Successful Coping
Perennialism
-Teacher centered classroom -Organized curr. around books, ideas, and concepts -Focused on Great Books/Works -Robert Hutchins: Introduced the Great Books/Works -"Textbooks have downgraded society"
Urban Legends About Teaching
-Teachers are born, not made -All you need to know is the subject you are teaching -Teacher education students are less talented than other college majors -Teaching is an easy college major
Influences on Curriculum
-Teachers: Teachers develop curriculum through serving on textbook selection committees or by actually writing a district's curriculum. They also stress certain points while they're teaching and ignore others -Parental and Community Groups: Parents can advocate for more rigorous academic courses, or higher scores on standardized tests or perhaps greater access to technology -Students: Students demanded curricular relevance in the 60s-70s, but now they are given only some curricular choice in selecting topics for projects, papers, book reviews, and authentic learning -Administrators: Principals and other administrators can set the school's priorities whether in the arts to raising test scores -State Government: Create state standards and tests, curriculum guides, and frameworks for all schools to follow -Local Government: Require courses from sex ed to financial literacy to technology -Colleges and Universities: Influence curricula through their entrance requirements, which spell out courses high school students must take to gain admittance -Standardized Tests: The results of state and national tests, from the state subject matter tests needed for graduation to the SATs -Education Commissions and Committees: Developed Common Core standards, identifying skills and content students should master at each grade level -Special Interest Groups: Businesses and interest groups offer teachers free curricular materials promoting their view of the world -Publishers: Most textbooks rarely provide in-depth coverage of topics and avoid unpopular points of view -Federal Government: Influences curriculum through judicial decisions, financial incentives, and legislation
Howard Gardner's "Five Minds for the Future"
-The Ethical Mind: Teach children to think reflectively about their behavior -The Respectful Mind: Teach children to develop respectful minds; honoring people with different ideas, cultures, and belief systems -The Disciplined Mind: Mastery of a field of study -The Synthesizing Mind: Teach students to develop the ability to sort information, see meaningful connections, and then to interpret how best to use the data -The Creating Mind: Teach students to discover new ways of looking at the wold
Existentialism
-The purpose of education is to help students find the meaning and direction in their lives and it rejects the notion that adults should or could direct meaningful learning for children (Weird school in the UK where the kids ran everything) -Discover our own truths -Students decide what they want to do
Brown vs board of education of topeka
-Thinkers about the history of am educ assign events to certain movements or themes that eemerge from the flow of hostprical occurences which is bet associated with movement social meliorism (hist period and intent) -Overtured P v. F, separate but equal is unconstitutional, Brown v. BOE II called for "all deliberate speed" to integrate schools
Effective Teaching and School Policies to help Impoverished Students
-Time in school: Lengthening time in school may help improve academic achievement, keep kids in a safe environment, create peer relationships -Vocabulary: Expanding vocabulary reduces language deficit and also uses words to take the child to see a broader world perspective -Cognitive Skills: Teachable skills such as organization, studying, taking notes, prioritizing, remembering key ideas, problem-solving, processing, and building working memory -Health and Nutrition: Schools can offer students breakfast, PE, etc all of which boost the level of oxygen and glucose in the brain and fuel learning -High Expectations: Avoid lowering expectations for poor children; build relationships with them
Accommodations for Students with Special Needs
-Use group work -Use hands-on and activity-based learning -Adjust the type and length of assignments -Individualize instruction (use support staff) -Carefully select materials or create your own -Present information orally and visually -Use technology -Examine the classroom environment -Use various forms of assessment
Negatives of Teaching
-You are constantly being hounded all day by students -Children not paying attention or being interested -No respect -Lower salaries than other professions
5 Google Norms
5 Team Norms that make for a successful team 1. Psychological Safety: 2. Dependability: 3. Structure and Clarity: 4. Meaning: 5. Impact:
Three Criteria in Selecting Fair Use Material
1. Brevity: Limits the length of the material that a teacher can reproduce and distribute from a single work 2. Spontaneity: If a teacher has an inspiration to use a published work and there is simply not enough time to receive written permission, then the teacher may reproduce and distribute the work 3. Cumulative Effect: The total number of works reproduced without permission for class distribution must not exceed nine instances per class per semester
Strategies for Managing Student Behavior
1. Choice: Teachers should provide appropriate options to give a student a sense of some control and freedom 2. Responsibility: Rechanneling student energy and interest into constructive activities and responsibilities can reduce misbehavior 3. Laughter: When tensions are high like during testing or when difficult things are happening in the world around us we need to laugh with our students 4. Kindness: Take every opportunity to model kindness, students will follow 5. Community: Include strategies and activities in your lessons that allow students to express their thoughts and ideas, build relationships, and practice collaboration; will help establish emotional safety in your classroom 6. Voice: Listening to young people is one of the most respectful skills a teacher can model
Blooms taxonomy
1. Create 2. Evaluate 3. Analyze 4. Apply 5. Understand 6. Remember
Dimensions of Multicultural Education
1. Expanding the Curriculum to reflect America's diversity 2. Using teaching strategies that are responsive to different learning styles 3. Supporting the multicultural competence of teachers so they are comfortable and knowledgeable working with students and families of different cultures 4. A commitment to social justice: promoting efforts to work and teach toward local and global equity
