EESA06

organic materials =

metamorphic and use oil and gas which is metamorphic of organic material

reykianes ridge

mid ocean ridge on land

analog

model of something

magma

molten fluid rock

older oceanic crust =

more dense; older subjected, young less dense and override the older

hekkla

most dangerous volcano

fault plane

motion and rupture (like pond ripples)

fractures represent

mountain ranges were narrowed by

in the lithosphere

move and slide where hot soft rock below and broken into plates

divergent

move apart

within 250 years all continents

move to the middle make new supercontinent

convergent

move together because dense

mediterranean sea

near dead ocean

flood basalt

new ocean floor in the making

Pangea II

next 250Ma

andesitic volcano

steep, pointy tops; spurt lots

iOS Alamos

nuclear bomb built

collect data from ocean shows that

ocean cover 70% of land

subduction

ocean recycling where move across deep trench

subduction zone (convergent)

oceanic plate slide under continental plate

paleo

old, ancient

law of superposition

oldest rock at bottom young rock at top

stratogophy

ordering rocks bilayer

each plate has

own pole of rotation, plate dont move complete straight line but ROTATE

telegram

paper record outdoor

Uniformotarianism

passport for travel where present is past

paleo environment

past environment

how seismograph works

pen move up and down when happen

ouzo Wilson said

permanentise

ULVZ: ultra low velocity zones hot rock on core and mantle boundary

planet cool with hot rock rise and cool rock sinks

rocks vertical from horizon because

plate collisions

lithoprobe tell how

plate move and minerals we use artificial generated p waves

convection

plate movement at surface

triple junction

point where three plate boundaries intersect

Canadian Shield age

precambrian shield

cacading earthquake

propagate along north Anatolian fault

matching rock types of the same age from one continent to another to

reconstruct pangea

brown field

reuse of old industrial areas

continental break up

rift then ocean, there is a max width before closes

salt accumulated from

rifts during Pangea breakup and formation or early Atlantic ocean

heat from mantlecurrent

rise at MOR spreading centre

plumes of mineral rich water

rise in ocean so nutrients to sea life

folds go certain depth

rock melt so fast

phaneritic

rocks cooled slowly and grainy

lithosphere

rocky sphere

ropey lava

rope like

aa lava

rough and broken and skin broken up

conglomerate

round rock fragments with old material

central metasendimentary belt

same stuff in Canadian Shield

product of erosion

sand

magma push cracks

seafloor spreading

Bullard technology convince people that

seafloor spreading happened

lithification

sediments with pores where minerals precipitate ut

ground penetrating radar

send radio waves to subsurface and get subsection of earth

preliminary determination of epicentres

set up to tell that nuclear treaty was followed. tells plate boundary and when major subduction uses to be used for nuclear testing

east pacific rise consists of

shallow water

erte volcano

shield volcano small dome with lava lakes and flows on surrounding

marine geophysics

show how rock layers arranged at depth

transform

slide past

columnar basalt

slow cooling lava flow

parasitic crater =

small margin

seismic reflection

sound source reflect geological units and pick up by hydrophone

Anthropocene: the epoch of man

begin with invention of steam engine, we modify landscape too much

lines on map represent

flow of ice sheet on land

igneous rocks type 1

formed at convergent margins and acidic (silica rich) andesite typical of continental crust and associated with stratovolcanoes

ridges

friction = earthquakes

dike and fissure eruptions

gap where magma from

drumlines

glacial hills left behind

Jokulhlaup

glacial outburst flood

subduction zones

goes down, cold ocean floor crust

zircon rocks

hard to see with eye, made by volcanic erruption

horsts

high

further away means

high lag time

crust thick

high realize (himilayas) no volcanos

magma

hot and crystallize cool at death = intrusive igneous rock (long time to cool)

precipitation

hot water rise and cold mineral go down

black smokers

hot water vents

radioactivity tells

how old rocks are

structural geology

how rocks bend and fold

epicentre

, intense freictionthe point on Earth's surface directly above the focus

shield volcano

A low, flat, gently sloping volcano built from many flows of fluid, low-viscosity basaltic lava

