EHAP 1B

Siege of Vienna

First attempt of Ottoman Empire under Suleiman the Mag. to capture Vienna. Pushed back by European coalition. - pinnacle of Ottoman power; farthest they ever reached into Europe. Last time they ever posed a threat to Europe.

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of extreme Puritans known as Independents. Helped form New Model Army which helped Parliament win civil war . Used military force to execute Charles I and kick all Presbyterians out of Parliament, which led to fall of the English monarchy. Made England into a republic/commonwealth. - dissolved Parliament, used military force to consolidate power - crushed Irish Catholic rebellion and the Leveller rebellion (sought democracy) - set up military govt w Instrument of Govt, England's 1st constitution - crappy leader; Charles II invited back for restoration of the monarchy

Boyars

Russian nobility. Crushed by Ivan IV (because he wanted to consolidate power), but regained power after his reign. Had a nice entry march! - gained power after reign of Ivan IV, creating a state of Russian anarchy (Time of Troubles).

Jean Bodin

16th c. political theorist who defined sovereignty as having the ability to make laws, administer justice, and control foreign policy. - helped lay foundation of absolutist thought, defining the things an absolute monarch must control.

Bourbon

A powerful Huguenot family that threatened the power of the Valois Monarchy located in southern France. Rivals were the super-catholic guise. -Henry of Navarre ( part of Bourbons ) married into the French royal family, issuing the Edict of Nantes -Replaced House of Valois as the French royal family after Henry of Navarre took the throne

Spanish Armada

Army of huge Spanish warships organized by Philip II to attack England. Causes: - English intervention in the Spanish Netherlands to diminish Spanish power. - Philip II's intense devotion to Catholicism motivated him to try and bring the English back to the Church. - Elizabeth was a troll, manipulating Philip w hopes of marriage. Fleet rendezvoused w Duke of Parma in English Channel. Outmaneuvered and crushed by more agile English ships. - led to loss of Spain's status as major European power (basically became irrelevant later on) + major psychological loss - ensured England would remain Protestant.

The Defenestration of Prague

Bohemian Calvinist officials throw Habsburg officials out window in defiance to Ferdinand II's actions of re-Catholicizing Bohemia and strengthening the royal power. - marked the start of the Thirty Year's War (Bohemian Phase).

Henry of Navarre

Bourbon who was married into French royal family; became king (Henry IV), replacing Valois house. married Marie de 'Medici (merchant class) - Prominent politique, converted

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Catholic massacre of Huguenots on St. Bartholomew's Day. After the marriage of Catholics (daughter of Catherine) and Calvinist (Henry of Navarre), the Guise convinced Catherine de Medici to massacre Calvinists in order to eliminate the threat in one blow and direct attention away from French royals. Thousands of prominent Huguenots killed. - catalyst of the French Religious War - demonstrates the extreme conflict between Catholics and Huguenots

War of Spanish Succession

Cause: Louis XIV's grandson, Philip V, took Spanish throne after Charles II died . → European countries feared a united Spain and France, which would cause a Bourbon hegemony (dominance) and destroy the balance of power. - England, Austria, United Provinces, and German states formed coalition against France. Defeated France and Spain. - Fr and Sp lost, remained separate; still, emergence of Spanish Bourbon dynasty - Battled in Europe as well as in their N American colonial empires - ended w Peace of Utrecht; made sure the French and Spanish thrones would be separated. Final war of Louis XIV. ○ gave Hapsburg Austria control of Spanish Netherlands and Italy. ○ England received Gibraltar and French land (present-day Canadian territory); emerged as a powerful naval force

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister of Louis XIII and XIV, regent ruler of France. Enacted policies to strengthen French monarchy: - compromised w Huguenots, making them reliable. - subdued noble plots against monarchy using spies (important because French noble families were esp powerful before Richelieu) - created system of govt officials called intendants; traveled out to provinces to extend power of central govt. Fought costly wars against Hapsburgs, forcing him to raise taille tax, plunging France in debt. ➢ provided basis for centralized French monarchy under Louis XIV.