Teachers' Four Reactions to Student Responses
1. Praise: Positive comments about the student work 2. Acceptance: Comments like "uh-huh" and "okay" which acknowledge the student answers are acceptable 3. Remediation: Comments that encourage a more accurate student response or encourage students to think more clearly, creatively, or logically ("try again") 4. Criticism: A clear statement that an answer is inaccurate or a behavior is inappropriate
Google Norms
1. Psychological Safety 2. Dependability 3. Structure and Clarity 4. Meaning 5. Impact
Bloom's Taxonomy for Affective Domain
1. Receiving/Attending: Willing to be aware of the setting or situation, gives attention by choice, open to the experience 2. Responding: Willingly participating, obedient, volunteers, finds satisfaction in participating, ready to respond 3. Valuing: Motivated to invest, chooses to behave in a certain way frequently, begins to identify with a behavior and commit to it 4. Organizing: Values become systematic, can compare and contrast values and choices, begins to order and prioritize values, chooses to commit to certain values and behaviors 5. Characterizing: Acts consistently due to an internal belief, can articulate a philosophy or world-view, can break down complex situations and respond accordingly based on values, develops and lives by a code of personal behavior
Bloom's Taxonomy for Psychomotor Domain
1. Reflex Movements 2. Basic Fundamental Movement 3. Perceptual 4. Physical Activities 5. Skilled Movements 6. Non-discursive Communication
Gloria Ladson-Billings Three Culturally Responsive Principles for Teaching
1. Students must experience academic success, which leads to a stronger self-esteem. Esteem is built on solid academic accomplishment; students feel good about themselves when there is real academic progress 2. Students should develop and maintain cultural competence, and the student's home culture is an opportunity for learning; when teachers move beyond their classroom and integrate learning with the local community, they can create a more positive, mutually supportive academic environment 3. Students must develop critical consciousness and actively challenge social injustice; teacher works to improve the quality of life in the school and community
Classroom Organization Principles
1. Teaching Eye-to-Eye: Teachers should be able to see all students at all times 2. Teaching Materials and Supplies should be readily available 3. High-traffic Areas should be Free of Congestion 4. Procedures and Routines should be actively taught in the same way that academic content is taught: Initial planning for class management is often rewarded with fewer discipline problems and smooth transitions
6 Fundamental Provisions of IDEA
1. Zero Reject and A Free and Appropriate Education: Every child with special needs must receive a free, appropriate public education 2. Parental Participation: Parents are required to become full partners in all stages of decision making, including curriculum and placements 3. Nondiscriminatory Education: Based on due process rights of Constitution, mandates that children with disabilities be fairly assessed so that they can be protected from inappropriate classification and tracking 4. Least-Restrictive Environment: Protects children with disabilities from being inappropriately segregated. Mainstreaming referred to placing special needs students in regular classroom settings for at least part of the day- now known as inclusion: reflects even stronger commitment to educate each student in a least-restrictive environment to the maximum degree possible 5. Procedural Due Process: The right of students with disabilities to protest a school's decisions about their education 6. Individualized Education Program (IEP): Each IEP must be reviewed and revised annually, ensuring that the educational goals designed for a child align with his or her learning needs and that these plans are actually delivered
Bloom's Taxonomy for Cognitive Domain
1.Remembering 2. Understanding 3. Applying 4. Analyzing 5. Evaluating 6. Creating
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896 Supreme Court decision that legalized segregation; Separate but Equal
Brown v. BOE of Topeka (Kansas)
1954 Supreme Court decision that schools must desegregate "with all deliberate speed". Separate is inherently unequal.
Psychological Safety
A belief that one will not be punished or humiliated for speaking up with ideas, questions, concerns or mistakes
Language Submersion Approach to Bilingual Education
A bilingual education model that teaches students in classes where only English is spoken, the teacher does not know the language of the students, and the student either learns English as the academic work progresses or pays the consequences; "sink or swim" approach
Overlapping
A classroom management skill; a teacher's ability to do several things at once
Group Alerting
A classroom management skill; asking questions first and then naming the student to respond in order to keep all the students awake and on their toes
Fragmentation
A classroom management skill; teacher's ability to transition from one lesson to the next smoothly and effectively
Least Intervention
A classroom management skill; teachers should use the simplest intervention that will work such as nonverbal cues or praising the students doing their work
Withitness
A classroom management skill; when teachers are aware of student behavior in all parts of the room at all times
Sociograms
A diagram that is constructed to record social interactions, such as which children interact frequently and which are isolates
The Last Mile Problem
A digital divide in which geography is a factor, in part because running fiber-optic cables to rural schools is expensive
Copyright Laws (Copyright Act)
A federal law that protects intellectual property, including copyrighted material. Teachers can use such material in classrooms only with permission, or under specific guidelines. teachers can use copyrighted materials in class under 3 conditions 1. Written permission is obtained from the creator, author, or publisher 2. Material is in the public domain (it is more than 75 years old or is published by the government) 3. Reproduction of material is considered Fair Use
Race
A group of individuals sharing a common socially determined category often related to genetic attributes, physical appearance, and ancestry
Stereotype Threat
A measure of how social context, such as self-image, trust in others, and a sense of belonging, can influence academic performance.
