EIP Final

positive correlation

as A increases, so does B

interval data (2)

difference between measurements, but no true zero (e.g. temperature in Fahrenheit, standardized exam score)

ratio data (1)

differences between measurements, true zero exists (e.g. height, age, weekly food spending)

Reliability: The degree that scores correlate between more 2 or more test administrators is what type of reliability?

Inter-rater

threats to external validity

Interactions: Selection & Tx, Setting & Tx, and History & Tx

nominal data (4)

categories with no ordering or direction (e.g. marital status, type of car owned)

internal validity

highly controlled (applicable IN the study: experimental, correlational)

convergent

merge and interpret results of quantitative data and qualitative data

Frequency

How often something Occurs (statistics: count, percent, frequency)

Construct reliability

Questions on test interrelated & consistent

T - Tests

COMPARES the means of two groups to see if there is a difference

Zero/no correlation

A does not equal B

Validity

True, accurate

Minimal clinical important difference (MCID)

- Minimal change in the score that is meaningful for patients - Patient perceived - Clinician perceived

Intra-rater (test-retest) reliability

1 person give the test multiple times same results

How many participants were in this study? t(38) = 2.3, p = .032

39 t(degrees of freedom) = the t statistic, p = p value

Comparative

COMPARES difference between Groups (e.g. Is there a difference between Male and Female graduate students' physical activity levels?)

Describing the individual's condition or response to treatment, unusual patient problems or innovative treatment approach and the results are key components of what type of Qualitative design?

Case Study Design

The following is an example of which type of qualitative study? The Use of Animal-Assisted Therapy in Combination with Physical Therapy in an Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Background Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is a growing form of intervention in the field of rehabilitation often with the goals of decreasing pain, anxiety, and depression. There is a lack of literature on the use of AAT in inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRF). Materials and methods This patient was treated with standard of care physical and occupational therapy in an IRF with the addition of AAT within 32% of the therapy sessions. AAT sessions focused on sitting and standing tolerance, standing balance, endurance, ambulation, stair negotiation and kitchen mobility. Clinical measures included the 6 Minute Walk Test (6MWT), the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) total score and the FIM motor subscale score. Clinical findings From admission to discharge from the IRF, change was noted in the areas of sitting tolerance, total FIM score, the motor subscale score of the FIM, and on 6MWT distance. Due to other therapies simultaneously occurring, no conclusions on AAT as a treatment can be made. AAT did provide more opportunities for this patient to engage in therapeutic activities. Conclusion AAT was used during PT, in attempt to facilitate participation and distract from pain in order to work on therapeutic activities and achieve the patient's functional goals. This case report can be used as a model for other IRF therapy programs interested in AAT, can provide information about a therapeutic modality and hopefully will inspire future rigorously designed research studies. Denzer-Weiler, C., & Hreha, K. (2018). The use of animal-assisted therapy in combination with physical therapy in an inpatient rehabilitation facility: A case report. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 32, 139-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.06.007

Case study

If you have a range of scores on a test of 60- 100, with a mean score of 83 and a standard deviation of 1.5. Does the SD indicate scores were dispersed closely or widely around the mean ?

Closely around Mean

Comparative Statistics

Compares differences and similarities between groups (this type of analysis CAN look at CAUSE and EFFECT particularly in Experimental Research Designs)

Paired Sample t-test

Compares means of "correlated" groups (Pre/Post tests)

Independent Sample ttest

Compares means of 2 INDEPENDENT (unrelated) groups - (Males/females)

1-Way ANOVA

Compares means of 3 independent (unrelated) groups AND 1 Variable

2-Way ANOVA

Compares means of multiple Groups AND 2 or more variables

When researchers conduct a literature review and systematically select a number of specific studies that meet their criteria to summarize and publish the results in a literature review article, this is an example of:

Completing a literature review as a PRODUCT (SYNTHESIS)

Reliability

Consistency, repeatable, dependable

A researcher is needs participants for a study they are doing on children with Autism. They recruit participants from clients at a local outpatient clinic. This is an example of what type of sampling method?

Convenience Sampling

A mixed-methods study that send out a survey with both quantitative and qualitative questions to be answered by participants all same time is an example of what mixed methods design?

Convergent

A mixed-methods study that collects quantitative and qualitative data at the same time is an example of a:

Convergent Mixed Methods Design

Ethnography

Culture - describes pattern of behaviors, rituals & routines of a people

Correlation Statistics

Describe simple relationship between variables and extent to which they are linearly related (these kinds of statistics DO NOT indicate cause and effect!)

Case study

Describes intervention or the case - 1 individual or 1 event

Narrative Reviews

Describes previous work and gaps on a topic in the literature

Power Analysis

Determines smallest sample size needed to detect a significant difference?