North America and Europe can be fitted together

1600, Francis Bacon

an ancestral continent

1858, Snider Pellegrini

Earth's plan

1910, Frank Taylor

continental drift and pangea

1915, Alfred Wegener

mantle conviction currents

1928, Arthur Holmes

mid ocean ridges and trenches

1957, Marie Tharp and Bruce Heezen

ocean floor gets mapped by

1960

sea floor spreading

1962, Harold Hess

Computer reconstruction of pangea

1965 Edward Bullard

wander paths for continents; magnetic strips the ocean floor

1965 Ted Irving; Fred Vine

transform faults and hot spots

1965, tuzo wilson

plate techtonics

1968, tuzo wilson

supercontinent cycle

1974, John dewey

rate of our plate

3.17cm/yr

velocity of p wave

5-7 km/sec

oceanic crust thickness

5-8km thick

1570

first world atlas; globalization

passed idea around reject by North America but published by Scotland. earth interior is radioactive (hot and produce heat). convection currents on mountains (pull crust apart) this result in continental drift

Arthur Holmes (1928)

salt diapirs

Barry salt giant pillars

people said the response to continental drift was negative and knows as

German fairy tale

Eyjafjallajokull

Iceland volcano

our plate

North American plate

ancient ridges (ophiolite)

basic structure of MOR and key role of dikes

Pangea

all the lands

transform fault

allow spreading on either side mid ocean ridge by dividing ridge in to pieces

volcano is considered as

analogue

ophiolite

ancient oceanic crust and MOR exposed on land because ocean closure, when rock in water turn green bc metamorphism (basalt altered by serpentation) newly ocean floor crust subducted

convergent margins (wet magma)

andesite and granite (silica rich) magma sift fas reflected explosively. lots of water and not melted with sea water. very dangerous because explosive volcano which are steep and pointy tops

before earthquake gets precursor earthquakes

animal picks up

s wave

arrive later with velocity 3-5km/s and slower

failed arms

aulacogen

metamorphic crock is

barred by depositd of more rock onto and change appearance of because of heat

gneiss-granulate high grade metamorphic

base of crust to tell lithosphere plater to move on top

low topography

below sea level 48 degrees

some magma is also

blood like flow

motorcycle

bmwGS1200; 650 cc triumph bonneville

igneous rocks type 2

born in fire and ignite to fire. formed at divergent margins are basic (iron rich and silica poor) such as basalt typical of oceanic crust associated with shield volcano

Pangea lad to

break up

fractures

broken rock

crusader fortress of street on the Jordan river

build on transform plate

interglacial is what we live in and translates to

bw ice ages

shadow zones

cant record info

what continent at the middle of supercontinent

china

fault scarp

cliff made by downward movement

look at rock type at continents and see

climate where rock deposited

endorheic

closed water body, water flow in not out and concentrate minerals in water makes it hyper saline water

mountains result of

compressed earth crust

types of fault

compressor (up), extension (down)

types of crust

continental and oceanic

obduction zone (convergent)

continental crust converge with continental crust, two plate buckle

permanentism

continents are mobile

continents broken up by

convection currents

finding mineral resources

copper deposit

S wave cant go through

core (this is why we think the core is molten

p wave go through

core (we cant record) can go through fluids not solid

lithoprobe

create own earthquake with fibrosis trucks (dancing elephants) help to model earth interior

downgrading slab

crust got heavy and skink back down to mantle

arctic

crust recover after ice age ice sheet push and recover

direction ripples in rock show

current flow

supercontinent cycle

cycle break and connect

magnetic reversals where

dark = normal, light = reverse

4B years earth electromagnetic field stop therefore no life on earth means

dead planet

plume area has

decompression melting

hess idea of seafloor spreading reasons

demonstrate seafloor spreading and proof continent mar grating and know width stripe and change in polarity can tell rate of sea floor spreading and how magma produced

swath bathymet

depth line

smokers

different colloid

Intrusive (plutonic)

dikes

weathering

disintegrate to sediments

silica heat near boundary high heat

divergent

how new ocean made

divergent plate boundary

types of tectonic plates and plate margins

divergent, covergent, transform

drilling ocean floor to confirm seafloor spreading

drill 7km of water and can recover cores

German record

drill land get to 13 km deep and at sea 8km deep

divergent margins

dry magma basalt and gabbros (all silica poor). melted with sea water makes wet magma, continental crust grew 70% before

since watershed blocked runoff to creeks

due to construction

shield volcano has very thin crust

each layer is a flow from past

expanding earth model

earth get bigger and expand like balloon

focus

earthquake

triangulation where all intersect is the

earthquake

363 AD

earthquake of petra

Viscosity

ease fluid can move

soil erosion

easily moved by water and wind when forest cut down

mappings ocean floor use

echo sounder, sound source, hydrophone, swath bathymetry, seismic reflection, sidescan tow vehicle