Character Education Approach to Moral Education
A model composed of various strategies that promote a defined set of core values to students; there are core attributes of a moral individual that children should be directly taught in school
Values Clarification Approach to Moral Education
A model comprising various strategies that encourages students to express and clarify their values on different topics; designed to help students develop and eventually act on their values
Direct Teaching (Active or Explicit Teaching)
A model for effective instruction with 7 principles 1. Daily Review 2. Anticipatory Set 3. New Material 4. Guided Practice 5. Specific Feedback 6. Independent Practice 7. Weekly and Monthly Reviews
Portfolio Approach to Assessment
A more comprehensive assessment which includes student artifacts that offers tangible examples of student learning
1859 book that spawned waves of education reform was known as
on the origin of the speicies
Pragmatism
A philosophical belief that asserts truth is what works and rejects other views of reality
Informal Education
A practice where children learn adult roles through observation, conversation, assisting, and imitating
Title IX of the Education Amendments (1962)
A provision of the 1972 Educational Amendments that prohibits sex discrimination, including sexual harassment, in any educational program receiving federal financial assistance (schools, colleges, vocational training centers, public libraries, and museums); ensures fairness in athletic, employment, counseling, financial aid, admissions, and treatment in classrooms
Cultural Pluralism
A recognition that some groups, voluntarily or involuntarily, have maintained their culture and their language
Thompson v. Southwest School District
A teacher cannot be fired on grounds of immorality or behavior unless the teacher's behavior interferes with the teacher's effectiveness in the classroom or creates a lack of credibility
Benjamin Bloom's Taxonomy
A scale from the lowest level of questions (remembering) to the highest level (creating). The six levels represent questions that require a different kind of thought process 1. Remembering 2. Understanding 3. Applying 4. Analyzing 5. Evaluating 6. Creating -A low order question can be answered through memory and recall (levels 1-2) -A high order question demands more thought and more time before students reach a response (levels 3-6)
Formal or Explicit Curriculum
A school's official curriculum that is reflected in academic courses and requirements
Culture
A set of learned beliefs, values, symbols, and behaviors; a way of life shared by members of a society
Giftedness
A term describing individuals with exceptional ability. The National Association for Gifted Children defines five elements of giftedness: artistic and creative talents, intellectual and academic abilities, and leadership skills
Emotional Intelligence Quotient (EQ+Daniel Goleman)
A type of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one's own and others' emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use the information to guide one's thinking and actions
Stereotypes
Absolute beliefs that all members of a group have a fixed set of characteristics
Cultural Difference Theory
Academic problems can be overcome if educators study and mediate the cultural gap separating school and home
Paulo Freire
Advocated for the education of the poor in Brazil. Believed one can't separate politics from the classroom; teaching is inherently political
Mastery Learning
All children can learn if they are given the right tools; each student learns at an individual pace. 1st step is to identify a Behavior Objective: A specific skill or academic task to be mastered
Core Knowledge (Cultural Literacy)
All students should have a common course of study, one that ensures than an educated person knows the basics of our society (E.D. Hirsch Jr.)
The Buckley Amendment (The Family Rights and Privacy Act, 1974)
Allows parents and guardians of students under 18, and students 18 or over access to their children's educational records; also requires that school districts inform parents of this right and establish a procedure for providing education records on request
Tenure
An expectancy of continued employment given to teachers to protect them from arbitrary and unfair dismissal
International Baccalaureate (IB) Program
An internationally recognized degree program that includes rigorous science, math, and foreign language requirements along with diverse cultural studies
Political philosophy
Analyzes how past and present societies are arranged and governed and proposes ways to create better societies in the future
Blooms taxonomy reminds teachers to
Ask students to think in a variety of intellectual levels
Constructivism
Asserts that knowledge cannot be handed from one person to another but must be constructed by each learner through interpreting and reinterpreting a constant flow of information (Piaget and Vygotsky)
Existentialism
Asserts that the purpose of education is to help children find the meaning and direction in their lives, and it rejects the notion that adults should or could direct meaningful learning for children (A.S. Neill and Maxine Greene)
Materialism
Asserts the existence only of the physical, affirming fundamentally the existence of matter
School Law: Situation 4- Teachers' academic freedom
Assign a book that evolves strong feelings on ethnic and religious issues, focus on challenging stereotypes, parents are upset, school board asks you don't teach it anymore, end of the year your contract isn't renewed -Not allowed: Teachers have rights to academic freedom, but courts balance academic freedom with school system interests in students learning appropriate subject matter. For this situation, if you sued, you would probably get your job back.