Michael Romanov

Chosen as tsar by the Zemsky Sobor (national assembly). First ruler of Romanov dynasty. Created highly stratified social hierarchy: czar (rule by divine right), landed aristocracy (had serfs), and townspeople/merchants. - ended anarchic Time of Troubles - Romanov dynasty lasted until 1917

Janissaries

Christian boys taken from their parents and converted to Islam. Placed under strict military training and discipline to become elite soldiers loyal to the sultan of the Ottoman Empire. - allowed Ottomans to consolidate power over Christian minority. - strengthened Ottoman military, allowing them to push through Europe to Vienna (Siege of Vienna)

Jean Baptiste Colbert

Controlled French finances under Louis XIV. Used mercantilism to increase govt power and fund Louis's crazy spending. Worked to decrease imports (w tariffs) and increase exports (by creating new luxury industries). - helped keep France out of bankruptcy (because Louis spent tons of money on consolidating power); promoted economic growth - helped centralize French govt by enacting economic policies beneficial for govt and improving infrastructure - Created road and canal system to improve communication and transport caused foreign retaliation w increased tariffs (countries don't want their exports to be taxed!)

Pacification of Ghent

Document created by William of Orange that united ALL Dutch Provinces against Spanish interference. Super short-lived though, as Catholic and majority-Spanish southern provinces split from the Protestant northern provinces. - led to formation of Spanish Netherlands (South) and Dutch Netherlands (aka United Provinces aka Dutch Republic)

Bill of Rights

Document established by William and Mary that reaffirmed Parliament's right to make laws, levy taxes, and have the ultimate authority on raising standing armies. King could not interfere in Parliamentary sessions. Also granted citizens the right to petition the govt, keep arms, have a jury at trial, and not receive excessive bail (sound familiar?). - laid foundation for a constitutional monarchy: govt based on rule of law and freely-elected Parliament - influenced the writing of other constitutions (like our own!)

Edict of Nantes

Document signed by Henry of Navarre after taking throne. Said that - Catholicism=official religion of France; limited freedom to Huguenots: allowed them to worship, hold office, and enact Huguenot laws in Huguenot cities. - ended the French wars of Religion - short-lived; revoked by Henry's son Louis XIV, who saw Huguenot minority as threat to his power

Witchcraft

Early 17th c. accusations of people (esp women) for having allegiance w/ the devil, using evil incantations, and wreaking havoc; burned at stake. Existed before but became widespread because 1. religious uncertainty- newly Protestant areas were centers of witch hunt 2. social conditions- villagers more focused on personal success (instead of community), alienating the poor and elderly. Religious wars, a stable govt, and increased education led to the decline of witchcraft by mid-17th century. - Most violent set of witchcraft trials yet, from effect of social turmoil of the 16th century. - Reinforced patriarchy (most "witches" were female)

Frederick William

Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia; laid foundation for strong Prussian state. - built a large standing army funded by the General War Commissariat. - General War Commissariat evolved from tax-collecting body to a legislative body (albeit a weak one). - gained noble support by allowing them complete control over peasants (serfdom), exemption from taxes, and high ranks in Commissariat (didn't give them any real power) in exchange for their recognition of Frederick William's absolute power. - established a mercantilist system, favoring the nobility's economic interests (because he needed noble support!) - allowed the continuation of serfdom in B-Prussia (one of the last European states w serfs) - made Brandenburg-Prussia into one of the preeminent European absolutist states. ➢ Son Frederick III becomes KING Frederick I (not elector!) granted by the emperor of the HRE; new player in Euro politics

Mary Queen of Scots

Elizabeth's Catholic cousin; next-in-line for throne. Driven out of Scotland by Calvinist nobles, fled to England. Catholics of England made various plots to assassinate Elizabeth and replace Catholic Mary as their queen. Beheaded because threat to Elizabeth's power. - demonstrated tensions between Protestants+Catholics (opposed Elizabeth's Protestant beliefs) - shows rising power of Calvinists

Peace of Westaphalia

Ended Thirty Years' War. Considered a turning point in history. - separation of Church and state - France becomes major power of Europe bc they were victorious (Spain becomes second-class power) - creation of new states: Dutch Republic (Netherlands), Switzerland (formerly Swiss Confederation), Brandenburg-Prussia (becomes most powerful absolutist German state) - France receives German province of ALSACE, which is resource rich and allows France to control the border between France and Germany (Becomes source of conflict b/t the two countries for a long time) - religious freedom for Calvinists. - final "religious war," after this, rulers don't even try to hide the fact that their wars were based on politics - Hapsburg power diminished. German princes become fully independent and Hapsburgs only rule over Austria.

