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ELAR ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

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Oral reading fluency is measured using: a. IDEA b. BIPS c. WCPM d. NCES

What is the last sound in the word "limb"? a. /n/ b. /b/ c. n/ d. /m/

The literal meaning of the text. a. surface code b. text base c. syntax d. inference

Which of the following are NOT research-based fluency strategies and should not be used in the classroom? Select all that apply. a. popcorn reading b. repeated reading c. round-robin reading d. choral reading

a., b.

After reading a fable, students work with a partner to identify the moral or theme of the story. Which reading comprehension level is primarily being targeted in the lesson? a. literal b. inferential c. evaluative d. appreciative

A sixth-grade science class is conducting an experiment related to evaporation. Students will measure changes in the height and weight of a wet sponge over the course of an hour. The teacher wants students to create a visual to display their findings. Which of the following visuals will best display the information? a. flow chart b. bar graph c. concept map d. line graph

All of the following are informational text features except: a. photographs b. plots c. glossaries d. charts

Which of the following assessments is most helpful to teachers at the beginning of the school year? a. formal assessments b. summative assessments c. diagnostic assessments d. curriculum-based assessments

A 5th grade teacher is preparing for an upcoming poetry unit. The teacher must be sure to align which of the following instructional elements during the planning process? a. outcomes, materials, activities, assessments b. learning objectives, curriculum, activities, materials c. learning objectives, outcomes, activities, assessments d. learning objectives, figurative language, assessments, outcomes

A first-grade teacher will be introducing phoneme-grapheme correspondences for the sounds of short i and /d/. The text type that would best support these objectives is: a. leveled texts b. predictable texts c. decodable texts d. controlled texts

The portion of the mini-lesson in which the critical attributes of a concept of skill are discussed is the _____ step: a. have-a-go b. link c. connect d. teach

The purpose of the "connect" step in a reading minilesson is: a. to engage students in conversations b. to link the strategy to future reading c. to make sure the curriculum is aligned with the assessment d. to merge prior knowledge with new information

A student is planning to write a story in which the thoughts and actions of just one character will be shared with readers. The student is writing using which of the following points of views? a. 3rd person omniscient b. 1st person c. 2nd person d. 3rd person limited

Which of the following statements are true about silent reading? Select all that apply. a. silent reading improves reading fluency. b. sustained silent reading is an effective reading strategy. c. silent reading supports overall reading achievments. d. silent reading requires teacher guidance.

not abc

Word depth supports which of the following skills? Select all that apply. a. fluent recall of vocabulary b. reading fluency c. reading comprehension d. pronunciation of words

not ad not bcd not bd not abcd

A fifth-grade student reads slowly but comprehends what they are reading. Which of the following steps can be used to improve the student's fluency? Select all that apply. a. provide opportunities for the student to read lower level texts to improve their reading speed b. encourage the student to pause as they read and use text features to increase understanding of the text c. provide opportunities for the student to practice prosody so reading sounds more natural d. use phoneme-grapheme mapping to practice decoding strategies

not cd not ab

T/F? Code-focused instruction should be a priority in first and second grade, and comprehension instruction should become more important from 3rd grade on.

(1) Taking a yoga class is not just good for improving physical fitness. (2) Classes usually begin with deep breathing exercises and meditation to help clear your mind. (3) By engaging in these activities, you see how to train your minds to be calm but alert. (4) A strong mental focus helps you respond to the yoga instructor's directions and adjust your form in each pose. (5) Additionally instructors teach you how to focus your energy so you can lengthen your muscles and develop core strength. (6) Having a stronger body and mind helps you to be very productive and positive throughout the day. (7) Plus it just makes you feel good. Which sentence is extraneous and should be deleted? a. plus it just makes you feel good. b. additionally instructors teach you how to focus your energy so you can lengthen your muscles and develop core strength. c. classes usually begin with deep breathing exercises and meditation to help clear your mind. d. having a stronger body and mind helps you to be very productive and positive throughout the day.

A 4th grade teacher asks students to identify the plot elements and details in a story. Which reading comprehension level is primarily being targeted in the lesson? a. literal b. inferential c. evaluative d. appreciative

A 5th grade English learner is able to comprehend most grade-level texts, makes few grammatical errors, and is comfortable talking and participating in class. This student is most likely functioning in which stage of the second language acquisition process? a. intermediate b. early production c. speech emergence d. advanced

A 6th grade teacher wants students to engage in science-based reading comprehension strategies. Which of the following practices would be most appropriate for the teacher to adopt? a. asking students to read a text multiple times for different purposes to develop a deeper understanding of the text. b. asking students to listen to an audiotape of a text before reading it independently, then summarizing the text in a paragraph. c. asking students to skim the text and discuss their understanding of the text with a partner. d. asking students to respond to text-dependent questions on a worksheet.

A fifth-grade teacher wants to assess students' use of quotation marks in writing. Which of the following assignments would best help the teacher achieve that goal? a. ask students to write a personal narrative about a time that students disagreed with a friend. b. ask students to write a compare and contrast essay about 2 battles reviewed in social studies class. c. ask students to write a journal entry describing the outcome of a science experiment d. ask students to write a persuasive letter to the school board about the school dress code

A sixth-grade teacher wants students to make a text-to-self connection with a story about two teens and their battle with isolation during the pandemic. Which of the following activities would be most effective in supporting this goal? a. asking students to choose an experience or thought from one of the characters in the story and explain how it was similar to their own thoughts or experiences during the pandemic b. asking students to find other texts about the pandemic and explain whether they liked those texts and why c. asking students to research the negative effects of isolation during the pandemic d. asking students to participate in a discussion about the effects of the pandemic

A sixth-grade teacher wants to assess students' writing skills before starting a lesson on writing formal correspondence. Which of the following writing prompts would be most appropriate for the teacher to use for this purpose? a. a family that lives in your neighborhood, but that you have never met, needs help with mowing the lawn every weekend. Write a letter expressing your interest in interviewing for the job b. your sister gives you a present. Write a thank-you note expressing gratitude for the gift. c. you are fostering a dog that a neighbor found on the side of the road. Write a letter to let the neighbor know how the dog is doing. d. your older sibling is working on a cruise ship out of the country. Write a letter to let them know what's been happening at home.

A sixth-grade teacher would like to assess students' understanding of an author's use of flashbacks for plot development in a novel they are reading in class. Which of the following student activities would be most appropriate for this purpose? a. explaining how details in a flashback provide context for creating a conflict between characters b. analyzing how the author uses temporal words to transition from a character's present-day setting to a flashback c. comparing the language used in dialogue spoken in flashbacks from various times in a character's life d. writing a monologue that reveals a character's thoughts and feelings during a flashback

A student attempted to spell the word is "marble" in their jounal. marbl Which of the following types of spelling errors did the student make? a. spelling rule error b. semantic/meaning error c. phonemic error d. morphemic error

A student is attempting to spell the word "prescription". Morphological knowledge of which of the following will help the student understand the meaning of the word? a. knowing that "script" means "to write" b. knowing that the word has 3 syllables c. knowing that the "t" preceding "ion" is pronounced as /ch/ d. knowing that many academic English words derived from Greek and Latin roots.