Wilson cycle and the history of oceans

embryonic (starting), mature (opening), dying(pacific rim of fire bc ocean die)

S wave (seismic)

energy produced by seismic activity

force field paleomagnitism

episodically earth magnetic field flips

Quatemary, earliest homitides

era we live in

pillow basalt

erupt at surface on seafloor and cool quick to rounded pilloes

p wave

expand and contract I direction energy move and arrive first; travel 5-7km per second

silica rich

explosive magma dangerous

East African rift

few years embryonic ocean die and new supercontinent cycle

echo sounder

find Russian submarine

aphanitic

fine grain and reapid

how triple junction work

first crust under has plume that heats up ground, 2 arms widen and be an ocean third arm fail because not an ocean

obduction missing

igneous

hyaloclastite

igneous rock water contact

rock cycle

igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary

hyaloclastite breccia

in water rounded fragments, take concrete and break into many fragments

crinoid (sea lily)

index fossil

trilobite

index fossil

plates inside

intraplate (within)

Ash is not burning of coal

it is when gas of magma and rocks pulverized to dust (tephra)

when surveyed shorelines noticed that they were all tilted up north which means the

land on crust high when ice left crust go up

continents are embedded in

larger plate tectonics

apparent polar wander curve

late 1950, key evidence continent move and rotate

extrusive

lava flow

surface waves

lave wave and Rayleigh wave (ver destructive of buildings)

lines on mountain near volcano show

lawyers of lava flow and direction of reversal, date rocks and tells what happened

continental crust thick

less than 70 km thick 6km/sec

riser drilling system of chikyu

like coke bottle let go pressure bit by bit

dikes

like pages of book bush everything up apart

Igneous rock (intrusive)

long time

grabens

lows

stratovolcano

made by contaminated magma, Shield volcano , magma get thin crust

zircon rocks made by

magma, cool, move by water, look at chem

andesite and granite

make continental crust

decompression melting

mantle plumes rise from magma

ash layers

many ash eruptions

seismograph

map diff body waves surface of planet, around exterior tell why buildings torn apart

magnetometer

measure earth magnetic field

GPS

measure rate od spreading

what flow

measurements by seismic demography shows that the earth's deep interior is more complex than the onion skin model

Ma=

mega annam (mill of years)

plate kinematics

study of motion and how plate move each plate rotate around

petrology

study of rocks

hydrology

study of surface water (river, lakes, etc)

trace fossil (iconology)

study of trace fossils

active margin

subduction

continental shelves not of west coast because

subduction not a lot of continental shelves

reykjavik(smokey bay)

suffer smell, drill to get hot water, district heating project with hydrothermal energy

souffrir (carribian word)

sulfur

when get back together plates

supercontinent cycle

Nickel-iron meteorites

surface pattern because outer mantle is stripped away

magnetic reversals are

symmetric at the mid ocean ridge

geological systems

tell rock types and see if water can move down

Red Sea push up north rift this

terminate in turkey

describe igneous rock by

texture and chemical composition

Mohorovicic discontinuity (moho)

the boundary between Earth's crust and mantle

fault trace

the intersection between a fault and the ground surface

hydrogeology

the study of underground water

embryonic

thick salt deposits

core, mantle, crust

thin

Young rocks are covered on the

top

White Island new Zealand

tourist destination where it was a active volcano and 17 people were killed

Dead Sea rift

transform plate boundary be Arabian and African plates

WWI air photos makes

trench maps

new oceans form by

triple junction and failed rifts

embryonic ocean

triple junctions, failed rift and continental shelves such as East African rift, Red Sea, Jordan and turkey

flat topped Moberg mountain

tuyas bc volcanic eruption under ice cap

green field

untouched area

zircon rocks chemical composition

uranium isotope as parent

pahoehoe lava

very flood and ocean floor crust

contracting and cooling earth model

very little like apple wrinkled

rich magma means

very low density

push one plate into another

volcanic arch

tephra

volcanic ash

igneous rock (extrusive)

volcanic glass cool qui and melt = glass and obsidian dark coloured glass

how hot spot mades

warm seafloor/plate, volcano appear, plate move and volcano die making volcano chain

white smokers

warm water vents

ripples in rock caused by

water current

asthenosphere

weak sphere

sedimentary rocks are made by

weathering and disintegration of rocks

rift

when crust begin to break up and widen

epicentre

where damage max

hotspot

where hot rock come up

frequency of earthquake pick out

where plate colliding and tell plate boundary

paradime

worldview in a different light

rock location

youngest in centre old at sides