ELE 307_ Emergent Language & Literature final

Why do phonics activities that engage children with groups of letters or patterns in words make decoding easier? A. Children learn as the brain searches for patterns. The brain takes what it knows and tries to apply it to the unknown. Patterns such as familiar word endings help children deal with the unknown. B. Groups of letters or patterns in words help children sound out the words in a slower manner so they can devote attention to each sound. C. Groups of letters or patterns in words make the words longer, thereby making decoding easier. D. None of the above

A. Children learn as the brain searches for patterns. The brain takes what it knows and tries to apply it to the unknown. Patterns such as familiar word endings help children deal with the unknown.

You are a kindergarten teacher and plan many writing activities for your students. A parent asks you why you do this and says, "Students at this age can't write yet." How do you respond? A. Children learn that writing conveys a meaning and grow through various stages of writing development, beginning with drawing. B. Children learn that writing conveys a meaning and must be ready for conventional writing by the beginning of first grade. C. Children at this age cannot write yet; however, you know that this is an effective way to keep them busy so that you have time to hold individual conferences. D. Some of the children in your class are writing complete sentences so you cannot plan instruction that holds them back.

A. Children learn that writing conveys a meaning and grow through various stages of writing development, beginning with drawing.

According to this theorist's multiple intelligences theory we all need different learning experiences, some that foster our strengths and some that help us develop skills in other areas. A. Gardner B. Vygotsky C. Piaget D. Bloom

A. Gardner

Which theory states that children develop through their activities and that their realization of the world is tied to sensory experiences? A. Piagetian B. Nativist C. Halliday D. Behaviorist

A. Piagetian

Of the following, which one lists ways to help children recognize the sound-symbol relationships of consonants and vowel in a meaningful context? A. Point out sound-symbol relationships as children encounter them in science and social studies and use children's literature for featuring letters. B. Create worksheets that provide meaningful drill activities C. Create a writer's journal where students can record all the sound-symbol relationships they encounter while reading. D. none of the above

A. Point out sound-symbol relationships as children encounter them in science and social studies and use children's literature for featuring letters.

You are talking with a parent about standardized assessments. He wants to know the pros and cons of using them. What do you tell him? A. Standardized assessments give one way to look at a child's performance. One concern is that standardized assessments must be used with other types of assessment measures. B. Standardized assessments are written by experts and give a clear picture of each child's literacy progress. One concern is that they are very expensive. C. Standardized assessments are used in many schools and districts so all children receive fair access to it. One concern is that they work better with younger students rather than older ones. D. All of the above

A. Standardized assessments give one way to look at a child's performance. One concern is that standardized assessments must be used with other types of assessment measures.

You are teaching a first grade phonics lesson focusing on the sound /b/. You demonstrate the sound for the students several times and have them say it back to you. After that, you introduce the letter b and display picture cards of words that begin with that letter. Students are then given practice on a paper that asks them to circle all words that begin with the /b/ sound. Which of the following best describes your type of phonics instruction? A. Synthetic phonics instruction B. Meaning-based phonics instruction C. Picture-based phonics instruction D. Combines analytic-synthetic phonics instruction

A. Synthetic phonics instruction

Which of the following is the best example of a sentence that provides good context clues for learning a new word? A. The music on the radio was so loud and difficult to understand that it was cacophonous. B. The music is loud, noisy, and hard to understand. C. Michael does not like cacophony. D.Michael loves music, dogs, and riding bikes.

A. The music on the radio was so loud and difficult to understand that it was cacophonous.

Which of the following best describes assessment activities that determine the students' abilities to complete real-world tasks? A. authentic assessments B. standardized assessment C. multiple choice tests D. teacher-centered assessment

A. authentic assessments

research has found that teachers should read or tell stories to children daily. In order to enhance comprehension and interest, when should the teacher discuss the story? A. both before and after reading the story, but with different purposes for each time B. after reading the story only so the teacher doesn't give any answers away C. before reading the story only so students can think for themselves while she reads D. the next day so students have time to practice at home

A. both before and after reading the story, but with different purposes for each time.

Jacob is a kindergarten student in your classroom. When you asked him what he did last night, he replied, "I feeded the fish!" Which of the following describes the best way to respond when a child over-generalizes grammatical rules like Jacob just did? A. give him positive reinforcement and provide a model for the correct way to say it B. ignore it because Jacob will eventually frow out of it C. let him know he is wrong and correct him immediately D. let him know he is wrong and ask him if he knows the correct way to say it.

