Emerging Adult Ch 8

* Robert is a middle-school student who is participating in a study on the emotional status of adolescents when they are among friends and parents. When asked whether he is most likely to feel positive and happy around his friends or his parents, Robert is likely to say which of the following statements?

"I feel much more positive and happy when I'm around my friends because I know I can let loose and be myself around them."

* Akira is a 14-year-old girl growing up in India. When asked how she likes to spend her leisure time, Akira is likely to respond with which of the following statements?

"I like my friends, but I typically spend more of my leisure time with my family than my friends because I value and enjoy spending time with my family more."

Slang

, an informal vocabulary and grammar that is different from that of the native language

There are three components to bullying....

1. aggression (physical or verbal); 2. repetition (not just one incident but a pattern over time); 3. power imbalance (the bully has higher peer status than the victim).

common similarities in friends

1. educational orientations 2. preferences for media and leisure activity 3. risky activities

Why might adolescents be happier with friends?

1. find someone who mirrors their own emotions. 2. adolescents feel free and open with friends in a way they rarely do with parents

Around age ____ , according to Sullivan, most children develop a special friendship with "a particular member of the same sex who becomes a chum or close friend"

10

* Researchers have found that it is common for other-sex friendships in emerging adulthood to include a sexual element. Misunderstandings occur in these friendships as about _______ do not discuss the rules for their relationship, such as _______ rules, which include guidelines for honesty.

75%; communication

* Richard is participating in an intervention for neglected adolescents. Which of the following reflects a step Richard might learn for improving his social skills, and why?

A step Richard will learn is to "make eye contact, smile, and nod when listening to someone talk," because as a neglected adolescent Richard needs to improve his social skills involved with learning how to make friends.

* Which of the following BEST summarizes the research findings on the quality of adolescents' relationships with peers versus parents? a. About 70% of adolescents report they disagree that their close friend understands them better than their parents, and that they prefer to discuss personal issues with their friends and educational issues with their parents. b. About 70% of adolescents report they agree that their close friend understands them better than their parents, and that they prefer to discuss educational issues with their friends and personal issues with their parents. c. About 70% of adolescents report they disagree that their close friend understands them better than their parents, and that they prefer to discuss both personal and educational issues with their parents rather than their friends. d. About 70% of adolescents report they agree that their close friend understands them better than their parents, and that they prefer to discuss personal issues with their friends and educational issues with their parents.

About 70% of adolescents report they agree that their close friend understands them better than their parents, and that they prefer to discuss personal issues with their friends and educational issues with their parents.

crowd known for striving for good grades and for being socially inept.

Academics (also called brains, nerds, geeks).

* Although studies have found that within American multiethnic high schools there tends to be little crossing of ethnic boundaries in crowd membership, which of the following have researchers found to be an exception to this trend?

Adolescent boys who have a common interest in sports, or the "Athletes," are the most likely to form a multiethnic crowd.

* Which of the following best reflects the research evidence for an adolescent's explanation for the dissolution of a friendship, and why?

Adolescents are most likely to indicate violations of trust, such as divulging secrets or competing for a romantic partner, as the main explanation for the dissolution of a friendship because intimacy is more highly valued in adolescent friendships than in younger childhood friendships.

* Which of the following best summarizes adolescents' use of sarcasm and ridicule in traditional cultures?

Adolescents in traditional cultures sometimes direct their sarcasm and ridicule toward adults to enforce social norms

* Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence for how ethnicity is related to adolescents' development of friendships?

Adolescents' ethnic identity development may promote adherence to one's own ethnic group to minimize interethnic tensions and conflict; thus, youth who align in their ethnicity are likely to become friends during adolescence.

* George is in the sixth grade and is overweight compared to the other boys in his class. One day in Physical Education class, the students were playing volleyball and George missed hitting the ball with his hands and it instead bounced off his belly. Jerry, the most popular boy in the class, made fun of George by yelling "Georgie Porgie" and all of the classmates laughed. Explain whether George experienced bullying.