It is essential for teachers to take which of the following actions in a mini-lesson: a. model skills by "thinking out loud" b. manage student behavior c. ask students if they understand the concept d. ask students to turn and talk

Look at the list of words. Which word has a different vowel phoneme than the others? a. come b. boat c. so d. hope

Read the excerpt below. His voice broke while he talked about his friend, and he hid his face in his hands, tears falling silently on his uniform. In the excerpt, the author uses imagery primarily to: a. express feelings of despair b. describe the life of a military person c. evoke a feeling of loyalty d. illustrate the idea of friendship

Which media bias technique is used in the message below? The Texas Times : The mayor issued a sinister warning to his opponents on Monday. a. mind reading b. flawed logic c. subjective qualifying adjectives d. unsubstantiated claims

Seventh-grade students read A Day in the Life of Simon Betz, a memoir by Anya Summer about a young boy during the Holocaust. After reading the memoir, the teacher asks students to conduct research on an aspect of the Holocaust. Which of the following activities would be most appropriate for the students to engage in first? a. identifying one event in the memoir that interests them and brainstorming ideas related to that event b. searching for primary and secondary sources c. planning a PowerPoint presentation to share their research results d. reading other memoirs and autobiographies about Holocaust

Shawn is writing a short paper called "How Government Officials Are Elected". Which organization pattern would best help Shawn achieve his purpose for writing? a. logical order b. definition c. problem/solution d. advantage/disadvantage

Students have been learning about synonyms and antonyms. The teacher models how to create a semantic map of a word's synonyms and antonyms using the words "big" and "little". Then students work with a partner to create a semantic map using the words "hot" and "cold". This type of activity benefits students' vocabulary development most directly by: a. promoting their understanding of the relationships between words. b. facilitating their ability to use words in context c. enhancing their ability to read and understand multisyllabic words d. helping them analyze morphemes in the word to determine word meaning

Students who can connect most letters and sounds, blend and segment sounds in one-syllable words, and have a fairly extensive sight vocabulary are in which of Ehri's Phases of word reading development? a. Later or Full Alphabetic b. Consolidated Alphabetic c. Pre-Alphabetic d. Early or Partial Alphabetic

This comprehension involves identifying the text base (the underlying or implicit meaning) by thinking about the text and drawing conclusions. Students use inferential comprehension to make generalizations and predictions, identify cause-and-effect relationships, and identify themes and unstated main ideas. a. inferential comprehension b. evaluative comprehension c. literal comprehension d. appreciative comprehension

This student is trying to spell the word "glad". gald What type of spelling error is this? a. phonemic error b. orthographic error c. spelling rule error d. morphemic error

Vocabulary development has the strongest influence on which of the following skills? a. reading comprehension b. phonological awareness c. verbal intelligence d. reading fluency

Vowel-consonant-e syllables contain which of the following? a. a silent "e" at the end b. a vowel team c. one short vowel d. a consonant at the end

What type of context clue did the author provide to determine the meaning of the word "haberdashery" in the sentence below? Haberdashery, a store that sells men's clothing, is becoming more common today. a. definition/explanation b. antonym c. synonym d. mood

Which of the following options represents the surface code and text base meanings for the phrase "Gio was a breath of fresh air" in the first sentence? a. breath/welcome arrival b. breath/witty c. fresh breath/sarcastic d. breathing/on edge

Which of the following practice activities should be used to determine how students are performing with reading chunks of words? a. word families b. word chains c. flex the pronunciation d. i spy

Which of the following statements is NOT true about high-frequency words and sight words? a. all high-frequency words have irregular spellings. b. high-frequency words are used repeatedly in texts. c. students should practice reading high-frequency words so that they become sight words. d. sight words are words that students can read quickly and accurately without decoding.

Which of the following statements is not true about phonological awareness? a. phonological and phonemic awareness involves sounds in spoken and printed words. b. phonological awareness skills are organized into 3 stages from simple to complex. c. phonological and phonemic awareness involves sounds in spoken words only. d. phonological awareness is a strong predictor of reading success.

Which technique did the author use in the sentence below? As Tim opened the door to the bakery, he was hit with the rich aroma of coffee and freshly baked blueberry muffins. a. sound devices b. literal language c. figurative language d. voice

which of the following statements is NOT true about words that are homographs? a. they are pronounced the same way b. they have different meanings c. they are spelled the same d. they have different origins

A middle school teacher asks students to determine which statements made on a news media website are factual and which statements are exaggerated. Which of the following reading comprehension levels is primarily being targeted in the lesson? a. evaluative. b. appreciative c. literal d inferential

a. evaluative comprehension requires students to make judgments about text and apply what they read to their own lives.

A sixth-grade English language arts teacher plans to have students read and discuss an essay about gender expectations and roles during and after World War I. The teacher uses entrance tickets to assess the students' knowledge of the topic and determines that their knowledge is limited. Which of the following strategies would be most appropriate for the teacher to use to support the students' comprehension of the essay? a. showing pictures about World War I and guiding the students in a discussion about the pictures b. asking students to read the essay aloud in class. c. asking students to research information about World War I on their cell phone d. providing definitions of Tier 2 words from the essay and asking the students to use the words when discussing the essay in class

a. showing students pictures and encouraging them to discuss the pictures helps to build students' background knowledge.

Research shows that using culturally relevant texts in the classroom is important because: Select all that apply. a. students are more likely to be engaged in learning. b. students remember more about what they read. c. students gain an appreciation for other cultures. d. students are more likely to learn a second language.

a., b., c.

Which of the following best describes student-teacher relationships in a culturally responsive classroom? a. demanding and harsh b. fearful and manipulating c. hopeful but guarded d. positive and respectful

A teacher reads a picture book about the Alamo aloud to the class, has students examine William B. Travis's letter detailing the siege of the Alamo, and shows a video clip about Franklin Delano Roosevelt's 1936 speech at the Alamo before students read an article called "The Alamo: History & Facts". The teacher most likely selected these activities to: a. build students' background knowledge or schema b. motivate students to learn more about historical events c. incorporate multimedia into the classroom d. integrate reading and social studies.

a. the more students know about a given topic they will read in a text, the easier it is for them to read, understand, and retain the information.

Which of the following statements are true about assessment and evaluation? Select all that apply. a. teachers should gather data and analyze it to improve student learning. b. assessment is a waste of time unless the teacher uses the data to guide instruction. c. the terms "assessment" and "evaluation" can be used interchangeably. d. assessment is valuable without evaluation

a., b.

Which of the word groups below reflect the job of the semantic lexicon. (Select all that apply.) a. happy/sad b. walk, jog, sprint c. jump/jumped d. hat/cat

a., b.

A 4th grade teacher is planning instruction in determining the meaning of and using words with affixes and roots. Which of the following words is best aligned with both the teacher's goal and the continuum of word-reading skills described in the 4th grade TX Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) for English Language Arts and Reading (ELAR)? Select all that apply. a. calamity b. mistaken c. automatic d. superlative.

a., b., c.

A student is struggling with dividing words into syllables. Which of the following activities would address this problem? Select all that apply. a. identifying the vowels in a word. b. clapping syllables in poems or songs. c. labeling the consonants and vowels in a word. d. memorizing how to divide different words.

a., b., c.

A teacher who adopts a Structured Literacy approach would exhibit which of the following behaviors? Select all that apply. a. analyze all word reading errors. b. spend more time on direct instruction. c. use phonics as a primary strategy for decoding and spelling. d. allow students to select leveled readers for independent reading.

a., b., c.

Leslie is in fifth-grade, and is a first-year English learner. She has strong decoding and fluency skills. The teacher has noticed, however, that Leslie's vocabulary knowledge seems to be interfering with reading comprehension. This may be due to: Select all that apply. a. differences between Leslie's background knowledge and the background information needed for Leslie's school in the U.S. b. the complexity of learning to speak, read, and write in English. c. Leslie's lack of exposure to some of the science and social studies topics the class is learning about. d. Leslie's lack of background experiences.

a., b., c.

Look at the list of words. Which words have the same vowel phoneme? Select all that apply. a. dew b. suit. c. loot d. cue

a., b., c.

Students in the Early Alphabetic Phase of word reading development are typically able to: Select all that apply. a. predict words using initial sounds, pictures, and contexts. b. develop a small sight vocabulary. c. attempt to decode words, paying particular attention to initial and final sounds. d. connect all letters and sounds in isolation.

a., b., c.

Students who exhibit high word reading accuracy but low fluency will benefit from which of the following strategies? Select all that apply. a. repeated readings b. practice with punctuation c. guided oral reading d. audio-assisted reading

a., b., c.

Which of the following are characteristics of informational texts? Select all that apply. a. they have headings, subheadings, graphics, indexes, and diagrams. b. they are organized by topics. c. they are written to inform, explain, or persuade. d. they are easier to read and understand compared to narrative texts.

a., b., c.

Which of the following phrases in the second example must be interpreted at the text base level? a. draw a line b. tangled up c. a hot head d. other people's business

a., b., c.

Which of the following statements about reading minilessons are not true? Select all that apply. a. mini-lesson times can vary from day to day depending upon the curriculum b. mini-lessons should last the entire class period c. mini-lessons can take 20 to 30 minutes if the concept is complex d. mini-lessons should take approximately 10 minutes

a., b., c.

Which of the following statements are true about oral reading? Select all that apply. a. oral reading is critical for first and second graders. b. oral reading helps students focus on pronouncing words correctly. c. oral reading supports the development of reading fluency. d. oral reading should not be used with older students.

a., b., c.