Treaty of Utrecht

Ended the War of Spanish Succession. Philip V remained the king of Spain but Spain and France had to keep a separate monarchy. - England emerged as a formidable naval force and gained land (Gibraltar). - Hapsburg Austria gained Italy and Spanish Netherlands. Emerging state of Brandenburg-Prussia receives land.

Francis Drake

English seaman encouraged by Elizabeth I to raid Spanish New World ships and colonies for gold and silver. - undermined power of Spanish and pissed off Philip II (esp because Elizabeth feigned ignorance when confronted about it) - Circumnavigated the world, contributing to maritime exploration

Thomas Hobbes

Exhibited a pessimistic view on humanity. Stated in his book Leviathan that humans created rulers to subdue humans' animalistic instincts, reserving "godly" rulers the right to absolute authority, outlawing rebellion. - articulated one response to the English revolutions, endorsing an absolutist govt to maintain order

Ivan IV

First Russian czar. Called Ivan the Terrible. Expanded eastwards and crushed power of boyars (Russian nobility). - centralized Russian monarchy by crushing power of the boyars (nobility) ○ Boyars regained power after the end of Ivan's rule, plunging Russia into anarchy (Time of Troubles). - made Russia the largest European state by expanding eastwards.

Frederick I

First king of Prussia (not to be confused with Frederick William, his father) Formerly known as Frederick III, he became the King Frederick I as a reward for aiding the HRE. - as first king of Prussia, he laid foundation for their political strength later on. - Important new player in European politics

James I

Former Scottish ruler, became English king. Adopted divine right→ Parliament didn't like because it disturbed balance of power between Parliament and king so they denied him tax revenue. Puritans wanted to replace Anglican church hierarchy w Presbyterian system, but James denied them because the Anglican system promoted monarchy. - pissed off Parliament, laying foundation for English civil war.

Huguenot

French Calvinists. Mostly consisted of nobles wanting to undermine the power of the king because they disliked the increasingly centralized government. Ex: Powerful Bourbon Family of Southern France led by Henry of Navarre - The conflict between the Huguenots and Catholics caused the French War of Religion -Demonstrated that loyalty to religious beliefs is more important than loyalty to state.

Intendants

French govt officials who enforced orders of central govt to French provinces. - helped centralize power of French govt and consolidate the monarch's power over regional rulers.

Louis XIV

French king known as the "Sun King." Set standard for absolute monarchies across Europe. Consolidated power through: - Versailles, symbol of power to impress foreign leaders. Forced many nobles to live at Versailles, distracting them from politics w entertainment and fun. - religious unity. Issued Edict of Fontainebleau (destroy Huguenot churches) - strong army: invaded adjacent lands War of Devolution, Dutch War, War of League of Augsburg, War of Spanish Succession. - control of policy-making - military conquests were largely a failure. Gained little land at the cost of the well-being of his people. - best example of absolutism, created Versailles - religious policies prompted exodus of Huguenots from France - left France w dangerous enemies (England, HRE, Spain, etc.) and debt

Mercantilism

Government regulation of economy to benefit the state. (not to be confused w the humanities definition!!). Help business owners whose businesses help the govt or the state. Decrease imports, increase exports and formation of new industries. - method of French economic organization under Colbert and Louis XIV. Helped fund Louis's ridiculous spending. - Copied by Peter the Great - helped centralize monarchical power in France and other colonial powers (colonies supply raw materials).