Although George did experience the aggression and power imbalance components that are part of bullying, because the "Georgie Porgie" name-calling was an isolated incident, the repetition component that is also integral to defining bullying was missing; thus, George did not experience bullying.

________ is a certain vocabulary and a certain way of speaking.

Argot

crowd containing sports-oriented students, usually members of at least one sports team.

Athletes (also called jocks).

* A recent study of Bulgarian tenth-grade adolescents found that the more they learned and used American slang, which of the following occurred?

Bulgarian adolescents reported that the more American slang they knew and used, the more prestige and acceptance they gained with their peers.

_________ are small groups of friends who know each other well, do things together, and form a regular social group

Cliques

_______________ support is being able to rely on each other as companions in social activities

Companionship

* Gene and Doug are planning to go to their high school's homecoming football game together so that they do not have to go alone and can sit by each other and hang out. What type of friendship support are Gene and Doug providing each other?

Companionship support

____ mainly serve the function of helping adolescents to locate themselves and others within the secondary school social structure

Crowds

* Sociologist Dexter Dunphy described developmental changes in the structure of adolescent cliques and crowds, where in the fifth and final stage males and females paired off in more serious romantic relationships, which led to the breakdown of cliques and crowds. How does current research evidence on the developmental period of emerging adulthood support or refute this fifth stage?

Current research on emerging adulthood indicates that because the median age of marriage has risen to the late 20s, the committed romantic relationships that Dunphy proposed break down cliques in late adolescence is not supported; thus, membership in a variety of same-sex and mixed-sex groups is highly likely into emerging adulthood.

________ refers to distinctive forms of gesture, gait, and posture.

Demeanor

crowd alienated from the school social environment, suspected by other students of using illicit drugs and engaging in other risky activities.

Deviants (also called druggies, burnouts).

* Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence about adolescents' positive emotions during time spent with family versus friends?

Edith and her friends are so excited about getting tickets to see their favorite singer in concert that they are jumping up and down, laughing, and hugging each other with joy.

The crowd recognized as having the highest social status in the school.

Elites (also called populars, preppies)

* Which of the following reflects the research evidence for characteristics of friendships between adolescents and emerging adults?

Emerging adults are more likely to have other-sex friendships than adolescents.

________support is the support adolescent friends provide by congratulating their friends when they succeed and encouraging them or consoling them when they fail.

Esteem

* Which of the following best summarizes research findings on the proportion of time youth in developed countries spend with friends and family during adolescence?

Findings indicate that youth spend increasingly less time with their parents and increasingly more time with their peers, especially other-sex peers, during adolescence; furthermore, about 60% of adolescents in developed countries across the world report having daily social media contact with their friends.

* Which of the following best summarizes the general pattern for how friendships and romantic relationships intersect during emerging adulthood?

For most emerging adults, friends are more important in the early part of emerging adulthood, when an enduring romantic relationship has not yet developed, and less important later in emerging adulthood as they progress toward a long-term commitment to a romantic partner.

__________ is a more accurate term than peer pressure for the social effects adolescents experience.

Friends' influence

* Research on friends' influence on risky behaviors and supportive behaviors during adolescence indicates which of the following general developmental patterns?

Friends' influence on risky behaviors and supportive behaviors tends to follow a similar developmental pattern, in which the influence of both domains rises in early adolescence, peaks in mid-adolescence, and declines in late adolescence.

* Which of the following best reflects the research evidence for how the function and importance of crowds change from 6th through 12th grade?

From the 6th to 9th grade, crowds become more differentiated and increase in importance for defining social status, whereas from the 9th to 12th grade, crowds become further differentiated but have less importance in defining social status.

_______ (1953) was the first theorist to develop ideas on the importance of intimacy in adolescent friendships

Harry Stack Sullivan

* Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence for links between intelligence and popularity among adolescents?