Central Tendency

Distribution of scores of a group at various points-- Bell curve (statistics: mean, median, mode)

A researcher immerses themselves in the participants way of life in order to examine the attitudes and challenges of Caregivers for family members with CVA's. This is what type of Qualitative Design?

Ethnographical

The following is an example of which type of qualitative study? Hip-Fracture Care in Rural Southwestern Ontario: A Study of Patient Transitions and Physiotherapy Handoffs Purpose: To examine information exchange by physiotherapists during care handoffs of patients with hip fracture in a rural health care setting. Methods: This study used observation and interviews of 11 networks of patients with hip fracture (n ¼ 11), family caregivers (n ¼ 8), and health care providers (n ¼ 24). Patients were followed from acute care through each subsequent care setting. Data were supplemented by health care records and policy documents. Results: Findings revealed that handoffs were less successful when information transfer was untimely or incomplete. Family caregivers experienced challenges in obtaining information required to facilitate the handoff, especially when direct contact with physiotherapists was not possible as a result of distance or other factors. Physiotherapists had to navigate multiple data sources to retrieve important information and managed information gaps in various ways. Information flow was often unidirectional and suggested no further clinical accountability for the discharging physiotherapist. Conclusions: Providing information in a structured and timely fashion facilitated physiotherapy handoffs. Inadequate handoffs compromised continuity of care, delayed progress in rehabilitation, and resulted in families' missing information of vital importance to their caregiving role. A multi-directional exchange of information is needed between patients, families, and health care providers across care settings. Johnson, H., Forbes, D., Egan, M. Y., Elliott, J., Stolee, P., & Chesworth, B. M. (2013). Hip-fracture care in rural southwestern Ontario: An ethnographic study of patient transitions and physiotherapy handoffs. Physiotherapy Canada, 65(3), 266-275. https://doi.org/10.3138/ptc.2012-19

Ethnographical

A mixed-methods study that collects quantitative data first, and THEN collects qualitative data to explain the quantitative results is an example of a/an:

Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Design

A mixed-methods study that collects qualitative data first to explore the topic, and THEN quantitative data is collected to measure variables indicated by qualitative data is an example of a/an:

Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Design

Scoping Reviews

Explores a concept with LIMITED research no summary..

Some of the arguments AGAINST using qualitative research designs are that they use a more flexible approach and can explain phenomena not easily explained or revealed with numbers and ordinal data. (True/False)

False

Phenomenology

From VIEWPOINT of Participant or Subject

The following is an example of which type of qualitative study? Delivering High Quality Hip Fracture Rehabilitation: The Perspective of Occupational and Physical Therapy Practioners. Aim: The majority of post-acute hip fracture rehabilitation in the US is delivered in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). Currently, there are limited guidelines that equip occupational and physical therapy practitioners with a summary of what constitutes evidence-based high quality rehabilitation. Thus, this study aimed to identify rehabilitation practitioners' perspectives on the practices that constitute high quality hip fracture rehabilitation. Methods: Focus groups were conducted with 99 occupational and physical therapy practitioners working in SNFs in southern California. Purposive sampling of facilities was conducted to capture variation in key characteristics known to impact care delivery for this patient population (e.g., financial resources, staffing, and patient case-mix). Questions aimed to elicit practitioners' perspectives on high quality hip fracture rehabilitation practices. Each session was audio-recorded and transcribed. Data were systematically analyzed using a modified grounded theory approach. Results: Seven themes emerged: objectives of care; first 72 h; positioning, pain, and precautions; use of standardized assessments; episode of care practices; facilitating insight into progress; and interdisciplinary collaboration. Conclusions: Clinical guidelines are critical tools to facilitate clinical decision-making and achieve desired patient outcomes. The findings of this study highlight the practitioners' perspective on what constitutes high quality hip fracture rehabilitation. This work provides critical information to advance the development of stakeholder-driven rehabilitation clinical guidelines. Future research is needed to verify the findings from other stakeholders (e.g., patients), ensure the alignment of our findings with current evidence, and develop measures for evaluating their delivery and relationship to desired outcomes. Implications for Rehabilitation: this study highlights occupational and physiotherapy practitioners' perspectives on the best practices that reflect high quality care, which should be delivered during hip fracture rehabilitation. While this study was limited to two professions within the broader interdisciplinary team, consistently occupational and physiotherapy therapy practitioners situated their role and practices within the team, emphasizing that high quality care was driven by collaboration among all members of the team as well as the patient and caregivers. Future research needs to evaluate the (a) frequency at which these practices are delivered and the relationship to patient-centered outcomes, and (b) perspectives of rehabilitation practitioners working in other PAC settings, patients, caregivers, as well as the other members of the interdisciplinary PAC team. Leland, N. E., Lepore, M., Wong, C., Chang, S. H., Freeman, L., Crum, K., Gillies, H., & Nash, P. (2018). Delivering high quality hip fracture rehabilitation: The perspective of occupational and physical therapy practitioners. Disability & Rehabilitation, 40(6), 646-654.