School Law: Situation 5- Legal Liability
Assigned cafeteria duty, its quiet, take a phone call in the hallway, kid slips and breaks his arm, parents hold you liable for the son's injury and sue for damages. -You would probably lose that case
Positive Teacher-Student Relationships
Associated with: -Increasing student understanding and meaningfulness of what is being taught -Feeling a sense of personal empowerment -Decreasing incidences of depression -Improving self-confidence -Reducing student stress -Developing resiliency -Improving Creativity
Pay-for-Performance (Merit Pay) teaching
Attempts to make teaching more accountable by linking teacher and student performance to teacher salary; better teachers earn more money
Kenneth Clark
Black psychologist who performed doll experiments with babies and testified for a case in 1952 that racial inequality was ingrained in society- helped Brown v. BOE decision
Authentic Assessment
Captures actual student performance, encourages students to reflect on their own work, and is integrated into the student's whole learning process
Deficit Theory
Certain students do poorly in school because they suffer some sort of deficit: cultural, social, economic, academic, linguistic, or even genetic
Scientific Management Paradigm (1900s)
Curriculum is distilled to instruction in very practical activities, life skills -Education should focus on activities of self-preservation, not ornamental knowledge like Latin -Franklin Bobbit performed measures of life skills activities in the real world (brushing teeth, polishing shoes etc.) -Personal activities in real world become basis for education -Observations served as a list of behavioral objectives with an educational focus on efficiency and productivity (Herbert Spencer, Thomas H. Huxley)
Developmental Paradigm (1880-1905)
Children should receive appropriate lessons at certain stages -Stanley Hall considered a child's destination and what the individual was capable of as determinants of a child's educational potential -Teacher's options were to bring knowledge to appropriate level for students or encourage student to acquire knowledge for themselves -David Sweden said students should be trained to be effective consumers
Mary Mcleod Bethune
Civil Rights Activist: started private school for girls in Florida- taught science, business, math, english, sowing, cooking, language, etc.
Multiracial
Claiming ancestors from two or more races
Lau v. Nichols
Class action suit centered around Kinney Lab and 1800 other Chinese Students from San Fran who were failing their courses cuz they couldn't understand English. Court unanimously affirmed that federally funded schools must "rectify the language deficiency" of students. Teaching students in a language they did not understand was not an appropriate education. Decision prompted the US DOE Office of Civil Rights to issue the "Law Remedies", guidelines for school districts that specify the "language minority students should be taught academics in their primary language until they could effectively benefit from English language instruction.
Creating a Productive Classroom Climate
Classroom arrangement and decoration, know your students, prepare for every day
Accelerated Programs
College programs for high schoolers to receive college credit early
Principles of Effective Feedback
Constructive feedback is specific, critical comments focus on student performance, feedback provides a clear blueprint for improvement, relates eventual success to effort, recognizes when students have made improvements
Pickering v. Board of Education
Court concluded that prohibiting a teacher from making public statements, as long as they are not intentionally or recklessly inaccurate, disclosing confidential material, hampering either school discipline or your performance duties, or damaging to the operation of the school system , is an infringement of the teacher's First Amendment right to freedom of speech.
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District
Court ruled that students do not "shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate". Students could wear the armbands as long as they did not substantially disrupt the operation of the school or deny other students the opportunity to learn
Carter G. Woodson
Created Association for the Study of African American Life and History
Maria Montessori
Created Montessori method of teaching: Children learned practical skills and formal skills to get a well rounded education; student centered (Developmental Paradigm)
No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)
Created a high stakes testing culture through annual testing in reading, math, and science in grades 3-8 and high school. States and school districts received report cards and underperforming schools were closed
E.D Hisch
Created a list of what every american needs to know
Prudence Crandall
Created a school for African Americans in Connecticut in 1833
The National Education Association (NEA) and the American Federation of Teachers (AFT)
Created in 1916 affiliated with the American Labor Movement to improve the salaries and working conditions of teachers through collective bargaining, organized actions (strikes), and influencing education policy
National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS)
Created to recognize superior teacher performance and to name those teachers as "board certified". Certification could result in higher pay, more school wide responsibility, and time to work with new teachers.
The Pedagogical Cycle
Cyclical Classroom Organization between teachers and students 1. Structure: The teacher provides information, provides direction, and introduces the topics 2. Question: The teacher asks a question 3. Respond: The student answers or tries to answer the question 4. React: The teacher reacts to the student's answer and provides feedback
Teaching Skills
DIVERSITY D: Diverse Instructional Materials I: Inclusive V: Variety E: Exploration R: Reaction S: Safety E: Evaluation
Metaphysics
Deals with the origin and the structure of reality
Maintenance (Developmental) Approach to Bilingual Education
Designed to help children develop academic skills in both their native language and English; instruction occurs in both languages to create a truly bilingual student - An ideal maintenance program provides Dual-Language Instruction from K-12; students develop cognitively in both languages, learning about the culture and history of their ethnic group as well as that of the dominant culture
Values clarification
Designed to help students develop and eventually act of their values
Humanistic Paradigm (1829-1893)
Develop the whole person and cultivate a variety of ways of thinking -Hobart College had first curriculum that did not include latin or greek (1824) -William T. Harris "5 Windows on the Soul": Included art, literature, history, math, etc., best way to acquaint child with culture (Charles Eliot, William Bagley, Committee of Ten)
Learning Disabilities
Difficulties with listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical skills
Learning Styles (Preferences)
Diverse ways of learning, comprehending, and using information.