30 Years' War

HRE. Dragged in most European countries who sought to advance political interests (land!). "Religious war" but not realy. Causes: - Calvinists in Bohemia revolted against Catholic HRE to undermine power of emperor. - started war by Defenestration of Prague (Peace of Augsburg didn't recognize Calvinists) - formation of Protestant Union (by Frederick IV, Calvinist) and Catholic League (Maximilian). - princes sought to undermine centralization of Holy Roman Emperor (Ferdinand II). HRE allied w Spain (because Spain = Hapsburg too!), so princes turned to the Hapsburg' enemy, the Valois. Bohemian Phase Started w Defenestration of Prague. Calvinist nobles took throne temporarily, but Ferdinand re-establish as king after becoming ruler of HRE. Danish Phase Danish king Christian IV invaded N. HRE, seeking Catholic land. Driven out by imperial forces under mercenary general Wallenstein. Ferdinand II reached peak of power, issuing Edict of Restitution (Calvinism illegal). Frightened HRE nobles, who feared for their independence; forced Wallenstein out of office. Danish supremacy in Baltic ends. Swedish Phase Adolphus united Swedish forces into well-disciplined, strong military. Invaded HRE to help out Lutheran friends+get land. Adolphus swept thru N. HRE but was killed in battle, allowing Wallenstein to drive out Swedes. S Germany remained Catholic. Swedes, wanting to continue fighting, allied w French. Edict of Restitution annulled. Wallstein also assassinated by orders of the emperor?? Franco-Swedish Phase Despite being Catholic, the French helped out Protestants because they hated Hapsburgs. French destroyed HRE and Spain. Peace of Westphalia ended war with HRE; Peace of Pyrenees ended war w Spain. ➢ last war involving religion. Wars now became more secular ➢ Peace of Westphalia (!!!turning point!!!) see Peace of Westphalia effects ➢ military revolution (sparked by Adolphus) ➢ HRE lands left devastated (because fighting took place in HRE) (Wallenstein ravaged HRE lands)

Leopold I

Habsburg king of Austria (Austria was all Habsburgs had left after Peace of Westphalia). Gained land from Ottomans and Spanish using Austria's strong military. Never able to establish strong central govt bc diversity and too much land to consolidate power over ➢ expanded Austrian empire: gained Spanish Netherlands and most of Italy after War of Spanish Succession; gained land in SE Europe after defeating Ottomans. Accomplished this w strong military. ➢ became prominent territorial and military power, replacing Spain.

Louis XIII

Hired chief minister Cardinal Richelieu, who led him into the Thirty Years War. - leader of France during a time of instability preceding Louis XIV

Amsterdam Stock Exchange

Important European financial institution; wealthy merchants would invest in certain commodities w trade profit. - cemented the Dutch Republic's role as the financial and economic center of Europe.

Silver

Imported to Spain from New World by Philip II, who wanted to make Spain a great economic power. - caused inflation, leading to Spanish economic depression, and loss of Spain's status as a European power.

Elizabeth I

Inherited England from her sister Mary I. Defused religious tensions by enacting Middleway (England is officially Anglican but Puritans and Catholics are tolerated). Enacted Act of Uniformity. Religious reform based on moderation and compromise. Effectively dealt w evil sister Mary, Queen of Scots. Handled radical Puritans and Parliament well. Encouraged English seamen (like Francis Drake) to raid Spanish silver ships coming from New World. Careful foreign policy allowed her to manipulate male leaders (esp Philip II). - one of the few female rulers then; ushered in English Golden Age (Elizabethan Era). Time of peace and flourishing arts. - made England the most prosperous Protestant country and left the country w a stable govt. - undermined power of Spanish by attacking Spanish Netherlands and manipulating Philip II, prompting the failed Spanish Armada. Undermined French royal family by supporting Huguenot rebellion

Ferdinand II

Inherited HRE after Charles V's resignation. Sought to consolidate power over HRE by diminishing power of nobility. Tried to re-Catholicize Bohemia and crush its Calvinist rebellion, leading to 30 Years' War. - emperor of HRE during 30 Years' War. Made military alliance w Catholic League and Spanish (Hapsburgs too!) - caused 30 Years' War by invading Bohemia.