Grounded Theory

threats to internal validity

History, Maturation, Attrition, and Testing

Construct validity

How well a test measures what it claims

Effect Size

Magnitude of experimental effect Larger the effect size = Stronger relationship between variables

Nonparametric statistical tests INDEPENDENT GROUPS for comparative statistics (Nominal/Ordinal Data)

Mann-Whitney Test, Kruskal Wallis Test, Friedman's ANOVA

A review article that contains statistical analysis of the outcomes from quantitative studies is an example of a:

Meta-Analysis

A review article that synthesizes results of qualitative studies is an example of a

Meta-Synthesis

Minimal detectable change (MDC)

Minimal change that falls outside the measurement error in the score of an instrument used to measure a symptom (Statistical measure)

The following is an example of which type of qualitative study? A Qualitative Analysis of Burn Injury and Recovery on Peer Support Websites Objectives: To: 1) Examine and further understand the discourse of burn survivorship in peer support social media content, 2) establish commonalities in the sharing community and key themes related to recovery and adaptation. Methods: This qualitative enquiry began with a comprehensive overview of burn narratives on survivor peer generated websites. We conducted a purposeful sampling of 21 biographies posted on burn survivor peer and patient support websites. Participants with greater than 30% burn injury were included that provided narrative and discourse regarding burn recovery and survivorship. Underlying story arcs, meaning behind sentences and shared language of the experience were investigated using thematic analysis. Results: Four themes were identified: retelling of the traumatic event; social support; body image, the new normal; and rebirth and transformation. Accounts reflected the traumatic nature of the event with slowed downtime, attention to details and heightened recall. The value of peer and family support was a common theme. There was attention to the challenges related to changed body image and regaining confidence in body appearance. Most stories also documented transitioning and rebirth and other more positive aspects of trauma recovery. Conclusions: Accounting the burn experience and recovery is part of the reclamation process. Biographies document the trauma recovery process. Storying the event is an integral component of burn survivor community content. These online communities have become a mainstream resource and part of the reclamation process. Cristall, N. M. S. W., Kohja, Z., Gawaziuk, J. P., Spiwak, R., & Logsetty, S. (2020). Narrative discourse of burn injury and recovery on peer support websites: A qualitative analysis. Burns, 47(2), 397-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2020.10.004

Narrative Discourse

A review article that describes previous work and gaps on a topic in the literature, has one rater review the articles, and lacks detailed methods on how articles were selected for review is an example of a:

Narrative review

Standard Error of Measure (SEM)

Natural threshold of error, plus or minus this number is not meaningful

A researcher uses a scale of 1-5 (strongly agree to strongly disagree) to measure student's opinions on whether we should have Final Exams. This is an example of what level of measurement?

Ordinal

Parametric statistical tests DEPENDENT "CORRELATED" GROUPS for comparative statistics (Ratio/Interval Data)

Paired t-test (Pre/Post test)

Parametric statistical tests for correlation statistics (Ratio/Interval Data)

Pearson's Product-Moment correlation (rp) Cohen's d

The following is an example of which type of qualitative study? Impact of a Child-Based Health Promotion Service-Learning Project on the Growth of Occupational Therapy Students This study revealed the lived experiences of occupational therapy students as they embarked on a semester-long volunteer health promotion service-learning project during their entry-level master's program. Data analysis extrapolated themes from student journals, transcriptions of pre-and-post interviews, and field notes. Student roles were exemplified by what students wanted to learn, what they actually learned, and the unexpected benefits they experienced. In particular, issues with teaming, interprofessional development, and time management were discovered. The findings add to the growing literature about the benefits of service-learning as a teaching strategy and how it facilitates mindfulness of community service, communication, and clinical reasoning of future therapists. Implications for learning and practice are discussed. Lau, C. (2016). Impact of a child-based health promotion service-learning project on the growth of occupational therapy students. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 70, 7005180030. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2016.02152

Phenomenological

Meta-Synthesis (Qualitative)

Pools data from qualitative studies to find common threads, patterns, or themes.

P - Value (α-Alpha)

Probability that it happened by chance

Correlation

RELATIONSHIP between Variables (e.g. In graduate students is there a relationship between anxiety and sleep quality?)