Goals of Education Professors for tomorrow's Teachers
Education Professors want to prepare: -Teachers who are lifelong learners and constantly updating their skills -Teachers committed to teaching children to be active listeners -Teachers who have high expectations of all their students -Teachers who are deeply knowledgable about the content of the specific subjects they will be teaching
Multicultural Education
Educational policies and practices that not only recognize but also affirm human differences and similarities associated with gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, disability, and class
Professor Lyn Mikel Brown on Educators and Bullying
Educators need to: -Talk accurately about behavior; bullying is a broad term. If its sexual harassment, call it sexual harassment; if its homophobia call it homophobia. Calling behaviors what they are encourages more complex and meaningful solutions -Move beyond the Individual: To understand why a child uses aggression toward others you must understand what impact race, ethnicity, social class, gender, religion, and ability have on their daily experiences in school -Stop Labeling Students: Bully prevention programs often label kids as either bullies, victims, or bystanders. This labeling blames the children as the problem, downplaying the roles of parents, teachers, the school, social media, and the social injustices children experience every day -Accentuate the Positive: Instead of labeling kids, affirm their strengths and believe that they can do good, remarkable things
Meaning
Effective teams have clear meaning and sense of purpose; team members fell that what they're working on is important to them personally
Multiple Intelligences (Howard Gardner)
Eight kinds of intelligence that more accurately captures the diverse nature of human capability: Logical-mathematical, Linguistic, Bodily-kinesthetic, Musical, Spatial, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalist
Teacher-Centered Philosophies
Emphasize the importance of transferring knowledge, information, and skills from the older generation to the younger one
Rationalism
Emphasizes the power of reason and logic to derive true statements about the world
Regular Education Initiative
Encourages schools to provide special services within the regular classroom and encourages close collaboration between classroom teachers and special educators`
Social Reconstructionism
Encourages schools, teachers, and students to focus their studies and energies on alleviating pervasive social inequities and reconstruct society into a new and more just social order (George Counts)
Academic Learning Time
Engaged time with a high success rate; when students are working independently without a teacher the success rate should be even higher if students are to learn effectively
Hirsch
Essentialism
Core Curriculum
Essentialists urge that traditional disciplines such as math, science, history, foreign language, and literature form the foundation of the curriculum
Reverend Samuel Hall
Established a "normal school" (a school that establishes model standards) in Concord, Vermont. Marked the beginning of teacher education in America. Progressivism-wrote textbooks for teachers
Rev. Samuel Hall
Established a normal in concord vermont
The Committee of Ten
Established by the NEA to develop a national policy for high schools; wanted consistency and order in the high school curriculum for an easier transition to college
Horace Mann
Established the first state-supported normal school in Lexington, Massachusetts. Created public schools open to everyone (1838) Progressivism.
Epistemology
Examines the nature and the origin of human knowledge
Mentors
Experienced teachers selected to guide new teachers through the school culture and norms
Culturally Responsive Teaching
Focuses on the learning strengths of students and mediates the frequent mismatch between home and school cultures.
Problem-Based Learning (PBL)
Focusing on authentic or real-life problems that often go beyond traditional subject areas (experience based education, project based instruction). Characteristics of PBL include -Learner Cooperation -Higher-order thinking -Cross-Disciplinary Work -Artifacts and exhibits -Authentic Learning
Maria Montessori
Founded a school in which young children developed intellectual skills by engaging in learning practical skills at school
James Banks Approach to Multicultural Education
Four Levels to integrate and broaden the curriculum to make it more inclusive and action oriented 1. The Contributions Approach: Focuses on heroes, holidays, and discrete cultural elements 2. The Additive Approach: Content, concepts, themes, and perspectives are added to the curriculum without changing its structure 3. The Transformation Approach: The structure of the curriculum is changed to enable students to view concepts, issues, events, and themes from the perspectives of diverse ethnic and cultural groups 4. The Social Action Approach: Students make decisions on important social issues and take actions to help solve them
School Law: Situation 3- Personal lifestyle
Good teacher in the classroom, administration doesn't like that you are living with your significant other without being married. School announces you have a negative influence on the students and suspend you. -Not allowed: Thompson v. Southwest School District ruled that teacher behavior did not interfere with her teaching
Behaviorism
Human beings are shaped entirely by their environment (B. F. Skinner)
Lawrence Kohlberg
Identifies moral stages of development, intellectually based- Reward and punishment young, obey laws middle, act on principles older
School Law: Situation 1-Applying for a position
If an administrator asks if you plan on having children or getting married -Not allowed: Title IX of the Education Amendments (1972) and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (1964) prohibit questions about race, marital status, sex, religion, age, national origin, and physical or other disabilities, and even photos with your applications
Emma Hart Willard
In colonial america, advocated opening higher education to women
Moral Stages of Development Approach to Moral Education (Lawrence Kohlberg)
Individuals progress from simple moral concerns, such as avoiding punishment, to more sophisticated ethical beliefs and actions
Immersion Approach to Bilingual Education
Instruction is exclusively in English ; teacher usually understands the students' native language but delivers lessons in a "sheltered" or simplified English vocabulary -English as a Second Language (ESL): Supplements immersion programs by providing special pullout classes for additional instruction in reading and writing English