Long Parliament

Internal dissention from triggered Presbyterians forced Charles I to summon Parliament after ignoring their power. Angsty Parliament set up lengthy session, issuing many demands: no arbitrary courts, no taxes w/o Parliamentary consent, and Parliament had to meet once every 3 years w or w/o monarchical consent (Triennial Act). Radicals took it further by pushing for the removal of bishops in the Anglican church. - radical Puritans began the Civil War after Charles' arrest of radicals in Parliament

Charles I

King of England who was overthrown and beheaded during English Civil War. Refused to recognize Parliament's power , operating w/o it. Collected ship tax that angered merchants and gentry. Angered Puritans and Presbyterians by marrying a Catholic wife and attempting to force upon them the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. - arrested radicals in the Long Parliament, refused to cooperate and rule alongside Parliament; catalyzed the English Civil War (don't forget-- he was beheaded by his own people!!)

Gustavus Adolphus

King of Sweden who incited a European military revolution. Brilliant military general, invaded HRE to gain land and help Lutherans. Killed in battle. - made Sweden the dominant force in Baltic Sea with increased state power through a large bureaucracy - created strong Swedish army w more flexibility, better discipline, better-trained generals, and better strategies.

Poland-Lithuania

Largest Christian kingdom (in terms of land). Monarchy was relatively weak bc it was at mercy of council of powerful nobles, who elected the king. - nobles elect the king and limit his power → powerful nobles enforce serfdom, weak monarchy - after the dynasty, kept a practice of electing outsiders as monarchical rulers → led to decentralized govt

Stadholder

Leader of a province in the Netherlands. In charge of the military and maintenance of order. Most were from House of Orange. - pushed for centralized govt w hereditary monarchs - House of Orange's wish for centralized govt overshadowed by the republican States-General (wanted a republic)

William I of Nassau (prince of Orange)

Led Sea Beggars (Dutch pirate force) against Spanish after Philip intervened in Netherlands to exert control. Temporarily united Dutch provinces w Pacification of Ghent though later split into a Calvinist North (later United Provinces) and a Catholic, Spanish South. - united Northern Dutch provinces + gained independence from Spain, forming the United Provinces, or Dutch Republic.

William & Mary

Married because of the Glorious Revolution and became rulers of England. Created Bill of Rights. - More rights plus Toleration act (puritans) - Reaffirmed parliament's powers and limited monarchical powers Laid foundations for constitutional monarchy

gentry

Mostly Puritan landowners directly below nobility who made up the majority of the House of Commons. Alienated by James I's refusal to convert to a Presbyterian way of church organization. - helped fuel discontent towards English monarchy, leading to English Civil War

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

One of the conditions in the Edict of Fontainebleau, issued by Louis XIV. Destroyed Huguenot churches and closed their schools - exodus of Protestants from France ( had no freedom). Catholics gained control over most of France. - centralization by religious unity

English Civil War

Parliament declared war on James I's son, King Charles I. Caused by Charles' refusal to let Parliament meet because they were not working with him (but later on was forced to bring them back because of rebellious Scots) Parliament came back seeking revenge and began placing laws to limit royal authority. Charles arrested some radical members of Parliament, they got mad, and then the war began. - First part: Parliament was successful due to the creation of the New Model Army made up of extreme Puritans (Independents) who fought for God, led by Oliver Cromwell. Captured Charles I. - Parliament split, some wanted to restore Charles to power w a Presbyterian church while Independents disagreed. - Second part: Charles took advantage of this split and fled. Charles+Independents angered, re-capturing him - Independents kicked Presbyterian people out of Parliament and tried Charles for treason; beheaded him - monarchy was defeated for a while; England became a republic/commonwealth; Oliver Cromwell came into power - political instability

Sejm

Polish diet made of wealthy landowners/lords who dominated the townspeople. - landowners' main goal = make sure the central govt doesn't affect their local interests - leads to weak monarchy and semi-independent states.Easy to invade;Poland becomes battleground for other Euro states

Absolutism

Political system where the monarch controls all aspects of the state, claiming divine right. Control of nobility is usually forced or accomplished w bribes. Best example = Louis XIV. Consolidated power many ways: - large standing armies, funded by taxing the peasantry (pissed off peasants) - control over nobility (Versailles, Table of Ranks) and state legislative body. - state legislative body was v weak; made of nobles who thought they had power, but they really couldn't do much - control over state religion (Edict of Fontainebleau, Inquisition). Important because leader claimed divine right - expansion of empires to New World and coasts of Africa. - practiced in almost all European states during 16th-17th cent. Varying success. - prompted revolts as nobility was suppressed and peasantry was overtaxed.