Which of the following strategies can be used to promote development of vocabulary skills? Select all that apply. a. modeling a "ten dollar" word (a word that is longer and less common) in conversation. b. providing time for students to practice using new vocabulary. c. elaborating and extending a student's response. d. asking students to memorize 10 to 15 multisyllabic words per week.

a., b., c.

Which of the following strategies should be used for high-frequency word practice? Select all that apply. a. provide opportunities for students to practice reading and spelling high-frequency words in a variety of contexts. b. use multisensory activities. c. point out the parts of a word that follow a predictable phonics pattern and the parts that do not. d. encourage students to memorize high-frequency words.

a., b., c.

A 6th grade teacher plans a series of questions for a class discussion about an informational text the students have read. Which of the following questions could be used to promote the students' thinking about the author's purpose and craft? Select all that apply. a. why does the author use figurative language in this sentence? b. the author includes the photograph of the blooms most likely to support which idea? c. how did the author capture and hold your interest throughout the article? d. what new information did you learn about the topic from reading the article?

a., b., c., d.

Dictionaries help students with word recognition by: select all that apply. a. identifying a word's meaning b. identifying a word's pronunciation c. explaining how words are used d. identifying a word's grammar

a., b., c., d.

A 5th-grade teacher plans to use a poem for comprehension practice. One of the questions students will answer is shown below. The imagery in stanzas 3 and 4 suggests that — A Mom is not confident about Eliza's ability to drive B Eliza is unable to see because of the dust C Mom is in a hurry to get to work D Eliza is keenly aware of her surroundings To successfully answer this question, students must: Select all that apply. a. be able to identify examples of imagery in the poem b. make inferences c. be able to identify the main characteristics of poetry d. know the meaning of the word "imagery"

a., b., d.

A sixth-grade teacher planned to have students read the following text: Aboard the ship, I held the gold pouch that my father had so firmly pressed into my hand, and I thought about the days' worth of water between us. Then I thought about the weeks, months, years, decades of water to come. Time for me had always been measured in terms of the rising sun, its setting sister, and the dependable cycle of the moon. But at sea, I learned that time can also be measured in terms of water, in terms of the distance traveled while drifting on it. When measured in this way, nearer and farther are the path of time's movement, not continuously forward along a fast straight line. When measured in this way, time loops and curlicues, and at any given moment it can spiral me away and then bring me rushing home again. Which of the following questions should the teacher ask to help students identify the theme of the text? Select all that apply. a. Why does the narrator mention the concept of time? b. How does the narrator's reflection on time affect his understanding of memory? c. How does the narrator describe the images of water? d. What prompted the narrator's reflection?

a., b., d.

A teacher is reading the big book, 'The Very Hungry Caterpillar' to students. Before she begins reading she asks the students to turn to a partner talk about what they know about caterpillars and butterflies. This is an example of: Select all that apply. a. building students' schema b. explicit instruction c. checking to see if students are interested in this topic d. incidental learning

a., b., d.

Culture identity influences which of the following? Select all that apply. a. a person's ability to equitably access resources. b. a person's values and beliefs. c.. a person's ability to communicate in multiple languages. d. a person's perception about what others should or should not say.

a., b., d.

Effective reading comprehension strrategies support which of the following skills: Select all that apply. a. improving memory of a text b. summarizing a text c. reading fluently d. identifying the main idea and details in a text

a., b., d.

Explicit phonics instruction should include which of the following components? Select all that apply. a. frequent practice with automatic recognition of irregular high-frequency words. b. frequent instruction and practice with strategies to decode unfamiliar words. c. frequent instruction and practice with manipulating sounds in oral language. d. frequent instruction and practice with letters and letter patterns.

a., b., d.

In the first weeks of class, a fourth-grade teacher gives students a writing assignment. As the teacher walks around the room monitoring the students, the teacher identifies possible signs of dysgraphia. Which of the following student behaviors are indicators of dysgraphia? Select all that apply. a. tight, awkward pencil grip b. writing illegibly c. confusing the order of letters d. difficulty organizing thoughts on paper

a., b., d.

Language comprehension can be informally assessed using which of the following strategies? Select all that apply. a. asking students to complete a story map b. administering an informal reading inventory c. asking a student to respond to yes-no questions d. asking a student to retell a story orally, with pictures, or in writing

a., b., d.

Silent, independent reading is most productive when: Select all that apply. a. teachers establish norms and expectations for reading practice. b. students are accountable for their reading. c. teachers select books for students. d. teachers confer with students about their books.

a., b., d.

Teachers can create a culturally responsive environment by using which of the following strategies? Select all that apply. a. examining their own thoughts and beliefs. b. using knowledge of students' cultural and linguistic backgrounds to plan and engaging lessons. c. setting realistic expectations for students. d. using culturally diverse literature in the classroom.

a., b., d.

To be media literate, students must be able to: Select all that apply. a. evaluate media messages for bias b. interpret and analyze media messages c. accept information reported in the media d. think critically

a., b., d.

Which of the following are true about text structure and organization? Select all that apply. a. informational texts are organized differently than narrative texts. b. when readers are unaware of how texts are structured, they approach them in a random manner. c. when students recognize text structure, they read more fluently. d. recognition of text structure helps students "chunk" or organize information as they read.

a., b., d.

Which of the following components are found in Universal Design for Learning classrooms? Select all that apply. a. teachers focus on what they will teach and how they will teach it. b. the physical layout of the classroom is adaptable. c. accommodations are made for students in special education. d. teachers and students make decisions about learning.

a., b., d.

Which of the following statements are true about argumentative texts? Select all that apply. a. they use claims and counterclaims to make their points. b. they both are written to convince a reader to take a particular point of view. c. they both use emotion to appeal to the reader. d. they present multiple points of view.

a., b., d.

Which of the following statements are true about handwriting instruction? Select all that apply. a. Teachers should use consistent language when teaching letter formation. b. Teachers should use multisensory strategies for handwriting instruction. c. Teachers should teach capital letter formation before lower case letter formation. d. Teachers should group similarly formed letters together for instruction.

a., b., d.

Which of the following would indicate that a child "knows" or has "deep knowledge" of a word? Select all that apply. a. they can use the word in their writing. b. they can complete a semantic map. c. they can read the definition in the dictionary. d. they can match the word to the definition.

a., b., d.

Which of the statements below are true about information fatigue? Select all that apply. a. Information fatigue leads to unconscious acceptance of media messages. b. Information fatigue occurs because people have access to huge quantities of information. c. Information fatigue is the result of overscheduling our lives. d. People are heavily influenced by repeated media messages, even if they are incomplete or untrue.

a., b., d.

Which of the statements below are true about reading comprehension? Select all that apply. a. surface code refers to the literal meaning of a text, and text base refers to the implicit meaning of a text. b. background knowledge is the most important factor in comprehending a text. c. students must understand the text base before they can understand the surface code of a text. d. there are different levels of comprehending a text.

a., b., d.

A 5th grade teacher is planning instruction in determining the meaning of and using words with affixes and roots. Which of the following words is best aligned with both the teacher's goal and the continuum of word-reading skills described in the fifth-grade Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) for English Language Arts and Reading (ELAR)? Select all that apply. a. transformer b. dialogue c. geology d. divisive

a., c., d.

A middle school English language arts teacher wants to motivate students to develop a love of reading. The teacher is particularly interested in building up the classroom library for students who are reading above grade level. Which of the following texts would be appropriate for those students? Select all that apply. a. novels with multiple storylines, unpredictable plots, and complex characters b. informational texts that explain how to create simple art projects c. magazine articles that focus on STEM issues and careers d. poetry books that include sophisticated language and implicit meanings

a., c., d.

A teacher is introducing a unit on weather. Which of the following Tier 2 words would be appropriate to use for this lesson? a. twister b. windy c. raining cats and dogs d. torrential

a., c., d.

When constructing a mental model of a text, a reader must be able to: Select all that apply. a. decode words b. hold information in long-term memory c. identify the surface code and text base meanings d. connect schema to the text

a., c., d.

Which of the behaviors below may indicate a student is struggling with language comprehension? Select all that apply. a. the student lack awareness of social cues. b. the student uses inaccurate spelling. c. the student has a short attention span. d. the student mixes up the order of events when retelling a story.

a., c., d.

Which of the following activities involve higher level thinking? Select all that apply. a. based on the experiments you conducted, which plants are most likely to sprout new growth? explain why. b. describe the process of photosynthesis. c. create a brochure about photosynthesis to hand out at a local nursery. d. review the diagram to determine where the breakdown in photosynthesis occured.

a., c., d.