Degrees of Freedom (DF)

Refers to Sample Size DF = n - 1

A review article that surveys the range and extent of the literature on a broad topic of interest in an emerging area of research and is often used to determine if a systematic review is warranted is an example of a:

Scoping Review

Narrative

Sequence of events for a FEW people - A LOT of information per participant

Nonparametric statistical tests for correlation statistics (Nominal/Ordinal Data)

Spearman's Rank Order Correlation Coefficient (r s )

Variability Spread

Spread of scores (statistics: range, standard deviation)

Which of the following IS NOT a method for collecting data in a qualitative research study? a. Observations b. Artifacts c. Interviews d. Standardized Test

Standardized Test

Meta-Analyses (Quantitative)

Statistical Analysis = Mathematic Conclusion

Measures

Strength of relationship Direction of relationship

Purposive Sampling

Subjects are not selected randomly but rather for a specific purpose by the researcher to best meet the needs of the study. This is also know as 'judgment sampling'.

A review article give comprehensive summary of literature of varied designs including mixmethods and has multiple reviewers. This is an example of what type of review article?

Systematic Review

A review article that is a comprehensive summary of the literature, critically appraises literature of varied research designs (including mixed methods designs), and has multiple raters review the articles is an example of a:

Systematic Review

Parametric statistical tests INDEPENDENT GROUPS for comparative statistics (Ratio/Interval Data)

T-test Independent sample, ANOVA Analysis of Variance, One-way Repeated measure of ANOVA, MANOVA Multi-variate Analysis of variance

Voluntary Response Sampling

The sample is obtained again from a group of people that are easy to contact, but instead of the researcher selecting the participants the individuals "volunteer".

Convenience Sampling

The sample is obtained by "convenience" from a group of people that are easy to contact or reach.

Snowball Sampling

This method is used when it is difficult to recruit participants for a study. Researchers will use participants to recruit other participants, therefore the number of people they have access to "snowballs" as they get in contact with more and more people.

Some drawbacks or challenges with qualitative research studies are that they can be more time consuming and the results are challenging to replicate. (True/false)

True

Using a mixed methods design can decrease bias and increase validity of a study by triangulating data sources. (True/false)

True

Inter-rater reliability

Two people give the test on same person get same results

Concurrent validity

Two test that test same thing agree and have similar results

Which of the following sampling methods DOES NOT apply when selecting subjects to participate in a qualitative research study? a. Uses purposive sampling where subjects are not selected randomly but rather for a specific purpose b. Uses convenience sampling where subjects are selected from a group of people that are easy to contact or reach. c. Uses a combination of purposive and snowball sampling techniques to select subjects d. Uses randomized sampling methods where subjects are selected randomly from the general population

Uses randomized sampling methods where subjects are selected randomly from the general population

Nonparametric statistical tests DEPENDENT "CORRELATED" GROUPS for comparative statistics (Nominal/Ordinal Data)

Wilcoxon Sign-Rank Test, Chi-Square Test binary categorical variables only (e.g. M/F, R/L hemi)

Which of the following are TRUE about qualitative study designs? Select all that apply. a. Relies on words and images b. Uses the subject's own words and narrative summaries of observable behavior to express data, not numbers c. Relies on numerical and ordinal data d. Must be tied to understanding, explanation, or the development of theory about an observed phenomenon

a. Relies on words and images b. Uses the subject's own words and narrative summaries of observable behavior to express data, not numbers d. Must be tied to understanding, explanation, or the development of theory about an observed phenomenon

negative correlation

as A increases, B decreases

ANOVA

compares means of 3+ Groups

Large/Strong Effect Size/Association

d or r = ± 0.8 or MORE

Medium Effect Size/Association

d or r = ±.5

Small/Weak Effect Size/Association

d or r = ±0.2 or less

Grounded Theory

explaining the phenomenon being studied through the analysis of relationships among concepts (developing research hypotheses to explain what is happening and perhaps why)

exploratory sequential

gather qualitative data first, then gather quantitative data to EXPLORE the qualitative data

explanatory sequential

gather quantitative data first, then gather qualitative data to EXPLAIN the quantitative data

external validity

generalizable to population (applicable EXTERNALLY to people outside of study: survey research, ethnographical)

The higher internal validity, the (more/less) external validity

less

Individual Location

location of one participant in relationship to a group-- Bell Curve (statistics: standard scores, z/t-scores)

types of systematic reviews

meta-analyses (quantitative) and meta-synthesis (qualitative)

types of literature reviews (synthesis)

narrative reviews, systematic reviews, scoping reviews

ordinal data (3)

ordered categories like rankings, order, or scaling (e.g. service quality rating, student letter grades)

Predictive validity

outcome on test A predict outcome on similar test B

non-parametric stats

statistics for ordinal and nominal data

parametric stats

statistics for ratio and interval data