A. give him positive reinforcement and provide a model for the correct way to say it

Which term describes the idea of instruction children with physical disabilities in the general education classroom with the necessary assistance provided to him or her? A. inclusion B. basic skills C. reading Recovery D. pull-out

A. inclusion

Which of the following describes one's own awareness of how his or her learning is taking place? A. metacognition B. phonemic awareness C. comprehension D. all of the above

A. metacognition

Early writing development is characterized by children's moving through which phases? A. playfully making marks on paper, to communicating messages on paper, to creating texts B. creating texts, to communicating messages on paper, to playfully making marks on paper C. playfully making marks on paper, to creating texts, communicating messages on paper D. none of the above

A. playfully making marks on paper, to communicating messages on paper, to creating texts

You will find all of the following regarding a well-designed literacy station except which one? A. positioned in the middle of the room B. space for many children and private spots for reading C. multiple genres of children's literature D. rocking chair

A. positioned in the middle of the room

regarding language development, which of the following typically happens from age 2 to 3? A. the child's vocab grows from 300-1000 words B. The child begins to utter many sounds with adult intonation as if speaking in sentences C. the child can generate language and apply the basic rules that govern it D. the child uses one-word utterances that express an entire sentence

A. the child's vocab grows from 300-1000 words

The following characteristics are major elements in a Reading Recovery Program. A. use of running records, one-on-one instruction, leveled materials B. small group guided reading, portfolio assessment, anthologies C. basal readers, standardized tests, whole group instruction D. all of the above

A. use of running records, one-on-one instruction, leveled materials

Jessica read the following from her text: "Bobby bought a new boot," instead of "Bobby bought a new boat." How can her error be classified? A. visual B. meaning C. structure D. Auditory

A. visual

First grader James tends to be off task during independent reading. What can his teacher do to keep him accountable and stay on task? A. write one sentence about what he read B. give him several tasks to do while reading C. provide him with several short books D. sit with him while he reads

A. write one sentence about what he read

which of the following describes close reading? A. Close reading is another term for partner reading B. Close reading is a detailed examination of short text passage used to practice critical reading skills. C. Close reading is peer-based, where readers who are close to each other collaborate about what they are reading. D. Close reading involves scanning the text that is in close proximity to the answers to check for accuracy.

B. Close reading is a detailed examination of short text passage used to practice critical reading skills.

Miss Jackson wants to teach phonemic awareness to her kindergarten class; in particular, her objective is for her students to separate onsets and rimes. Which of the following is the most appropriate activity for this? A. Ask students to name all the words they know that begin with the letter p B. Do an activity with the word pan, in which students practice saying "p-p-p-pan" as they rep their legs from their toes to their knees. C. Show students some words and ask them to circle all the ones that rhyme. D. Ask the students to chart the number of syllables in their names.

B. Do an activity with the word pan, in which students practice saying "p-p-p-pan" as they tap their legs from their toes to their knees.

Mr. Paalmeto is a second-grade teacher. One of his students does not speak English. Which idea is the most effective strategy to help the English Learner learn how to read? A. Ensure the English Learner does not use the native language while in the classroom. B. Ensure he provides extensive vocabulary instruction and plans activities that maximize language use. C. Ensure the English Learner does not participate in the whole group instruction since she does not understand it. D. Ensure all books in the classroom are written in English so the student can be immersed in the language.