Comprehensive Values Education Approach to Moral Education
Integrates traditional and progressive strategies for teaching values
Principles of Effective Praise
Is specific, sincere, lets students know about their competence, attributes success to ability or effort, contingent upon student performance, uses past performance as a context for describing present performance
Implicit or Hidden Curriculum
Learnings that are not always intended but emerge as students are shaped by the school culture, including the attitudes and behaviors of teachers
Klein's Influences on Curriculum (1991)
Least to Most influential -Academic: college or university level influence -Societal: government, special interest and legislators -Formal: Parents and school board -Institutional: In school building; principal and guidance -Instructional: Teacher -Operational: Students ability to do what teacher asks -Experiential: Level at which students pursue what is discussed in class
Student-Centered Philosophies
Less authoritarian, less concerned with the past and more focused on individual needs, contemporary relevance, and preparing students for a changing future
Idealism
Matter is known only through the mind
Self-Censorship (Stealth Censorship)
Occurs when educators or parents quietly remove a book from a library shelf or a course of study in response to an informal complaint, or to avoid controversy
Jeannie Oakes "Keeping Track"
Offered indictment of racial influence on tracking; found that race, far more than ability, determines which students are placed in which tracks
Advanced Placement (AP) Program
Offers college-level courses for high-achieving high schoolers
Progressivism
Organizes schools around the concerns, curiosity, and real-world experiences of students. Progressive teacher facilitates learning by helping students formulate meaningful questions and devise strategies to answer those questions (John Dewey)
Child Abuse
Physical, sexual, or emotional violation of a child's health and well-being
Adler
Perennialism
Perennialism
Perennialists organize their schools around books, ideas, and concepts and criticize essentialists for the vast amount of factual info they require students to absorb in their push for "cultural literacy". Recommend that students learn directly from Great Books (Robert Hutchins)
Gatekeeping
Philip Jackson's term describing how teachers control classroom interactions; teachers must determine who will talk, when, and for how long, as well as the basic direction of the communication
Best real life example of the term "de jure segregation" is
Plessy v ferguson
Behavior Modification
Program where extrinsic rewards are gradually lessened as the student acquires and masters the targeted behavior
Special Education
Programs and instruction for children with physical, mental, emotional, or learning disabilities or gifted students who need special educational services to achieve at their ability level
Dame Schools
Primary schools in colonial periods in which students were taught by untrained women in women's homes
Aesthetics
Probes the nature of beauty
Dewey
Progressivism
Maxine Greene
Proponent of existentialism, this educator embraced the capabilities of humanities and the arts to enable people to build on awareness around the world
McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act (1987)
Provided the homeless with emergency food services, adult literacy programs, access to schooling, job training, and other assistance. Renewed in 2002 allowing students to enroll immediately without proof of a permanent address; homeless students also have right to participate in all extracurriculars as well as support programs
Growth Mindset (Carol Dweck)
Rather than being fixed at birth, intelligence can be developed through life, if we exert effort
Hornbook
Reading and religion
A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform
Reagan era education report that cited declining test scores, weak performance of US students compared to other nations, fear the US was losing ground economically to other countries, and the high number of functionally illiterate Americans
Cartesian Dualism
Reality is composed of materialism and idealism
Generalizations
Recognize that there are trends over large numbers of people; offer insights, not hard and fast conclusions like stereotypes, and does not assume that everyone in a group has a fixes set of characteristics
Social Meliorism Paradigm (1950s-present)
Recognizes that teaching is a political act; seeks justice, equality, and freedom in a purely democratic society; ideal is identified as having a revolution; rejects notion that school should perpetuate society-schools should change society; opposes standards and being controlled, accepts many correct answers (Bill Pinar, Peter McLaren, Michael Apple, Henry Giroux, Paulo Friere)
Ethnicity
Refers to shared common cultural traits such as language, religion, and dress; a sense of shared peoplehood
Curriculum
Refers to the set of courses, and their content, offered at a school or university (Comes from Latin word for race course)
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
Reinforced the right of all students with disabilities to a free and appropriate public education as well as extended coverage to all disabled learners aged 3-21, including individuals with autism and traumatic brain injuries
Old Deluder Law
Required towns to appoint and pay a person to teach reading and writing
Applying
Requires student to apply previously learned info to answer a problem
Evaluating
Requires student to judge the merits of an aesthetic work, an idea, or the solution to a problem
Remembering
Requires student to recall or recognize information
Analyzing
Requires student to use 3 kinds of cognitive processes 1. Identify causes, reasons, or motives 2. Analyze info to reach a generalization or conclusion 3. To find evidence to support a specific opinion, event, or situation
Creating
Requires student to use original and creative thinking 1. To develop original communications 2. To make predictions 3. to solve problems for which there is no single right answer
Understanding
Requires students to go beyond recall and demonstrate sufficient comprehension to organize and arrange information mentally
Differentiated Instruction
Responds to student differences by offering multiple options for instruction and assessment; organizes instructional activities around student needs rather than contents
Zero-Tolerance Policy
