Educational Psychology

identity diffusion

Describes a person with no sense of identity or motivation to engage in identity exploration. Associated with an external locus of control

What is developmental crisis?

Developmental crises occur as a person moves through the stages of life.

Spearman's g

General intelligence: if skilled in one area, skilled in others as well. Idea that skills cluster

Limitations to group ability test

Group test is less likely to yield an accurate picture of anyone's personality advantage of using standardized intelligence test understand how the brain works

During Adolescence what happens to the physical development of boys vs. girls?

In physical development for boys, the size of their testes, prostate gland, and penis. The boys also have body odor and change in voice. In physical development for girls, the size of their boobs grows, their uterus is starting to line. The girls hip grows wider.

moral development

Preconventional- the preconventional level is judgement is based on a person's own needs. Stage 1: stage 1 is known as Obedience. Obedience is to follow or obey all the rules Stage 2: stage 2 is known as Rewards/Exchange. Rewards/Exchange is that when someone does things right and wrong can determined by the person's needs and wants Conventional - the conventional stage is expectations of society and laws are considered Stage 3: stage 3 is known as Being nice/Relationships with others. Being nice/Relationships are being nice to others creates good behavior and good relationship with others Stage 4: stage 4 is known as Law and Order. Law and Order must be followed to keep the system maintained Postconventional- the postconventional level is Judgements are based on Abstract, More Personal Principles of Justice that are not necessarily Defined by Society's Laws Stage 5: stage 5 is known as Social Contract. Social Contract is the choice that you morally make are determined by society Stage 6: stage 6 is known as Universal Ethical Principles.

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly learns movement, reflexes, and senses. They understand when an object does not exist when they are not seen (object permanence).

What is the cerebral cortex and the four lobes it contains?

The Cerebral cortex is the largest area of the brain and it allows humans greatest accomplishments. Temporal lobes deal with in emotions, judgement, and language. Frontal lobe controls high order thinking processes. Parietal lobe deals with body sensation. Occipital lobe deals with visual cortex

Synapses

Tiny spaces between neurons; the gaps between neurons are referred to as synaptic gaps. neurons Chemical messages are sent across the gap.

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.Knows the Past, Present and Future.

accommodation

happens when we change existing schemas to respond to a different situation. Creating new schemas in respond to existing ones.

academic self-concept

how you see yourself as a student

What are the four identity statuses?

identity achievement, identity moratorium, identity foreclosure, identity diffusion

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

What is a brain imaging technique?

A CAT (Computerized axial tomography) scan is a technique that uses X-ray technology to provide an enhanced 3-dimensional images of the part of the body scanned

the difference between disability and handicap is

A disability is the inability to do something specific such as walk or hear. Handicap is a situation that is caused by a disability. We do not create handicaps for people by the way we react to their disabilities.

prejudice

A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority. unfair prejudgement about a group of people

Equilibrium

A state of balance

What are the 2 eating disorders?

Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder that points out overeating and getting rid of the food by throwing up after. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that stop or lessen the person's intake.

Is culture visible and observable?

Culture is both visible and observable. Culture is visible because of costumes, laws, and marriage traditions.

Culture

Culture is the knowledge, values, attitudes, and traditions that guide the behavior of a group people and allow them solve the problems of living in their environment.

What is the WEB DuBois meant by double consciousness?

Double consciousness is when African American are aware of their racial or ethnic identity while being in a large culture.

Inclusion

Educating a child with special education needs full-time in the regular classroom. is the integration of all students to include those with severe disabilities into regular classes

Gardener's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Identifies at least eight mental abilities, each with a distinct biological basis and course of development. are linguistic (verbal), musical, spatial, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic (movement), interpersonal (understanding others), intrapersonal (understanding self), and naturalist (observing and understanding natural and human patterns and systems).

What is menarche and spermarche?

Menarche is a girl beginning to start their menstrual cycles. Spermarche is a boy having their first ejaculation.

moratorium

Moratorium is describing exploration with a space in commitment. This is also known as identity crisis.

What is the difference between a principle and a theory?

One is an established relationship between certain factors. one is statement of certain principles that explain a phenomenon and make predictions.

3 principles of development

People develop at different rates Development is an orderly process Development takes place gradually. Physical development are changes in body structure and function over time. Personal development are changes in personality that take place as one grows. Social development are changes over time in the ways we relate toothers.

The Cross' Nigresence model

The first stage is pre-encounter and Pre-encounter is about African American's perception of themselves. The second stage is encounter and encounter is an African American becoming more aware of their black due to triggering experience. The third stage is immersion and emersion, and immersion and emersion are avoiding stages of stereotypes forced on African Americans. The fourth stage is internalization, and Internalization is when an African American is confidence with their own identity. The last stage is internalization-commitment, and Internalization-commitment is an African American's urge to become passionate towards black issues and affairs.

What impact does a positive racial identity have?

The impact that a positive racial identity have is being able to boosts a person's self-esteem and helps the person experience less emotional issues

What is meant by "overproduction (oversupply)" of neurons and "pruning"? Give two examples.

The overproduction of neurons and pruning mean that the neurons and synapses are adapting to their environment. The unused neurons are being pruned because the other neurons will survive. The two examples are experiment-expectant and experiment-dependent

What is the role of play in physical development?