B. Ensure he provides extensive vocabulary instruction and plans activities that maximize language use.

The Vocabulary Meeting, described by Morrow in this chapter, is an example of what type of vocabulary instruction? A. Spontaneous B. Explicit C. Embedded D. Aesthetic

B. Explicit

Research shows that children can and must learn a minimum of 5-10 words per week. What can the teacher do to accomplish this goal? A. send home lists of new words and ask students to find and write definitions B. explicitly teach vocabulary and allow for a significant amount of spontaneous and embedded vocabulary instruction C. both A and B D. Neither A nor B

B. Explicitly teach vocabulary and allow for a significant amount of spontaneous and embedded vocabulary instruction.

A twenty-two-month-old scribbles with a crayon on a piece of paper and brings it to her childcare teacher. Of the following, which describes the best response from the teacher? A. urge the child to draw something particular B. express genuine encouragement by saying, "tell me about your picture" C. ask the child to tell her what the picture is D. respond, "what a nice picture."

B. Express genuine encouragement by saying, "tell me about your picture"

What term describes the forty-four separate sounds in the English Language? A. Graphemes B. Phonemes C. Chunks D. Letters

B. Phonemes

When working with a group of kindergarten students, which of the following is important to follow? A. Schedule long, whole-class lessons in order to help them learn how to sit and listen. B. Provide varied activities, allowing for time to sit and listen and time for more active experiences. C. Plan mostly individualized activities with little social collaboration until they have better-developed social skills. D. all of the above

B. Provide varied activities, allowing for time to sit and listen and time for more active experiences.

Mrs. Bond teaches kindergarten and wants to include activities that support and enhance the language development of her students. What advice do you give her? A. She should implement a variety of learning centers, plan thematic units, and use high-quality children's literature with students who finish their work early. This will provide time to extend language without taking away important instructional time. B. She should implement a variety of learning centers, plan thematic units, and use high-quality children's literature as part of her literacy program. This will provide opportunities for students to generate language. C. She should carefully construct interesting worksheets to practice and reinforce the language development skills. This way she can monitor the progress and development of language learning. D. She should only use learning centers with the advanced students since their language skills are already developed. This will give an incentive to other students in the class, making them want to increase their language development as well.

B. She should implement a variety of learning centers, plan thematic units, and use high-quality children's literature as part of her literacy program. This will provide opportunities for students to generate language.

When should teachers begin to help students transition from invented spelling and punctuation to conventional forms? A. when students first begin using letter-like forms in their writing B. when students are comfortable writing and do so freely in their own style C. when students are beginning to prepare for standardized assessments D. none of the above

B. When students are comfortable writing and do so freely in their own style

Students in your first grade are learning about long and short vowels. You give them two sheets of paper, one with a picture of a at and the word cat at the top. The other with a picture of a cake and the word cake at the top. Students have a variety of word and picture cards that they place on the appropriate paper, depending on if it has a long or short vowel. A. Making words B. Word sorts C. Word matching D. Vowel distintion

B. Word sorts

Which of the following is an informal assessment? A. peabody picture vocabulary test B. anecdotal record C. woodcock-johnson test of achievement D. teacher rating of oral language and literacy

B. anecdotal record

Which theory asserts that children learn language though imitation and positive reinforcement by adults? A. constructivist B. behaviorist C. nativist D. piagetian

B. behaviorist

Which term describes when students browse through a book before reading it by looking at the pictures, discussing them, and making predictions? A. guided practice B. book walk C. guess and check D. retelling

B. book walk

In this approach, literacy skills are reinforced in content areas by identifying an integrated them and designing opportunities for children to apply literacy skills within the various activities. A. explicit instruction B. interdisciplinary (integrated) approach C. content practice D. language experience approach

B. interdisciplinary (integrated) approach

For practicing recognizing letters of the alphabet and understanding sound-symbol relationships, the literacy center should materials such as the following: A. carefully designed worksheets on the student's level B. magnetic letters, onset and rime puzzle pieces, and vowel bingo C. stuffed animals to which children can practice singing the alphabet D. none of the above