Rigorous rules that offer schools little or no flexibility in responding to student infractions related to alcohol, drugs, tobacco, violence, and weapons. These policies have been developed by both local school districts and a number of state legislatures, and in most cases, students who violate such policies must be expelled
Wood v. Strickland
School officials can be held personally liable for damages if they violate a student's clearly established constitutional rights
Example of Social meliorism
School wide recycling program
Normal Schools
Schools devoted to preparing teachers in pedagogy, the best ways to teach children
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (1964)
Section that prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Separate but equal, Plessy was 1/8 black
Massive Resistance
Set of laws passed in VA (1958) that if school systems integrated, the state guard could shut down the schools- VA State Supreme Court ruled this unconstitutional
School Law: Situation 2- Sexual harassment
Sexual harassment from a custodian, approach administration say it's harmless, custodian punishes teacher for going to administration -Not allowed: Title XI prohibits sex discrimination in many areas of education
Southern Manifesto
Signed by southern figures to say that the Supreme Court couldn't overturn P v. F
Wait Time
Slowing down the lesson after asking a question and after the student answers can usually improve the effectiveness and equity of classroom responses (Research done by Mary Budd Row)
Counts
Social Reconstructionism
Maxine Greene
Social activist who valued experiential learning; Social Merialism, student centered, existentialist outlier
Expectation Theory (Rosenthol and Jacobson)
Some children do poorly because their teachers do not expect much of kids from certain racial and ethnic groups. As a result, they teach these students differently, and the students' academic performance suffers
Exceptional Learners
Students both far above or far below their grade level in content and performance
1957 occurrence that spawned educational reform
Sputnik
Common Core State Standards (Common Core)
States creating a single set of standards and a common grading criteria
Essentialism
Stives to teach students the accumulated knowledge of our civilization through core courses in the traditional academic disciplines (Popularized by William Bagley)
Flipped Instruction
Students access their lessons outside of class time which creates in-class time for students to solve problems and work with their new knowledge
Academic Structure
Students need a clear understanding of what they are expected to learn, and they need motivation to learn it
Multicultural Education
Students of color and females will achieve more, like learning better, and will have higher self-esteem if they are reflected in the pages of their textbooks
English Language Learners (ELLs)
Students whose native language is not English and are learning to speak and write English
Cooperative Learning
Students work on activities in small groups and often receive rewards or recognition based on overall group performance
English-Only Movement
Supporters feel that English is a unifying national bond that preserves our common culture; believe English should be the only language used or spoken n public and that the purpose of bilingual education should be to quickly teach English to ELL students
Franklin v. Gwinnett Public Schools
Supreme Court extended the reach of Title IX, allowing students to sue a school district for monetary damages in cases of sexual harassment
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeir
Supreme Court ruled that student newspapers may be censored under certain circumstances
Goss v. Lopez
Supreme Court ruled that when considering suspension, teachers and administrators are required to follow certain procedures to guarantee the student's due process rights granted by the Fourteenth Amendment
Inductive Reasoning
Teachers help their students draw tentative generalizations after having observed specific instances of a phenomenon
Deductive Reasoning
Teachers present their students with a general rule and then help them identify examples and applications of that rule
Extracurriculum
Teaches the lessons students learn in school activities such as sports, clubs, governance, and the student newspaper, places where a great deal of learning occurs, without tests or grades
Dependability
Team members can be relied upon to get things done; the team can depend on their coworkers to complete their tasks on time with good quality
Structure and Clarity
Team members understand their roles, plans, and goals
Assistive or Adaptive Technology
Technology-based devices for students with specials needs: wheelchairs, hearing aids, computer programs
Engel v. Vitale
The Supreme Court ruled that educators must be completely neutral with regard to religion and may nether encourage nor discourage prayer
Ability Grouping
The assignment of students to homogeneous groups according to intellectual ability or level for instructional purposes
Logic
The branch of philosophy that deals with reasoning
Fourteenth Amendment
The constitutional provision that ensures due process and equal protection under the law. Also grants state and federal citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the US regardless of race
Fourth Amendment
The constitutional provision that protects and individual's basic privacy and security from unreasonable searches and seizures of property
Null Curriculum
The curriculum that is not taught in schools
Enculturation
The process of acquiring a culture; a child's acquisition of the cultural heritage through both formal and informal educational means
Existential Intelligence
The human inclination to formulate fundamental questions about who we are, where we come from, etc.
Fair Use
The legal principle that allows the limited use of copyrighted materials without written permission or payment. Examples of fair use materials include commentary, criticism, parody, news reporting, library archiving, teaching, scholarship, or research
Philosophy
The love of or search for wisdom; the quest to understand the meaning of life
Tracking
The method of placing students according to their ability level in homogenous classes or learning experiences. Once a student is placed, it may be difficult to move from one track to another; placements may reflect racism, classism, or sexism
Mental Discipline Paradigm (1829-1923)
The mind is a muscle that should be exercised through drill and recitation of Greek, Latin, and math
Cambell's Law
The more important standardized tests becoming, the more corrupt they will be such as cheating and falsified scores etc. etc.