Glorious Revolution

Protestant England didn't want King Charles' Catholic brother, James, to take the throne. James' daughter, Mary, was married to William III of Orange (Dutch, Calvinist), who was invited by English noblemen to invade England. James fled, transferring the monarchy w/o bloodshed. William and Mary became rulers. - first time political power was transferred w/o fighting, ending struggle between king and parliament - William and Mary allowed people and Parliament more rights w English Bill of Rights and Toleration Act (Puritan freedom!) - Parliament became strong entity in English govt, esp because the monarch no longer claimed rule with divine right

Junkers

Prussian landed aristocrats who held positions in Commissariat and military. Given positions as part of agreement between Frederick William and nobility (he gave them political power in exchange for their loyalty). - though they were part of B-Prussia's legislative body, they had no real power, allowing the monarch to consolidate power.

Catherine de 'Medici

Queen of France, married into French royal family (Valois), from Florence with no royal blood(merchant class). She was not respected but controlled French government in lieu of the weak Valois kings(her sons). Moderate Catholic -She turned Guise and Bourbon families against each other to divert attention away from taking power from Royals -Strongest leader of France preceding the French Wars of Religion

Parlements

Regional courts of France. Paris parlement was angry at the addition of new taxes and allied with the nobles for the Fronde. To consolidate his power, Louis XIV bribed many parlements, paying them to enforce his laws at a local level. - Paris parlement helped spark Fronde rebellions by allying w nobles - main method Louis used to consolidate power at local level (limited success)

Act of Uniformity

Restored by Elizabeth I as part of religious compromises. Revised Book of Common Prayer to make it more lenient towards Catholics. - defused religious tensions in England and contributed the period of peace seen during Elizabeth's rule.

Fronde

Revolt by French nobles against Mazarin because they disliked the central administrative power (because they took power from nobles). Allied w Parlement of Paris. Opposed the taxes used to pay for the 30 Years War. First Fronde: led by nobles of the robe (Parlement of Paris), ended with a compromise Second Fronde: led by nobles of the sword (medieval nobility) to overthrow Mazarin to increase power. Both were crushed because nobility fought against each other. - Illustrated France's problems with the nobles; incentive for Louis XIV to establish absolutism

Cardinal Mazarin

Richelieu's successor. Disliked by the French people and nobles because he was foreign (Italian). Tried taking power from nobility by centralization, resulting in the Fronde, a revolt of the nobility. Also angered ordinary citizens by adding taxes. - attempts to consolidate power over nobility sparked the Fronde. - ruled France while Louis XIV was young, helping found the basis for the absolutist state.

Divine Right

Ruler claims his/her right to rule is given from God. Defined by preacher Bossuet, who said monarchs were only responsible to God. - discouraged rebellion and dissent in absolutist states (who can argue w God) - necessitated religious uniformity (what if someone doesn't believe in same God that gave the ruler power?) - facilitated absolutism, allowing monarchs to claim authority over state legislative bodies and nobility

Phillip IV

Ruler of Spain. Hired chief minister de Guzman who attempted to curtail Church and noble power. Funded involvement in 30 Years' War by levying heavy taxes on peasants, leading to revolt. Lost 30 Years' War. - worsened Spain's downward spiral from being the preeminent European power. Spain was now second-class power. - failed to decrease power of Church and aristocracy because they were already too strong - lost the Spanish Netherlands to Austria after the War of Spanish Succession

Politiques

Rulers that place the well being of the state before their personal beliefs. Best examples: Elizabeth I and Henry of Navarre. - Elizabeth I, despite being Anglican, tolerated Catholics and Puritans to keep England in peace. - Henry, despite being Calvinist, converted to Catholicism to keep the mostly-Catholic French content w his rule. - importance of religion in Europe diminished as more stress was placed on politics. - helped bring end to religious wars across the continent (civil wars not worth religious truth)