B. magnetic letters, onset and rime puzzle pieces, and vowel bingo

The ability to process semantics and syntax is the ability to process which of the following? A. decoding and sounding out words B. meaning and language structure C. sight words and spelling D. spelling and written language

B. meaning and language structure

The process approach to writing helps children realize that writing involves thinking, organizing, and rewriting before a piece is complete. Typical steps in this approach include which of the following? A. prewriting, conferencing, revision, drafting, and editing B. prewriting, drafting, conferencing, revision, and editing C. editing, conferencing, drafting, prewriting, and revision D. conferencing, prewriting, drafting, editing, and revision

B. prewriting, drafting, conferencing, revision, and editing

Which term best describes instruction for EL students in which students develop literacy in their first language before shifting to bilingual or English-only instruction? A. maintenance approach B. primary language instruction C. English immersion D. the transitional approach

B. primary language instruction

Multiculturalism refers to which of the following? A. intellectual ability B. race and ethnicity C. sex D. age

B. race and ethnicity

Of the following, which storytelling technique does not assist children with retelling? A. prop stories B. text without pictures C. puppets D. felt-board stories

B. text without pictures

Which stage of language development is the dramatic (where children's oral vocab grows the most)? A. 5-6 years B. 3-4 years C. 2-3 years D. 1-2 years

C. 2-3 years

Your phonics instruction is an implicit approach where each letter is not isolated but taught within the context of the whole word. What method of phonics instruction are you following? A. Synthetic phonics instruction B. Enhanced phonics instruction C. Analytic phonics instruction D. Combined analytic-synthetic phonics instruction

C. Analytic phonics instruction

During the guided reading lesson, the teacher instructs and carries out another very important process. Which one describes that process? A. Implements the process approach to writing B. Administers standardized testing C. Determines a child's strengths and areas of need D. none of the above

C. Determines a child's strengths and areas of need.

Why are experiences important for language development in babies? A. Experiences are important for the learning environment in the early childhood setting. Without a variety of rich experiences, babies will soon become fussy and the atmosphere will not be positive. B. Babies become bored easily. New experiences keep them happily occupied, and therefore, quieter and easier to manage. C. For learning to take place, the neurons in the baby's brain must make connections and forge. Lots of engaging experiences help the brain's neurons to make more connections and therefore, more learning. D. With lots of experiences, the neurons in the baby's brain will shear. Lots of shearing will increase and enrich language development.

C. For learning to take place, the neurons in the baby's brain must make connections and forge. Lots of engaging experiences help the brain's neurons to make more connections and therefore, more learning.

Which term describes a form of instruction that typically takes place in small groups of children similar in ability and who read at about the same level of text? A. partner reading B. literacy station C. guided reading D. whole-group real-alouds

C. Guided reading

You teach preschool and you just returned from a nature walk with your students. As you walked, you pointed out a nest where a mother bird was feeding her babies. When you return to the classroom, your students are chatting excitedly about what they saw. What is the best way to use this experience to develop your students' writing skills? A. At the writing center, have students practice writing the words bird, nest, and worm on specially-lined handwriting paper. That way they can show their parent that they can actually read words they write. B. Write the words bird, nest, and worm on the board. Have students copy those words in their writing to use for later sentence writing. C. In their journals, have students draw pictures and write about what they saw. As you talk with each student, provide written labels for each of their pictures. D. Ask the parents to help their child write a sentence about the experience for homework. Have them share the sentences with the class the next day and tell what they learned about writing.

C. In their journals, have students draw pictures and write about what they saw. As you talk with each student, provide written labels for each of their pictures.

What term best describes a child who is performing below age or grade level, but has normal intelligence levels? A. gifted B. an English Learner C. learning disabled D. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

C. Learning disabled

A parent of one of the kindergarten students in your classroom asks you about phonemic awareness. He wants to know what it is and how he can support his daughter at home. What is the best response? A. Phonemic awareness is the awareness of the alphabet. He can support his child's development by helping her identify and write the letters of the alphabet. B. Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate sounds within words. He can support his child's development by playing a game where he gives a word, and she tells him what letter that word begins with. C. Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the sounds within words. He can supply his child's development by playing games that manipulate sounds in words such as rhyming, discussing beginning sounds of words, and blending sounds together to make silly words. D. Phonemic awareness describes the sound-symbol relationship. He can support his child's development by playing games such as matching pictures to cards with the beginning letters.

C. Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the sounds within words. He can supply his child's development by playing games that manipulate sounds in words such as rhyming, discussing beginning sounds of words, and blending sounds together to make silly words.

Which statement best describes the relationship between language development and reading? A. reading is thought of as using one's own language ability to understand the author's message. Thus, language must be fully developed before children can begin reading instruction. B. Formal reading instruction begins much later in the kindergarten year. Thus, language development is not as important as it was once thought to be. C. Reading is thought of as using one's own language ability to understand the author's message. Thus, language learning is an important part of learning to read. D. Reading is thought of as figuring out how to read the words in print. Thus, students who do not develop language skills must practice phonetic analysis of words in order to learn how to read.

C. Reading is thought of as using one's own language ability to understand the author's message. Thus, language learning is an important part of learning to read.

Why do we teach phonics? A. So that students will be able to analyze words to determine how many phonemes they have B. So that students will be able to state the phonics rules and generalizations, thereby increasing their ability to apply them while reading. C. So that students will be able to use letter-sound relationships in combination with other decoding strategies to independently figure out unknown words. D. So that students will be able to sound out all their sight words so they develop automaticity.

C. So that students will be able to use letter-sound relationships in combination with other decoding strategies to independently figure out unknown words.

Miss Barron is talking to you about her second-grade struggling readers. She tells you they are not fluent, but she is not worried as long as they can eventually sound out all the words. Given what you know about the relationship between fluency and comprehension, how would you respond? A. Students need to recognize words automatically and become fluent readers so they can read relatively fast. B. Students need to recognize words automatically and become fluent so the teacher can properly assess reading ability. C. Students need to recognize words automatically and become fluent readers so they can focus their attention on meaning. D. all of the above

C. Students need to recognize words automatically and become fluent readers so they can focus their attention on meaning.

You are a kindergarten teacher and you are having a conference with your principal who asks how you create a literacy-rich environment in your classroom. Which of the following would be part of your response? A. You have well-designed reading groups and provide all your instruction while students are in these small groups. B. You know that stations are a very important part of a literacy-rich environment so you always have three stations available for students who get their work finished early. C. You provide a variety of materials for reading, writing, and language development in your literacy station. D. You understand that oral language development is important so you provide most of your instruction in a whole-group setting so you can model language development for students.

C. You provide a variety of materials for reading, writing, and language development in your literacy station.

At-risk children's vocabulary and language development is mostly affected by which of the following? A. physical differences B. motivation C. background experiences D. intelligence level

C. background experiences

Although often overlooked by teachers when preparing their classrooms, theorists and philosophers who studied early childhood emphasize the importance of this aspect of the classroom for supporting learning and literacy development. A. Use of manipulative materials B. creation of an integrated curriculum C. design of the physical environment D. none of the above

C. design of the physical environment

This type of journal writing is similar to a conversation in which students are able to write about any topic and share their writing with teachers or peers. A. learning logs B. personal journals C. dialogue journals D. reading response journals

C. dialogue journals

Which of the following types of programs is designed to improve and enhance the literacy development of children who are identified as at-risk before they enter kindergarten? A. conferences B. After-school care C. early intervention D. inclusion

C. early intervention

This type of writing serves a clear, real-life purpose, including greeting cards, thank you notes, and grocery lists. A. persuasive writing B. journal writing C. functional writing D. narrative writing

C. functional writing

Which term best describes when major decisions are made from the results of one test? A. authentic assessment B. teaching to the test C. high stakes assessment D. placement decisions