Campbell's Law
The more important test scores are, the more likely cheating will happen
Academic Freedom
The opportunity for teachers and students to learn, teach, study, research, and question without censorship, coercion, or external political and other restrictive influences; the right is not absolute.
Engaged Time
The part of allocated time in which students are actively involved with academic subject matter (intently listening to a lecture, participating in discussion, solving math problems); student achievement increases even more
Corporal Punishment
The physical disciplining of a student by a school employee; Ingraham v. Wright (1977) the Supreme Court ruled that physical punishment may be authorized by the states- should be "reasonable and not excessive" and other factors should be considered such as seriousness of offense, age and condition of student, and force/attitude of the person giving the punishment
Due Process
The procedural requirements that must be followed in such areas as student and teacher discipline and placement in Special Ed programs. Due Process exists to safeguard individuals from arbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable policies, practices or actions. Essential elements are: 1. A notice of the charge or actions to be taken 2. The opportunity to be heard 3. The right to a defense that reflects the particular circumstances and nature of the case
Demographic Forecasting
The study and predictions of people and their vital statistics
Ethics
The study of what is good or bad in human behavior, thoughts, and feelings
Ethnocentrism
The tendency to view one's own culture as superior to others and to fail to consider other cultures
Allocated Time
The time a teacher schedules for a subject; the more time allocated for a subject, the higher student achievement in that subject is likely to be
Bilingual Education
The use of two languages in instruction
Gender Similarities Hypothesis (Dr. Janet Hyde)
There are no important intellectual or psychological differences between females and males that require unique teaching approaches; more educational differences exist within the genders than between the genders
Alternative Approach to becoming a Teacher
Typically focuses on a structured apprenticeship followed by teaching and continuing to take college-level education courses at night or in the summer. At the end of 1 or 2 years the individual is licensed to teach. Example: Teach For America
Latin grammar school
US education history represts an attempt to make education available only to an exclusive population
Traditional Approach to becoming a Teacher
Undergraduate Preparation at college where undergrads study education and subject matter followed by student teaching
Sexual Harassment
Unwanted, repeated, and unreturned sexual words, behaviors, or gestures prohibited by federal and some state laws. Two broad categories 1. Quid Pro Quo (This for that): When a person with authority abuses that authority to get sexual favors 2. Hostile Environment: Unwelcome sexual behavior so severe or widespread that it creates an abusive environment
School Law: Situation 6-Freedom of Speech
Upset with the way school funds are being spent, write a letter to the local paper, find out your info was incorrect, get fired -Pickering v. Board of Education: Balancing teacher and school system interests, court ruled in favor of the teacher because the school system was not damaged by the letter and the incorrect info wasn't maliciously done -Lots of gray areas
Transitional Approach to Bilingual Education
Uses the native language as a bridge to English language instruction; academic subjects are first taught using the native language, but progressively students transition to English, their new language
Scaffolding
Using questions, clues, or suggestions that help a student link prior knowledge to the new information
Fixed Mindset (Carol Dweck)
Views intelligence as ability-focused, finite, and determined at birth. An individuals IQ measures intelligence, and it does not change
Charles Elliot
Wanted science and humanistic classes over Core Classes; president of the Committee of Ten
Preventing Classroom Problems
We can create a productive learning community when rules are 1. Few in number 2. Fair and reasonable 3. Appropriate for student maturation
Impact
When team members believe their work is having a positive impact on the organization and society as a whole
Neuroplasticity
When the brain is challenged and grows by developing new neural pathways
Textbook Adoption States
Where local school districts must select their texts from an official, state-approved list
William Bagley
Wrote about his beliefs of core curriculum, focused on teacher centered classroom. Essentialist-Mental Discipline
Emma Hart Willard
Wrote her vies on opening higher education to women. Opened the Troy Female Seminary devoted to preparing professional teachers
Ways our Instruction Communicates Support for Students
a. Emotional Support: More (positive) interactions, more eye contact and smiles, standing closer, more direct orientation to student b. Teacher Effort and Demands: Clearer and more thorough explanations, more enthusiastic instruction, requiring more complete and accurate student answers c. Questioning: Call on more often, allow more time to answer, prompt more frequently d. Feedback and Evaluation: More praise, less criticism, providing more complete and lengthier feedback, more conceptual evaluations
Most American education reformers after the mid 1980s set one of their main prioties to be insitiuting a
core curriculum
Forces shaping curriculum are
curriculum is influenced by many groups with often competing values and goals
Friedrich Froebel
founded he first Kingergarden in 1837
Nation at risk increased
grad requirements and therefore more competent grads
Teachers salaries have
increased in recent years, can go up by picking up more responsibility, etc
Texas and California effect recognizes
large states on what is covered or not covered in textbooks
A nation at risk
made it known that the education system was in dire need of reform
Progressivism education says that
the most effective learning strategy is identifying stydents needs and interests and building upon them
Ways federal government affects curriculum
through promoting goals content standards, testing federal govt., and sponsors legislation that influences curriculum