Which of the following statements are true about partner reading? Select all that apply. a. partners should be assigned by the teacher. b. students should select their reading partner. c. it helps students to maintain fluency skills. d. it helps students to develop fluency skills.

a., c., d.

Which of the following statements is true about racism? Select all that apply. a. racism can better be addressed when people are aware of their own cultural identity and inherent biases. b. racism doesn't influence equity in a school setting. c. racism exists when prejudice is combined with social power and becomes systemic. d. racism advantages some groups of people and disadvantages other groups of people.

a., c., d.

Which statements are true about rhetorical devices? Select all that apply. a. they use logic, emotion, and credibility to persuade readers. b. they alter the meanings of words. c. they help authors to communicate the purpose for writing. d. they can be used in narrative, informational, and argumentative texts.

a., c., d.

Syntax states that: select all that apply. a. the order of words in a sentence helps determine the meaning of the sentence. b. changing the order of the words in a sentence cannot change the meaning. c. syntax helps readers decide which word's meaning is appropriate, if a word is plural or possessive, or how punctuation in a word affects meaning. d. syntax impacts word choice, particularly when it comes to affixes (-s, -es) e. students with syntactic knowledge cannot recognize and manipulate grammar in sentences. f. there is a connection between the complexticity of the syntax used in a text and the text's readability level.

a., c., d., f.

In the phonetic stage of spelling development, students would display which of the following characteristics? Select all that apply. a. spell words using beginning, middle, and ending sounds. b. spell words using a random mixture of upper case letters, lower case letters, and numbers. c. spell words using beginning and ending sounds only. d. spell words in a way that most people can understand the message.

a., d.

Which two characteristics describe fluent readers? a. fluent readers can match letters to sounds quickly and spend more time reading. b. fluent readers have efficient phonological processing skills, but weak phonemic awareness skills. c. fluent readers have an inadequate sight vocabulary d. fluent readers have a strong reading rate and prosody.

a., d.

A 4th grade student reads words from a grade-level word list while the teacher records the student's pronunciation of the words on the chart below: - accent - ak-kent - giant - gi-aint (pronounced g like the word "go") - legend - leg-end - magnet - ma-jent - bustled - bust-ed Given these results, the teacherr plans to promote the student's letter-sound relationship skills by providing opportunities for practice in: a. recognizing and accurately reading high-frequency words b. recognizing consonants that sometimes but don't always represent a sound. c. decoding words from left to right using letter-sound analysis. d. identifying and taking apart two and three syllable words.

A 4th grade teacher is working with a small group of English learners on syllable types. The teacher wants the students to sort words that contain only open and closed syllables. Which of the following word lists would be most appropriate for the teacher to use for this activity? a. undo, fastest, rewind, chase, super b. stop, fishing, wagon, suddenly, moment c. blinder, shade, chop, treetop, confuse d. sport, tapping, hay, swimmer, happy

A 5th grade teacher asks the class to journal about special traditions in their culture and then discuss their written response with a small group of students. The primary purpose for this activity is to develop the students': a. writing skills b. oral language skills c. listening comprehension d. short-term memory

A 6th grade student has weak language comprehension. Which of the following activities will the student least likely struggle with? a. connecting to what the student learned in 5th grade science to new science concepts in 6th grade. b. reading the word "magical" in a passage c. knowing the meaning of the word "resentful" d. identifying metaphors in a poem

A 6th grade student with autism struggles with recognizing verbal cues and body language when talking to peers in the cafeteria. This behavior reflects with of the following systems of language? a. syntax b. pragmatics c. phonology d. semantics

A fourth-grade teacher is using phoneme-grapheme mapping to practice phonics skills. The chart below shows the targeted words for one lesson, as well as one student's response to the targeted words. sigh - /s/ /i/ /g/ fruit - /f/ /r/ /ŭ/ /t/ known - /n/ /ow/ /n/ Which of the following actions should the teacher take next? a. provide direct, explicit instruction in spelling multisyllable words. b. provide direct, explicit instruction in vowel digraphs. c. provide direct, explicit instruction in phoneme-grapheme mapping. d. provide direct, explicit instruction in the VCe rule.

A fourth-grade teacher wants to help students become more aware of their reading comprehension ability and monitor their own progress with applying reading comprehension strategies in texts. Which of the following activities will best support the teacher's goal? a. asking students to complete a weekly exit ticket reflecting on what they have learned that week. b. asking students to reflect on their strengths and weaknesses with reading comprehension, then set specific goals for improvement. c. asking students to keep a log of reading comprehension grades in their reader's notebook. d. asking students to focus on the reading comprehension strategies they can apply successfully to offset the strategies they are not using

A simple strategy to determine how many syllables are in a word is: a. look to see how long the word is. b. count the number of vowel graphemes in the word. c. look the word up in the dictionary, d. count the number of prefixes and suffixes.

A sixth-grade teacher has four students who did not pass the fifth-grade reading portion of the State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR). Which of the following options would most effectively help the teacher measure progress and inform instruction for those students? a. the teacher should use the STAAR Interim Assessment Reading Blueprint as a diagnostic assessment to give students, then use the data gathered to inform instruction throughout the year. b. the teacher should use the 5th-grade STAAR data to identify reading gaps and adjust instruction before these students take the 6th-grade assessment in the early spring. c. the teacher should give students a 6th-grade-level STAAR Interim Assessment in the fall, then use the data to fill in the gaps until students take the 6th-grade assessment in the early spring. d. the teacher should include STAAR Released Test Questions in weekly practice activities, then analyze the results to make decisions about upcoming lessons.

A student in the Consolidated Alphabetic Phase typically exhibits which of the following characteristics? a. spells words phonetically. b. spells words using syllables, morphemes, and onsets and rimes. c. spells words using initial and final sounds. d. spells words using a dictionary.

A student is developing and essay on the topic of whale-watching. Which of the following topic sentences would be most appropriate for the student to use to engage readers' attention? a. if you think whale-watchers spend all their time looking through binoculars at the ocean, think again. b. whale-watching is not a hobby for the faint of heart; it requires a knowledge of the animal's habits, quick reactions, and plenty of practice. c. whale-watching has helped me develop many unique skills, such as estimating the size and age of whales from a distance. d. i completely disagree with the popular idea that whale-watching is a boring hobby.

A teacher has introduced all consonant phoneme-grapheme correspondences, short vowels, and long vowels with the VCe pattern. As part of an informal assessment of students' decoding skills, the teacher meets with an individual student and says, "We're going to practice reading some words on a list today. Start at the top and read each word on the list.." After meeting with the student, the teacher reviews the students' performance. The assessment results are shown below. mute - /m/ŭ/ /t/ globe - /g/ /l/ /ŏ/ /b/ fad - /f/ /ă/ /d/ shade - /sh/ /ă/ /d/ sod - /s/ /ŏ/ /d/ Given the information provided, which of the following best describes the student's errors? a. difficulty identifying phoneme-grapheme correspondences in consonant blends. b. difficulty identifying long vowel phoneme-grapheme correspondences. c. difficulty identifying single letter consonant phoneme-grapheme correspondences. d. difficulty identifying short vowel phoneme-grapheme correspondences.

According to the National Assessment of Educational Progress Fluency Scale, a student who reads mostly in two-word phrases with some three- or four-word groupings is most likely at which fluency level? a. level 1 b. level 2 c. level 3 d. level 4

Which list includes only words described in the Doubling Rule? a. duplex, duplicate, binary b. drill, cross, buff c. grab, swim, thin d. river, hatch, pulp

During a back-to-school night, an elementary teacher discusses the use of media in the classroom and at home. Which of the following suggestions is best for the teacher to make to parents regarding students' television viewing and Internet use at home? a. Trusting children to make their own choices about media but asking them to discuss these choices with the parents. b. Viewing media with their children and discussing what they see and hear. c. Preventing children from having any media exposure at home, since most of it will be of little academic value to children. d. Requiring children to watch certain educational programs recommended by the teacher before they watch any other programs.