C. high stakes assessment

Marie Clay created this type of assessment to help teachers observe and describe children's oral reading behavior and the types of errors they make. This helps to plan for reading instruction. A. anecdotal observation form B. student evaluation form C. running record D. high-stakes test

C. running record

Which type of assessments are prepared by publishers and are administered to large numbers of students in order to develop norms, validity and reliability? A. teacher prepared pencil-and-paper tests B. daily performance samples C. standardized tests D. checklists

C. standardized tests

Which of the following is a period of time set aside for writing instruction, in which the teacher provides a mini-lesson that models a writing skill, a time for independent writing, and a time for students to share their work with each other? A. independent writing B. guided instruction C. writing workshop D. writing center

C. writing workshop

In the past, educators included very little informational texts in classroom libraries, assuming that children preferred narrative texts. Additionally, there wasn't a lot of informational texts appropriate for young children. As adults we mostly read nonfiction making it crucial for children to be exposed to this type of text. What is the recommended percentage of exposure that children should have to informational and narrative texts in the classroom. A. 60% narrative, 40% informational B. 40% narrative, 40% informational C. 30% narrative, 80% informational D. 50% narrative, 50% informational

D. 50% narrative, 50% informational

Disadvantages of grouping include which of the following: A. Once a child is tracked in a particular group, that placement may never change throughout his or her school career. B. Frequently, only one measure determines a child's group placement. C. Teachers sometimes have low expectations for students in the low groups. D. All of the above

D. All of the above

In order for station time to be implemented well, it must be organized with which of the following: A. setting clear management routines B. ensuring that all stations focus on productive literacy work C. modeling station activities before implementation D. all of the above

D. All of the above

Mr. Halloway teaches first grade. He wants to organize his classroom space and plan his instructional strategies in order to meet the diverse needs of the students in his groups. Of the following, which one best describes how he should do that? A. He should plan whole-group instruction when it is appropriate to introduce an idea or make a brief presentation. For example, he should use this organization when he wants to read a book aloud to introduce the new theme. B. He should plan small-group instruction when he wants to teach skills and strategies to students. This way he can be sure to have closer interactions with students and better retain their attention. C. He should plan explicit instruction for students where he introduces the strategy to the whole group and then uses a small-group organization to provide further instruction that can better meet the individual needs of his students. D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Think about onsets and rimes. Which sentence is true? A. Not all words have onsets and rimes. B. An onset is the beginning sound of a word and the rime is the ending chunk C. In the word 'mop', the onset is 'm' and the rime is 'op' D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following best describes the importance of assessing students' word study skills? A. assessment gives teachers important info to guide instruction B. Assessment gives teachers important info about what a child knows C. Assessment gives teachers important info about what a child does not know D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following describes appropriate strategies to help students develop phonics skills? A. Synthetic, analytic, and combines analytic-synthetic B. Word-making activities, word sorts, and classifying elements in words C. Rhyming, segmenting, blending D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Of the following, which responses best describes comprehension? A. Comprehension is an active process in which a reader carefully decodes all the words on the page. B. Comprehension should be taught in early childhood classrooms by having students answer a series of comprehension questions after everything they read. C. Comprehension should not be taught in early childhood classrooms as the focus should be more on decoding. D. Comprehension is an active process in which a reader constructs meaning based on his or her prior knowledge.

D. Comprehension is an active process in which a reader constructs meaning based on his or her prior knowledge.

According to the text, which graphic organizer is used mostly with informational text in which students use prior knowledge to determine what they want to know after reading? A. webbing B. venn diagram C. mapping D. K-W-L

D. K-W-L

Which of the following is an example of an authentic assessment? A. One example is when a teacher interviews students about the reading strategies they use while reading. This would be considered an authentic assessment if the interview questions matched the carefully constructed curriculum map. B. One example is when a teacher administers a standardized test. This would be considered an authentic assessment if the district carefully selected a test that matched the actual standards. C. One example is when a teacher holds a writing conference with students. This is considered an authentic assessment because she can ask questions that seem real to the students. D. One example is when a teacher observes a student oral reading. This would be considered an authentic assessment if it reflects that actual teaching and learning in the classroom.