The role of play in physical development is that it helps with motor development, promoting motor planning skills, and supporting balance and dexterity.

psychosocial development stages

Trust Vs Mistrust- happens from birth to 12-18 months. This is around the time babies are about to start feeding. The children must form a trusting relationship with their caregiver. Autonomy vs shame/doubt- happens from 18 months to 3 years old. This is around the time they start learning to be potty trained. The child starts to learn how to walk, and they develop shame. Initiative vs Guilt- happens from 3 years old to 6 years old. This is around the time that they learn how to be independent. They become more assertive and take more initiative. Industry vs Inferiority- happens from 6 years old to 12 years old. This happens around the time they get ready to attend school. The child learns new skills or a risk sense of failure. Identity vs Role Confusion- happens around adolescence years. This is around the time they develop relationships with their peers. The teenager learns occupation, religion, gender roles and politics. Intimacy vs Isolation- happens around young adulthood years. This is around the time they develop love relationships. the young adult develops intimate relationships with others or suffer from isolation. Generativity vs stagnation- happens around middle adulthood years. This is around the time they develop parenting and mentorship to others. This adult must find a way to support the next generation. Ego integrity vs despair- happens around late adulthood years. This is around the time when they reflect on life and accept it. This adult learns to accept life for what it is.

Zero Reject

a basic principle of IDEA specifying that no student with a disability, no matter what kind or how severe, can be denied a free public education

mental age

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance.

extrinsic motivation

a motivation to take actions that lead to reward. motivation created by external factors such as rewards and punishment

Neuron

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system. nerve cells that store and transfer information

Explain the four-achievement goal orientation in school.

a. Mastery- the mastery goal orientation in school is a personal intention to improve abilities and learn no matter how performance suffer b. Performance- the performance goal orientation in school is a personal intention to seem competent or perform well in the eyes of others c. Work-avoidance- work avoidance goal orientation in school is when people avoid work because they don't look smart enough or who don't want to learn d. Social- the social goal orientation In school is how people perceive their class defines the classroom goal structure.

self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

Schema

are mental systems or categories of perception and experience. Schemas are also building blocks of basic thinking.

Cerebellum

balance, coordination, movement

experimental research

causes and effects and can be manipulated in an experiment.

glial cells

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. are the white matter of the brain. They outnumbered neurons and have many functions.

identity foreclosure

commitment in the absence of exploration

non-academic self-concept

components of physical appearance, peer relations and physical ability. beliefs and cognition about the self

Brown v. Board of Education

court found that segregation was a violation of the Equal Protection clause "separate but equal" has no place. 1954

Bronfenbrenner's The Social Context for Development

describes social and cultural context that shapes their development. Everyone has a microsystem, that goes into mesosystem, which then is inside an exosystem, which goes into macrosystem. Macrosystem is widely cultural views and beliefs. Exosytem is community service, Child's school, parent's workplace, and mass media. Mesosystem is work, neighborhood, school, and Home. Microsystem is home, school, intermediate and neighborhood.

2 types of intelligence

fluid and crystallized fluid intelligence our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood. Fluid intelligence is the mental efficiency, nonverbal abilities grounded in the brain development. crystallized intelligence our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age. Crystallized intelligence is the ability to apply culturally approved problem-solving methods.

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. Is concerned about social issues, personal identity, and justice.

self-talk

inner speech; communication with the self

case study

investigates one person or situation in depth. An example of a case study is when a researcher and his colleagues conduct a study on athletes to see what developmental things that make them so good at sports or their talents.

Motivation

is an internal state that arouses, direct, and maintains behavior

Event Potential

is the measure of electrical activity of the brain

Assimilation

is trying to understand something new by getting into something we already know. This is also fitting into schemas.

Hippocampus

memory. deals with recalls new information and recent experiences

Intelligent Quotient (IQ)

mental age/chronological age x 100

self-esteem

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

How does self-concept develop?

others tell us who we are; social comparisons; culture; and gender. Self-concept helps expose people to new information and having time to grow into themselves based off that information that allows them to develop.

zone of proximal development

phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction

Erickson

psychosocial development

Dendrites

receive messages from other cells. transmit it to the neuron cells

social cognitive theory

referring to the use of cognitive processes in relation to understanding the social world

Thalamus

relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex. ability to learn new information

What is the No Child Left Behind Act?

requires all students (in grades 3rd to 8th) to preform proficiently on reading, math and science tests regardless of disability.

descriptive research

research that is collected detailed information about certain events used by observation, surveys, interviews, recordings, or a combination of these research opportunities.

correlational research

research that shows how close 2 variables are similar. There is also positive and negative correlation. Positive correlation is when 2 variables increase and decrease together. Negative correlation is when 2 variables, one of them being high is associated with the other variable being low in a relationship.

What did Vygotsky emphasize about cognitive development that Piaget did not?

sociocultural theory. Sociocultural theory emphasizes roles in development. Having cooperative conversations between children. Children also learn their culture from the community.

Lateralization

specialization of the two cerebral hemispheres for particular operations

private speech

speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves

Amygdala

the amygdala directs emotions and aggression.

Plasticity

the brains tendency to remain flexible

sterotype threat

the fear of someone's academic performance that is confriming the negative beliefs that others may hold

Myelination

the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron

identity achievement

the status of adolescents who commit to a particular identity following a period of crisis during which they consider various alternatives

Scaffolding

the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth

The issue of labeling exceptional students is that such practices

the teacher want students to act like a label, so they can treat them differently from the other students. The behaviors are being replaced with adaptable behavior.

Axon

transmit information to muscles.