Students are most engaged with which of the following fluency strategies? a. buddy reading b. choral reading c. echo reading d. cloze reading

Students are working with a partner to create words with various prefixes, roots, bases, and suffixes. The activity is addressing which of the following systems of language? a. pragmatics b. morphology c. phonology d. semantics

Students in a fifth-grade class have written a personal narrative as an assessment. Read the following excerpt from one student's narrative. As I walked through the door, I could smell my mamas homemade bread floating out to me from the kitchen. The warm smell of yeast wrapped around me like a warm, cozy blanket. Being at home made me forget about the days troubles. Based on the excerpt, the student needs instruction in: a. matching subjects and verbs b. punctuating possessives c. matching pronouns and antecedents d. punctuating complex sentences

The main difference between students in the transitional and correct stages of spelling is: a. students in the transitional stage do not use conventional spelling, and students in the correct stage of spelling do. b. students in the transitional stage may still use some invented spelling, and students in the correct stage of spelling use conventional spelling rules. c. students in the transitional stage do not represent all the sounds in a word, and students in the correct stage of spelling do. d. students in the transitional stage have difficulty getting their message across to others, and students in the correct stage of spelling get their message across to others with ease.

The underlying meaning of the text. a. surface code b. text base c. syntax d. inference

This comprehension requires students to combine the inferred meaning of a text with their personal thoughts, beliefs, and opinions. For example, students might justify their opinion about a text, promote a particular point of view, analyze character development, identify an author's purpose or message, identify themes, detect faulty reasoning, and compare and contrast ideas within one text or across multiple texts. a. inferential comprehension b. evaluative comprehension c. literal comprehension d. appreciative comprehension

This student is trying to spell the word "chap". chape What type of spelling error is this? a. morphemic error b. orthographic error c. spelling rule error d. phonemic error

Which of the following accurately describes characteristics of closed syllables? a. closed syllables can have 1 or 2 vowels and end with a consonant. b. closed syllables have one short vowel and end with a consonant. c. closed syllables end with a vowel-r. d. closed syllables have one long vowel and end with a consonant.

Which of the following skills is necessary for students to develop strong phonological and phonemic awareness skills? a. decoding skills b. oral language skills c. rhyming skills d. organization skills

Which of the following statements is not true about dimensions of diversity? a. dimensions of diversity can influence a person's ability to be successful. b. secondary dimensions of diversity include race, age, and gender. c. primary dimensions of diversity are qualities that cannot be changed. d. a person's dimensions of diversity influence how they are perceived by others.

Which of the following statements is the best definition for high-frequency words? a. high-frequency words have regular letter patterns and are frequently used in print. b. high-frequency words are frequently used in print and spelled with regular and irregular letter patterns. c. high-frequency words and sight words are the same. d. high-frequency words are irregularly spelled words that are frequently used in print.

Which of the following word lists contains only irregular high-frequency words? a. can, pet, hope b. some, could, once c. shut, above, cow d. route, rot, rut

Word and sentence dictation is a critical part of spelling practice because: a. they improve listening comprehension skills. b. they improve spelling fluency. c. they strengthen short term memory. d. they improve fine motor skills.

A fourth-grade teacher wants to expand students' understanding of new vocabulary in a social studies unit. Which of the following activities would likely be most effective for this purpose? a. writing definitions of the words b. writing authentic responses that include the new words c. memorizing the word meanings d. sorting words into categories

b. using new vocabulary words in a relevant context makes it more likely that students will remember those new words.

Before sixth-grade students begin a research project, the teacher plans to review the criteria for evaluating online sources. Which of the following statements should the teacher include in the lesson. Select all that apply. a. the internet is a great option after you have looked for info in library books and encyclopedias. b. your sources must be reliable and credible c. internet sites that overgeneralize or show bias should be avoided. d. if you summarize information from another author you do not need to cite the source.

b., c.

Which of the following sets of words would be appropriate to consider for direct, explicit vocabulary instruction for English learners? Select all that apply. a. algae, crustacean, barnacle b. optimistic, perplexed, invigorated c. sick, hungry, worried d. asteroid, galaxy, cosmonaut

b., c.

A fifth-grade teacher is working with a small group of students who can identify explicit details in a text, but don't understand the text at a deeper level. Which of the following techniques would be most appropriate for the teacher to use to promote deeper comprehension? Select all that apply. a. having students read the text silently before discussing it with a partner b. having students reread the text for different purposes c. asking students to preview the text, identify unfamiliar vocabulary words, and identify the text genre and structure d. providing the students with adequate background knowledge to engage in discussions and answer higher-level questions about the text

b., c., d.

Minilessons should include: (Select all that apply) a. independent reading b. teacher modeling c. active student involvement d. guided practice

b., c., d.

Multimodal texts support student learning by: Select all that apply. a. teaching performance skills b. motivating students c. building background knowledge d. keeping students engaged

b., c., d.

To construct a mental model of a text, readers must use which of the following? Select all that apply. a. syntax knowledge b. background knowledge c. the text base d. the surface code

b., c., d.

What are the benefits of using digital texts in the classroom? Select all that apply. a. students can experience live performances along with using technology. b. students can access additional information using hyperlinks. c. students can highlight important information. d. students have access to word pronunciation and meaning.

b., c., d.

Which of the following are characteristics of narrative texts? Select all that apply. a. they are written to inform. b. they tell a story. c. they have characters, settings, problems, and resolutions. d. they may have a theme or lesson to be learned.

b., c., d.

Which of the following are components of language comprehension? a. decoding skills b. vocabulary knowledge c. background knowledge d. literacy knowledge

b., c., d.

Which of the following statements about consonant phonemes and graphemes are true? Select all that apply. a. while there are exceptions, most consonant phonemes are represented by only one grapheme. b. the combination qu has two graphemes and two phonemes. c. students who understand the alphabetic principle are ready to decode words. d. teaching frequently appearing phonemes first is best practice.

b., c., d.

Which of the following statements is true about differentiating instruction for English learners? Select all that apply. a. teachers should limit book selections for English learners to just a few topics. b. teachers should use comprehensible input when working with English learners. c. rephrasing responses and using cognates supports the vocabulary development of English learners. d. speaking slowly and clearly is important to do with English learners.

b., c., d.

Which of the following would be used to expand students' vocabularies? Select all that apply. a. copying definitions of words. b. using rich language in conversations. c. celebrating a schoolwide 'word of the day' d. learning synonyms and antonyms

b., c., d.

Which statements are true about an author's craft and style? Select all that apply. a. style is dependent upon the author's appearance b. style can often be described in one or two words c. authors use figurative language and literary devices to develop style d. craft includes the way an author organizes a text and the specific words they use

b., c., d.

Word breadth supports which of the following skills? Select all that apply. a. listening comprehension b. reading rate c. decoding d. reading comprehension

b., c., d.

A teacher notices that students are struggling with elaborating on key ideas in an essay. To best improve the students' revision process, the teacher should review which of the following strategies? Select all that apply, a. how to use a revising checklist b. how to use a box-and-explode strategy, in which students draw a box around a key idea in their story and then add details to expand, or explode, that idea. c. how to highlight the end of each sentence and count and record the total number of words in the sentence d. how to use a list of sparkle words (more precise synonyms for the words used most frequently in their stories)

b., d.

Which of the following are benefits of Universal Design of Learning? Select two. a. UDL prepares students for the STARR assessment. b. UDL supports inclusion and equity. c. UDL encourages students to behave appropriately. d. UDL motivates students to learn.

b., d.

Which of the following are examples of a student using receptive vocabulary skills? (Select all that apply.) a. the student shares the correct definition for the word "absurd" with the teacher. b. the student is able to follow the teacher's oral direction to complete an assignment. c. the student is able to make a list of 5 synonyms for the word "hot". d. the student recognizes a word on the evening news related to the election process.

b., d.

Which of the following skills are commonly observed when students are in the Consolidated Alphabetic Phase of word reading development? Select all that apply. a. students have a strong sight vocabulary of regular words, but know just a few irregular words by sight. b. reading becomes more automatic and fluent. c. students recognize most letters and sounds. d. students are able to delete, substitute, and reverse phonemes in spoken words.

b., d.

This comprehension requires students to develop their feelings and opinions about a text. a. inferential comprehension b. evaluative comprehension c. literal comprehension d. appreciative comprehension

Which of the following statements are true about syntax? Select all that apply. a. a student's knowledge of syntax does not affect reading comprehension.. b. the difficulty level of sentences in a text affects the readability level of the text. c. syntax is the same as grammar. d. syntax impacts word choice and the position of words in a sentecne?

b., d.