D. One example is when a teacher observes a student oral reading. This would be considered an authentic assessment if it reflects that actual teaching and learning in the classroom.

Which term describes the ability to recognize that words are made up of individual speech sounds? A. decoding strategies B. Syllabication C. Syntax D. Phonemic awareness

D. Phonemic awareness

Which statement best describes the relationship between language development and reading? A. Reading is thought of as using one's own language ability to understand the author's message. Thus, language must be fully developed before children can begin reading instruction. B. Formal reading instruction begins much later in the kindergarten year. Thus, language development is not as important as it was once thought to be. C. Reading is thought of as figuring out how to read the words in print. Thus, students who do not develop language skills must practice phonetic analysis of words in order to learn how to read. D. Reading is thought of as using one's own language ability to understand the author's message. Thus, language learning is an important part of learning to read.

D. Reading is thought of as using one's own language ability to understand the author's message. Thus, language learning is an important part of learning to read.

Miss Marks is planning her daily literacy instruction. It should include all of the following except which one? A. She should include whole-group and small-group lessons as well as times for independent reading and writing. B. She should provide time to explicitly teach important skills such as phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary, comprehension, and fluency. C. She should plan activities that develop students' oral language through experiences and discussions that encourage students to talk with each other and with her. D. She should teach students how to comprehend by reading a variety of books aloud and then following up with carefully constructed worksheet questions to assess what the students understood.

D. She should teach students how to comprehend by reading a variety of books aloud and then following up with carefully constructed worksheet questions to assess what the students understood.

Of the following, which one best describes a well-designed literacy center? A. Well-designed literacy centers should be implemented once students learn how to decode words so that they can go there to practice their reading skills. It should be placed in a corner of the classroom so that students can go there once they are finished with their work. B. Well-designed literacy centers need planned carefully so that all books in the center can be easily read by students. It should be placed by the teacher's desk so that she is easily accessible to help students figure out unknown words. C. Well-designed literacy centers should be placed in the library so that students have access a variety of different types of books. It should be readily accessible to students during their scheduled library time. D. Well-designed literacy centers should be placed in the classroom. It should be easily accessible to students and include a variety of different types of books as well as other materials such as magnetic letters, puzzles, and games.

D. Well-designed literacy centers should be placed in the classroom. It should be easily accessible to students and include a variety of different types of books as well as other materials such as magnetic letters, puzzles, and games.

Differentiated instruction can take place in which type of instructional organization? A. Small group instruction B. whole group instruction C. one-to-one instruction D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Good narrative text includes which of the following? A. setting B. theme C. episodes and resolutions D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Miss Greene is planning lessons in which she will differentiate her instruction in order to meet the diverse needs of the learners in her classroom. What are the elements of differentiated instruction? A. assessment is used to guide instruction B. students work in flexible groups designed to target needs C. students' interests are incorporated into the lessons. D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Reading comprehension is an active process where readers use multiple strategies to construct meaning of text. Therefore, which of the following is an effective way to teach comprehension strategies? A. Implement the shared book experience where you can model fluency and help students develop listening skills. B. Promote active discussions after reading aloud by creating questions that have more than one correct answer. C. Help students learn how to retell and give them practice in retelling a variety of texts. D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Think about the relationship between reading and writing. How does writing help reading? A. children work with sounds of letters and identification of letters B. children learn to create coherent sentences C. children learn about text structure D. all of the above

D. all of the above

What is the purpose of the materials that are placed in a student's portfolio? A. help teachers create appropriate instructional strategies B. help parents understand their child's development C. make the child aware of his/her strengths and weaknesses and how he/she can improve D. all of the above

D. all of the above

What purpose do standards serve? A. to articulate what students need to learn at each grade level B. to prepare students for literacy now and in the future C. to promote high expectations for literacy achievement among all children D. all of the above