Hohenzollern

Ruling family of emerging Brandenburg-Prussia (made of discontinuous pieces of land). Consolidated power into absolute monarchy by creating large standing army and gaining the favor of the nobility (who didn't interfere w politics). Mercantile economy. - contributed to the rise of Brandenburg-Prussia as a major European power. One of the last European states w serfs

Great Northern War

Russia, wanting control of Baltic Sea trade routes, declared war on Sweden. Despite competent rule of Charles XII, Russia won. - Peace of Nystad: formal recognition of what Peter had already acquired. Gave them control of Baltic Sea - Russia became greatest Baltic power, Sweden second-rate

Phillip II

Son of Charles V; received Spain after he abdicated. Wanted to consolidate power over Spain through strict religious unity (Inquisition) and strict monarchical authority (reduced power of aristocracy). Imported silver from the New World, causing inflation and economic problems. Tried to help out Guise during French civil war to undermine French stability. Two main problems: - Netherlands: consolidate power by crushing Calvinism and nobles, failed; William of Orange lead N Dutch to split from South. - relationship w Elizabeth I of England, who manipulated him. Angered, Philip organized the Armada, which failed miserably. - Began of downfall of Spain w Spanish Armada fail, involvement w French Civil War, silver inflation, failures in funding arts.

Military Revolution

Spurred by Swedish king Adolphus, who used new, flexible battle techniques and tech. Larger standing armies, bigger warships, better-trained soldiers (military schools), guns instead of pikes. - monarchs formed large standing armies to consolidate power. Needed to levy heavy taxes to fund them, necessitating a larger centralized bureaucracy. War began playing a more important role in European politics and the power of monarchs

Table of Ranks

System in Russia established by Peter the Great for non-nobles to become nobles by serving the state; forced nobles to work harder - first to entrust aristocratic positions to those who were not noble by blood. Become noble through merit and hard work! - discontinued by successors.

Westernization

The introduction of Western policies and manners/practices (Book of Etiquette) into Russia by Peter the Great. New technologies affected Russian society, but only the upper-class - Women gained more rights - seen as forced westernization by Peter → distrust of policies Westernization of military led to Russia becoming a great military power

Peter the Great

Tsar of Russia. Trip to W. Europe inspired him to westernize and modernize Russia. - created board of administrators called colleges and divided Russia into 50 provinces. - Controlled nobles by ordering everyone (incl peasants) to serve in military, created Table of Ranks. - relied on mercantilism to stimulate economic growth, attempting to increase exports and promote new industries. - established state control over Russian Orthodox Church. Taught "Western etiquette" to his citizens. - westernized and modernized Russia's military (formed its 1st navy), government (colleges), and economy (mercantilism) - helped women by introducing less restrictive western values: women didn't have to wear veils and could marry at free will. - constructed St. Petersburg, Russia's capital and first port city - built Russia into a European military power at expense of his people - raising of taxes increased the burden on lower classes, and westernization only reached those in upper classes

United Provinces

Union of Protestant North Dutch provinces created after the failure of the Pacification of Ghent (South Dutch provinces split from the North because they were Catholic and wanted to be w Spain). Led by William of Orange. - gained independence from Spain, later became the Dutch Republic - became the economic center of Europe (maritime empire w overseas trade routes). Ruled by merchants.

Nine Years War

War waged by Louis XIV against HRE. Invaded German states → creation of League of Augsburg (Spain, HRE, United Provinces, Sweden, England), which defeated France, who still kept Alsace and Strasbourg. War ended by Treaty of Ryswick. - left French people in economic depression and famine. Caused doubt in monarchy. - To fund war, heavier taxes had to be levied on peasants → discontented peasants → revolts

John Locke

Wrote Two Treatises of Government, opposite of Hobbes. Said that before rule, humans lived in state of equality and were granted inalienable natural rights: life, liberty, and property. Govt was formed to protect these rights, which meant there was mutual agreement between people and gvt to serve each other. People had right to overthrow a government if they were not satisfied. - main focus was on landed aristocracy - influenced American Revolution and the French Revolution later, sparking the people's demands for a constitutional government and protected rights