Which of the two following statements are true about dyslexia? a. people with dyslexia have lower IQs. b. dyslexia results in difficulty with phonological awareness, phonological memory and rapid naming. c. dyslexia affects a person's vision. d. students with dyslexia struggle with decoding, spelling, fluency, and reading comprehension

b., d.

A 6th grade teacher is planning activities to improve students' literacy and discussion skills in large groups. Which of the following activities would be most effective to achieve that goal? a. ask students to respond to open-ended questions about a novel they read in class. b. read a short-story aloud and ask students to retell and summarize the story with their partner. c. ask students to evaluate an infomercial, then participate in a Socratic seminar to discuss whether or not the informercial uses bias or stereotypes to persuade viewers. d. have students listen to an audiotape of a story and discuss it with different peers in two concentric, revolving circles.

A group of 4th grade students are discussing a passage from an article they are reading in class. When the teacher asks the group to describe the setting, one student say , "it's an old town with creepy people", which of the following responses by the teacher would help the student provide a more specific response? a. asking the class to draw a picture of the setting in their readers notebook. b. reminding the student that "old" and "creepy" are not very descriptive words. c. asking the student to find the text evidence that the town is "old and creepy". d. asking students to explain the connection between the setting and the plot

A group of sixth-grade students is planning a presentation about the space program in Houston, Texas. The students have generated the following research question. What are the barriers to making space fight accessible for most Americans? Which of the following question types would best help the group refine their research question? a. socratic questions b. open-ended questions c. didactic questions d. divergent questions

A middle school class is learning about Texas history. Which of the following strategies would be most appropriate for students who do not appear to be motivated to participate in class? a. allow students to plan a lesson for homework b. ask students what they want to learn c. plan an inquiry-based lesson d. explicitly teach a lesson

A sixth-grade class is reading a story about a father and a son. Afterward, students will answer questions about the story. One of the questions is listed below. Read Dad's dialogue from line 7. You've reached a fork in the road - what are you going to do? What does the author suggest about Cody through the metaphor in this dialogue? Which of the following answer choices best describes the question type (implicit or explicit) and the level of thinking needed to respond to the question accurately? a. implicit, understand b. explicit, evaluate c. implicit, analyze d. explicit, apply

A student who spells words that are phonetically accurate is most likely in which of Ehri's Phases? a. Early of Partial Alphabetic b. Pre-Alphabetic c. Later or Full Alphabetic d. Consolidated Alphabetic

According to the Simple View of Reading. the formula for proficient reading is: a. word recognition x phonological awareness = reading comprehension b. reading comprehension cx word recognition = language comprehension c. language comprehension x word recognition = reading comprehension d. word recognition x fluency = language comprehension

According to the research, what is the most effective way to organize instruction of high-frequency words? a. teach all heart words before introducing flash words b. organize words using alphabetical order c. organize words according to spelling patterns d. teach all flash words before introducing heart words

After reading activities should be designed to do all of the following except: a. promote higher-level thinking. b. help students apply information in new ways. c. help students memorize information in a text. d. help students identify the purpose of the text.

Which media bias technique is used in the message below? The Texas Times : Not everyone is in the holiday spirit. Just yesterday, actor James Bigg tweeted that his costar is a delusional, selfish attention hog. Needless to say, the pair won't be working together on any new projects in the near future. a. flawed logic b. omission c. mudslinging d. slant

Before students interpret graphs and charts containing numerical information, they should do which of the following? a. compare and contrast different areas of the graph or chart to identify high and low data points. b. identify the largest and smallest values represented on the graph or chart to understand more about the data, c. look at the title, axes, headings, and legends to get an idea about the content of the graph or chart d. analyze if the graph or chart clearly communicates the information

Developing an extensive sight vocabulary does NOT influence a student's ability to: a. comprehend what they are doing. b. decode words automatically. c. spell any unfamiliar word correctly. d. read fluently.

Fourth-grade students are preparing to read a short story about two exotic animals at the Houston Zoo. Which of the following activities should the teacher use before introducing the story to promote reading comprehension? a. ask students to use Google Maps to find the best route to the zoo. b. ask students to find other zoos in the U.S. that are similar to the Houston Zoo. c. complete a KWL chart with the class. d. ask students to rank their favorite animals at the zoo from 1-10.

Middle school students read a fiction text in which racial issues are revealed through the book's setting, main character, and plot. The students also read a recent newspaper article that addresses some of the same issues. The teacher asks the students to write a personal response to one of the issues reflected in the texts. According to best practices, which of the following strategies would be most appropriate for the teacher to use to prepare students for this task? a. displaying a list of the racial issues addressed in the fiction and nonfiction texts b. ask students to write silently for 5 minutes c. have students turn and talk with a partner about their thoughts and ideas before writing d. read reflection examples from the previous class

Read the excerpt below from Charlotte's Web by E.B. White. "In the hard-packed dirt of the midway, after the glaring lights are out and the people have gone to bed, you will find a veritable treasure of popcorn fragments, frozen custard dribblings, candied apples abandoned by tired children, sugar fluff crystals, salted almonds, popsicles, partially gnawed ice cream cones and wooden sticks of lollipops." The author uses imagery primarily to: a. describe what happens at a fair b. evoke an image of garbage c. illustrate how Templeton the rat feels about food d. express Templeton's feelings of hunger

Students in a fifth-grade English language arts class discuss an informational article they have read on the topic of cell phones. A transcript of the discussion appears below. Teacher: What did the article make you think about? Student 1: The ways cell phones can actually be dangerous. Student 2: But if we got rid of cell phones, that would be hard. Teacher: You're right—getting rid of all cell phones would be hard. What did you know about the dangers of cell phones before you read the article? Student 3: I knew that there are ways for parents to monitor them - like different apps. Teacher: What new or surprising information did you learn from the article? Student 4: I didn't realize how easy it is for a complete stranger to hack into your phone and camera! The purpose of this discussion was most likely to: a. help students identify the author's purpose for writing the article. b. help students acquire new vocabulary words. c. help students connect their background knowledge with new information. d. help students sequence events in an informational article

Students in an 8th grade class are preparing to read an argumentative essay. Which of the following activities would be most effective for promoting the students' ability to distinguish fact from opinion in the essay? a. stating agreement or disagreement with expressions of opinion in the essay. b. using reliable sources to verify information. c. reviewing examples of words and phrases that may signal a personal viewpoint. d. supporting valid generalizations with facts.

The "big" idea to remember about Ehri's Phases of Word Reading Development is: a. the model shows the importance of phonemegrapheme mapping. b. the model shows the importance of phonological and phonemic awareness. c. the model shows how students learn to recognize words automatically or "by sight". d. the model shows how students move through different phases of word reading.

The ability to understand stated events in a story- the text's surface code or explicit meaning. Literal comprehension skills are used to identify a stated main idea, recall details, sequence events, identify characters, and identify points of view in a story. The easiest level of understanding. a. inferential comprehension b. evaluative comprehension c. literal comprehension d. appreciative comprehension

The best definition of reading fluency is: a. reading quickly and loudly with clear enunciation. b. reading at a rate that exceeds reading fluency norms. c. reading with enough accuracy, speed, and expression to understand the meaning of a text. d. all of the above

The schwa vowel is typically pronounced as: a. the short "a" or short "u" sound. b. the short "i" or short "e" sound. c. the short "i" or short "u" sound. d. the short "o" or short "a" sound.

The teacher asks 5th grade students to write a sentence about something fun they did on the weekend. An English learner writes "Me go my friends home.". This sentence shows that the student is struggling with which of the following language systems? a. pragmatics b. semantics c. syntax d. morphology

The understanding of the rules for structuring sentences. a. surface code b. text base c. syntax d. inference

This comprehension requires students to infer relationships among sources. a. inferential comprehension b. evaluative comprehension c. symthesis d. appreciative comprehension

What is the tone in the excerpt below from Hemingway's "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place?" "It was very late and everyone had left the café except an old man who sat in the shadow the leaves of the tree made against the electric light. In the daytime the street was dusty, but at night the dew settled the dust and the old man liked to sit late because he was deaf and now at night it was quiet and he felt the difference." a. serious and somber b. joyful and spontaneous c. calm and peaceful d. mysterious and dark

What vowel sound do you hear in the word "form"? a. /ar/ b. /o/ c. /or/ d. /er/

Which of the following answer choices shows a claim and counterclaim? a. elephants are one of the oldest animals on earth. elephants should be considered an endangered species. b. poverty is caused by systemic inequities in society. poverty can be alleviated by creating legislative policies that are fair for all. c. smoking marijuana helps with pain relief and anxiety. smoking marijuana makes people lazy and disorganized. d. fall is my favorite time of the year. spring is my second-favorite time of the year.