D. all of the above

When placing students into groups, teachers should consider which of the following? A. running records B. standardized tests C. teacher judgment D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Which of the following characteristics will help determine how well a student will comprehend text? A. their familiarity with the topic in the text B. the quality of the writing C. how interesting the topic is to the listener or reader D. all of the above

D. all of the above

of the following, which is an effective criterion for assessing students' attitudes toward reading? A. voluntarily looks at or reads books at school B. responds during book discussions C. takes books home voluntarily D. all of the above

D. all of the above

When dealing with students who have physical impairments or developmental learning differences, it may be helpful to do which of the following? A. seek help from the district's support services B. become informed about it by discussing it with special education teachers and other staff members C. use learning strategies that are successful with all students, such as encouragement, praise, and positive feedback D. all the above

D. all the above

Which term describes the ability to read or listen to and understand text? A. fluency B. pronunciation C. phonemic awareness D. comprehension

D. comprehension

Teaching comprehension strategies has been found most effective when using the following sequence of steps: A. modeling, direct explanation, guided practice, independent application, and reflection B. independent application, guided practice, reflection, modeling, and direct explanation C. guided practice, modeling, independent application, direct explanations and reflection D. direct explanation, modeling, guided practice, independent application, and reflection

D. direct explanation, modeling, guided practice, independent application, and reflection

How often is English used when implementing the two-way bilingual approach? A. the entire curriculum is taught in English B. the entire curriculum is taught in the other language C. most of the curriculum is taught in English with a limited amount of instruction in the other language D. half the curriculum is taught in English and half is taught in the other language

D. half the curriculum is taught in English and half is taught in the other language.

When children create their own spellings for words, they are using which of the following? A. unique spelling B. conventional spelling C. phonemic spelling D. invented spelling

D. invented spelling

In this strategy, students are formed into groups to discuss the books. Each student is assigned a particular role in the group to help keep them focused on the book and the task. A. guided group reading B. partner role reading C. think, pair, share D. literature circles

D. literature circles

What do in-depth measures of assessment, such as running records, informal reading inventories, and portfolios, allow educators to do? A. assign appropriate percentile ranks B. ensure there are enough grades for the report cards C. compare the progress of one student to others D. monitor student progress across time

D. monitor student progress across time

Which of the following is an effective method that teachers can use to assess students' attitudes toward books? A. reviewing data from reading comprehension tests B. multiple choice test C. observation only D. motivational interview

D. motivational interview

The text and the illustrations are closely associated in this genre of children's literature. A. multicultural books B. informational books C. poetry books D. picture storybooks

D. picture storybooks

If a teacher wants to expose her students to informational texts that explain steps to produce certain product or outcome, then what type of text structure would be appropriate? A. problem solution B. description C. cause and effect D. sequence

D. sequence

In this writing activity, writing is a joint effort as the teacher and the children create writing together. The teacher guides the lesson and writes on large chart paper in a whole-group or small-group setting. A. journal writing B. interactive writing C. independent writing D. shared writing

D. shared writing

You teach second grade and your students are writing reports about community workers. As you read your students' written drafts, you notice that in general their writing is unorganized and does not show the relationships among ideas. What should you do? A. pick an easier topic for your students to write about so it will be better organized B. Give students a completed graphic organizer to follow so their writing is better organized C. ask students to write their drafts as homework so they can get help from their parents. D. teach students how to use a graphic organizer as a way to organize their thoughts and clarify relationships

D. teach students how to use a graphic organizer as a way to organize their thoughts and clarify relationships

which of the following is a recommended way to provide scaffolds for developing language in infants? A. give the child a sensory object and ask her to name the object B. ask the child to pronounce a word carefully, so it is understood by others. C. speak in basic t-units D. use "how", "why", and "tell me" questions

D. use "how", "why", and "tell me" questions

T/F: For an infant, a mother's voice is the primary/most important source for language acquisition. All others (other family members, caregivers) are less important/influential.

false

T/F: There is a distinct relationship between reading and oral language; that is, early readers score higher on language screening tests than children who were not reading early.

true