Which of the following feedback comments from the teacher best addresses the student's strengths and weaknesses? a. Have you considered using a dictionary to help you identify misspelled words? b. You need to add details to help readers visualize the story. c. Adding an apostrophe to contractions will make it easier for readers to focus on all the interesting details in your story. d. You did a great job with your topic and concluding sentences. using punctuation at the end of each sentence to organize your thoughts.

Which of the following sets of steps should a student do first when they encounter unfamiliar words? a. ask the teacher for help. b. look each word up in the dictionary. c. reread the sentence to look for clues about the word's meaning, and then substitute the meaning to see if it makes sense. d. stop after reading each paragraph and record unfamiliar words on a post-it note.

Which of the following statements is the best choice for a claim or thesis? a. it's hard to believe, but the salary cap for our team is the highest in baseball. b.. salaries should be capped in baseball so we don't allow the same team to win year after year. c.. introducing a salary cap would improve the game of baseball for many reasons. d. salary caps have been in place for many years.

Which of the following teacher prompts would be appropriate for a student in the basic phonemic awareness stage? a. the teacher asks students to clap the number of syllables in the word "take" b. the teacher asks students to identify a word that rhymes with the word "take" c. the teacher asks students to identify the initial, middle, and final sounds in the word "take". d. the teacher asks students to substitute the /k/ sound in the word "take" with the /m/ sound.

phonological processor: sounds orthographic processor: ___________ The phonological processor is to sounds as the orthographic processor is to: a. context b. meaning c. print d. decoding

A teacher has introduced all consonant phoneme-grapheme correspondences, short vowels, and long vowels with the VCe pattern. As part of an informal assessment of students' decoding skills, the teacher meets with an individual student and says, "We're going to practice reading some words on a list today. Start at the top and read each word on the list.." After meeting with the student, the teacher reviews the students' performance. The assessment results are shown below. mute - /m/ŭ/ /t/ globe - /g/ /l/ /ŏ/ /b/ fad - /f/ /ă/ /d/ shade - /sh/ /ă/ /d/ sod - /s/ /ŏ/ /d/ Which of the following actions should the teacher take next? a. use decodable texts to practice reading VCe words in the context of a story. b. ask students to practice matching phonemes to graphemes. c. provide direct, explicit instruction in the VCe rule. d. Have students work with a partner to read word lists that contain VCe words.

c. Students must have direct, explicit instruction from the teacher to learn the VCe rule before engaging in practice activities.

During word analysis instruction, a fourth-grade teacher shows students how to recognize and form irregular plurals that are created by changing the final letter or letters of the base word (e.g., fungus/fungi, medium/media). Which of the following strategies best shows a systematic approach to this word analysis concept? a. having students practice replacing a final f or fe with v before adding -es to other words that have irregular plural rules, such as leaves and knives b. asking students to circle the endings of words with irregular plurals that they find as they are reading texts c. having students practice adding endings to other similar words that have irregular plurals after receiving instruction from the teacher d. asking students to compare words that have regular plural forms to those that have irregular plural forms

c. Systematic instruction is an evidence-based, planned sequence of instruction. In this example, the teacher has already modeled for students how to recognize and form irregular plurals that are created by changing the final letter or letters of the base word. As a best next step, students need to practice what they have learned.

Which of the following word groups contain similar inflectional suffixes? a. poked, ended, missed b. rested, planned, jumped c. yelled, jammed, begged d. resisted, helped, summed

c. The inflection -ed is pronounced using the /d/ sound in all three words. In the other word groups, -ed sometimes sounds like /ed/ or /t/.

A 6th-grade teacher is planning to have students read an article about social media. Which of the following strategies would support vocabulary development? a. randomly selecting and pre-teaching vocabulary words from the article b. asking students to copy 10 vocabulary terms and definitions in their reading notebook c. asking students to scan the text and highlight words that are unfamiliar prior to reading the text d. reminding students to use an online dictionary for any unfamiliar words they come across in the article

c. student selection of words for further study is the best way to ensure that the class is studying words that students will find useful and memorable.

During a spelling lesson, a fifth-grade teacher explains why the "ough" letter pattern is irregular and shows students several examples of irregular words with the "ough" letter pattern (e.g., tough, enough). Which of the following strategies best shows a systematic approach to spelling? a. having students copy words with the letter pattern 10 times each b. asking students to brainstorm other words with the same irregular pattern c. having students practice spelling other words that have the same irregular pattern after receiving instruction from the teacher d. asking students to guess why the letter pattern is irregular

c. Systematic instruction is an evidence-based, planned sequence of instruction. In this example, the teacher has already modeled how to spell words using the irregular letter pattern. As a best next step, students need to practice what they have learned.

Which of the following instructional activities would be used to support the development of phonological and phonemic awareness? Select two answers. a. listening to a story read aloud. b. spelling words using the correct letters. c. identifying two words that rhyme in a sentence. d. asking students to name the syllables in the word "pumpernickle"

c., d.

A 5th grade student learned the meanings of the words "tropical", "artic", and "humid" last week. In a review activity today, the students could not define the words or use them in the context of a sentence. This is likely the result of a breakdown in which of the following processors? a. orthographic and semantic b. context and orthnographic c. sematic and context d. phonological and context

c.`

(1) Taking a yoga class is not just good for improving physical fitness. (2) Classes usually begin with deep breathing exercises and meditation to help clear your mind. (3) By engaging in these activities, you see how to train your minds to be calm but alert. (4) A strong mental focus helps you respond to the yoga instructor's directions and adjust your form in each pose. (5) Additionally instructors teach you how to focus your energy so you can lengthen your muscles and develop core strength. (6) Having a stronger body and mind helps you to be very productive and positive throughout the day. (7) Plus it just makes you feel good. A sixth-grade teacher plans to use the excerpt as a model during a lesson on revision strategies. Which of the following sentences should replace sentence 1 as a more effective topic sentence? a. in a yoga class, the instruction goes beyond learning how to perform various poses more effectively. b. taking a yoga class will definitely help you get in better shape physically, but that's not the only benefit. c. you will be pleasantly surprised by the different benefits that you get from taking a yoga class. d. as if the physical benefits weren't enough, participating in a yoga class also helps you develop a strong mental focus.

A 6th grade teacher has several English learners who are reluctant to speak in class. To motivate them to participate in class, the teacher should: a. allow students to do an alternative assignment if they are uncomfortable participating in discussions. b. give each student a sticker if they can explain why they don't like to talk in class. c. use a microphone to motivate students to answer questions aloud during class. d. provide frequent opportunities for students to share ideas with a partner.

A fifth-grade teacher reads aloud to students daily using a mentor text and then talks with students afterward about what happened in the text. Which of the following statements explains the teacher's rationale for using this strategy? a. discussing a text supports reading fluency and prosody. b. hearing a text read aloud allows students to rest for a short time before reading complex texts on their own. c. discussing a text after hearing it motivates students to read. d. listening to and discussing texts builds students' oral language and background knowledge, and subsequently improves reading vocabulary.

When revising writing, students do all of the following except: a. make sure ideas flow in a logical order b. replace $1 words with $10 words c. make sure that sentences vary in length d. check spelling

Which of the following best describes an odd syllable? a. odd syllables are always represented by the short "i" sound or the short "u" sound. b. odd syllables contain a neutral vowel, or schwa, in accented syllables of multisyllabic words. c. odd syllables never occur in multisyllabic words. d. odd syllables contain a neutral vowel, or schwa, in unaccented syllables of multisyllabic words.

A fourth-grade teacher is evaluating a student's personal narrative about zoos. There should be zoos because they save animals and help people learn a lot about animals. Did you know thirty species of animals were saved because of zoos? Zoos give great care that most animals dont receive in the wild. I am so glad that there are zoos to save animals, what would we do without them? There should be zoos because zookeepers give so much care to the animals. There are no longer cages and the fences are hidden, so the animals feels like there in the wild. Zoos make sure to hide the animals food so they can learn to hunt. Sometimes theres a tinted glass so the animals cant see all the chaos going on. I am so glad the zookeepers give there time to care for the animals. Thank goodness we have zoos. Which of the following skills should the teacher address with this student to improve their writing? a. adding details b. capitalization c. organizing information logically d. use of language and conventions

A fourth-grade teacher is using phoneme-grapheme mapping to practice phonics skills. The chart below shows the targeted words for one lesson, as well as one student's response to the targeted words. sigh - /s/ /i/ /g/ fruit - /f/ /r/ /ŭ/ /t/ known - /n/ /ow/ /n/ Given the information provided, which of the following best describes the student's errors? a. the student is not able to identify consonant digraphs in words. b. the student is not able to identify r-controlled vowels in words. c. the student is not able to identify inflections in words. d. the student is not able to identify vowel digraphs in words.

A middle school class reads an article about the controversy surrounding mandatory vaccinations, then discusses their feelings about the article. Which reading comprehension level is primarily being targeted in the lesson? a. literal b. inferential c. evaluative d. appreciative

A middle school teacher is evaluating supplemental texts on Texas history and wants to select textbooks for students reading below grade level. The teacher's goal is to help the students read at grade level. Which of the following quantitative dimensions of text complexity should the teacher consider? a. the purpose of the text b. the structure of the text c. the number of connections students can make to the topic d. the average sentence length found in the text

A teacher is preparing a lesson to help students practice using antonyms and synonyms to understand the meaning of a text. Which of the following activities would be most appropriate for this purpose? a. asking students to copy a list of common antonym and synonym pairs in their reader's notebooks. b. asking students to match antonyms and synonyms on a worksheet. c. asking students to write a short story using three antonyms and three synonyms. d. asking students to identify specific words that provide clues about whether words are antonyms or synonyms.

A teacher regularly gives a student copies of notes using an enlarged font. This is an example of: a. a modification b. an IEP c. unresponsive teaching d. an accommodation

An important consideration when teaching students about words with irregular spelling patterns is: a. administering an irregular word spelling pretest. b. copying the irregular word a minimum of ten times. c. comparing the irregular word to a similar regular word. d highlighting the part of the word that makes it irregular.

Direct, explicit instruction of a few purposefully selected vocabulary words each week is important for all of the reasons except: a. the words teachers select for vocabulary instruction are more difficult for children to learn on their own. b. there are too many words in the English language to teach them all. c. knowledge of Tier 2 words can be used across content areas. d. those will be the only vocabulary words assessed at the end of the school year.

During a focused-reading lesson, students are rereadng a text about U.S. history and reviewing higher-order questions. Which of the following questions would be most appropriate for the teacher to ask as part of this activity? a. what is the author's focus in CH 1? b. how is the text organized to help you make sense of the content? c. what information do you think the author should have included in CH 1? d. what analogy did the author use to explain the factors that led to WWII? what other event in U.S. history could be described using the same analogy.

Fourth-grade students are assigned to write about their favorite hometown sports team after reading various texts about them. Which of the following types of writing will best allow the students to include academic vocabulary they learned from the readings? a. fictional story b. rhyming poetry c. autobiography d. informational essay

Reading fluency is a concern when a student's WCPM: a. is between the 50th and 75th percentile for their grade level b. is above the 50th percentile for their grade level c. is below the 75th percentile for their grade level d. is below the 50th percentile for their grade level

Review the writing sample below. Yesterday I went swimming with Joe and my sister. Joe likes to dive into the deep end and my sister liked to stay in the shallow water. It was fun. The writing sample indicates that the student would benefit from additional instruction in which of the following areas? a. referencing pronouns clearly b. identifying sentence fragments c. using correct verb tense d. creating compound sentences

Students who recognize words: a. never comprehend what they read. b. always read fluently. c. always comprehend what they read. d. may or may not comprehend what they read.

Teachers can move away from daily instruction in phonemic awareness, phonics, and syllables: a. when the instructional specialist recommends spending more time on reading comprehension. b. after teachers introduce phonemic awareness, phonics, and syllables. c. after the winter break. d. when students can consistently read unfamiliar words quickly and accurately.

The researchers who discovered "The Matthew Effect" also found that children with gaps in vocabulary knowledge: a. can increase vocabulary knowledge and eventually catch up with more advantaged peers. b. will learn 40,000 to 50,000 words by the time they graduate from high school. c. can significantly reduce the gap between themselves and their more advantaged peers over time. d. can increase vocabulary knowledge but cannot catch up with more advantaged peers.

The teacher is grading a spelling assessment and notices that the students made the following errors: helpless -> hepless submit -> sumit stretch -> stetch The student's errors represent which system of language? a. semantics b. morphology c. syntax d. phonology

Which of the following statements best describes the differences between students in the Later Alphabetic Phase and those who are in the Consolidated Alphabetic Phase? a. students in the Later Alphabetic Phase can change the word "top" to "pot", but students in the Consolidated Alphabetic Phase can change the word "top" to "mop". b. students in the Later Alphabetic Phase understand that adding "ed" to the end of a word changes the word's tense, but students in the Consolidated Alphabetic Phase understand that adding "re" at the beginning of a word changes the word's meaning. c. students in the Later Alphabetic Phase can match some phonemes to graphemes, but students in the Consolidated Alphabetic Phase can match all phonemes to graphemes. d. students in the Later Alphabetic Phase decode words using individual phonemes, but students in the Consolidated Alphabetic Phase decode using word parts.

Which of the following titles would not be considered argumentative writing? a. how Young Is Too Young to Use Social Media? b. does Tik-Tok Make the Internet a Better Place? c. has Body-Shaming Changed the Modeling Industry? d. do You Know How to Make Keto Bread?

Which of the following words contain same single base word along with derivational prefixes and suffixes? a. irresponsible, respond, responder b. unpassable, pastor, passing c. infect, infection, infecting d. theatre, theatrics, theatrical

Which of the following words is divided using rules for syllabication? a. circ/um/vent b. en/ve/lope c. plas/tic/ity d. en/ter/tain

A teacher is preparing fourth-grade students to read a book that contains several idioms such as "break a leg" and "hit the sack." Before reading, the teacher engages the students in identifying and learning the meanings of some common English-language idioms. Which of the following strategies would likely be most effective for the teacher to use for this purpose? a. reading aloud from a list of idioms and asking students to guess their meanings b. asking students to conduct an idiom scavenger hunt in books they read independently c. having students work in pairs to develop original idioms to share with the class d. having students describe in writing the idioms' meanings within the context of the text

d. context clues help students determine the meaning of idioms in a text.

A student scores well above the 50th percentile benchmark for fluency on the end-of-year benchmark assessment. However, the teacher notes that the student reads the text in a choppy, word-by-word manner and has difficulty answering comprehension questions afterward. Which of the following strategies should the teacher recommend the student practice over the summer break? a. read a list of irregular high-frequency words b. use context clues to read unfamiliar words c. read word lists that contain one-syllable words d. work with an adult on phrase-cued oral reading

d. phrase-cued oral reading helps to improve reading fluency.

A fifth-grade student is having difficulty understanding multiple-meaning words in a text. Which of the following techniques would likely be most effective for the student to use to distinguish between the different word meanings? a. writing examples of their own b. looking up words in a dictionary c. discussing the words with a classmate d. making use of context clues in the text

d. using context clues can help the student determine which meaning of a multiple-meaning word is being used in a text. Sometimes when a reader finds a new word, clues can be found nearby that help to explain the meaning of the unknown word.

A teacher is planning instruction for a small group of students who have mastered the letter-sound relationships for the consonants s, m, p, t, and f and for the short-vowel sound of the letter a. The students can consistently spell words using initial and final consonant sounds in their daily writing, but have not mastered using the correct vowel sound yet. Given this information, which of the following instructional activities would be most appropriate for the teacher to use with these students to reinforce the alphabetic principle? a. introduce the next group of letter-sound correspondences listed in the curriculum guide (e.g., l, n, o, b, c, k, ng) b. introduce letters that contain the letter's sound at the beginning of the letter's name (e.g., b, d, j, k, q) c. practice sky-writing each letter of the alphabet to build motor memory for letter-sound relationships d. practice applying knowledge of the known letter-sound relationships using decodable texts

d. The students can spell words with the letter-sound-relationships they know, suggesting they understand the alphabetic principle. Early decodable texts are designed so that students can apply one short-vowel sound at atime, with additional short vowels added into successive texts systematically. Reading early decodable texts that feature the letter-sound relationships they know along with the short a vowel sound will reinforce their understanding of the decoding process.

Divide the word "instantaneous" into syllables using slash marks (e.g., par/ty).

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