High intelligence is positively related to popularity among adolescents, but the perception that crowds such as "Academics" or "Nerds" lack social skills is what influences these groups' unpopularity.

_________ refers to dress, hairstyle, jewelry, and other aspects of appearance.

Image

* Carlos is part of a clique of boys who play video games. To demonstrate their clique identity, every day the boys wear a t-shirt that depicts their favorite video game character and greet each other by pretending they are robots. Which of the following two components of youth culture style are Carlos and the clique of video game boys displaying?

Image and demeanor

* Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence for gender differences in adolescents' relationships with friends and family in traditional cultures?

In traditional cultures, adolescent girls' involvement with friends tends to be much less compared to boys; specifically, girls spend more time with adult females than boys do with adult males to garner the skills required to run a future household and raise future children.

* Melanie and Laura are juniors in high school and are both excited about going to college in 2 years. Laura has decided she wants to major in business and has a list of five colleges to which she will apply. However, Melanie has not decided any of these things and feels behind in her college plans; as such, Laura is giving her advice on how to figure out her interests and select colleges. What type of friendship support is Laura providing Melanie?

Informational support

_____________ is advice and guidance in solving personal problems, such as those involving friends, romantic relationships, parents, or school.

Informational support

___________ support is help with tasks of various kinds.

Instrumental

* As part of her fifth-grade science project, Jenna has to create bar charts using a computer program to show the differences in density between liquid substances like water and oil. Is Jenna likely to ask her friends, parents, or grandparents for help and why?

Jenna is most likely to ask her friends for help with creating the bar charts because their generation grew up with computers and thus have more experience with technological skills than adults belonging to other generations, such as her teachers and grandparents.

* Mark and Andrew are in the same sixth-grade class. Mark likes to practice his trombone during his free time, and Andrew likes to practice baseball during his free time. Which of the following best explains whether Mark and Andrew are likely to become friends?

Mark and Andrew are unlikely to become friends because they are dissimilar in their preferences for leisure activity.

___________ adolescents do not make enemies the way rejected adolescents do, but they do not have many friends either. They are the nobodies, the ones who are barely noticed by their peers.

Neglected

crowd containing students who do not stand out in any particular way, neither positively nor negatively; mostly ignored by other students.

Others (also called normals, nobodies).

peers vs friends

Peers are simply the more or less anonymous group of other people who happen to be the same age as you are; friends are emotionally and socially important in a way that peers are not.

* Rachel found out that her friend, Emma, kissed the boy that she has a crush on. Rachel is mad at Emma for violating the trust in their friendship and wants to get revenge. Which of the following scenarios best depicts Rachel's use of relational aggression toward Emma to express her anger?

Rachel will instruct all of their friends to ignore Emma, including not letting her sit with them at lunch, and spread a rumor that Emma has a sexually transmitted infection.

__________ adolescents are actively disliked by their peers, usually because others find them to be excessively aggressive, disruptive, and quarrelsome

Rejected

____________ is the term for behavior that includes not only sarcasm and ridicule but gossiping, spreading rumors, snubbing, and excluding others from the clique

Relational aggression

* Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence for adolescent girls' and boys' use of relational aggression?

Research findings indicate that adolescent girls and boys both use relational aggression, but that it is a more common form of aggression among girls because gender socialization norms for girls prohibit direct and physical expressions of conflict.

* Spencer and his friends are surfers. When they catch good waves or make a good joke, they use the word sick to describe good events. Everyone in Spencer's middle school can identify the surfers because they use the word sick and greet each other as dude. Spencer and his friends are most likely using slang for which purpose?

Spencer and his friends are using slang to signify their membership in a specific peer group.

* Which of the following is the most important function of crowds for adolescents?

The main function of crowds is to help adolescents identify themselves and others within the social structure categories of their school.

* Which of the following summarizes the research evidence for the sociometric status of victims of bullying, along with the outcomes reported by victims of bullying?

Victims tend to be low-status adolescents who are rejected by their peers, and victims tend to report significant psychological and physical problems such as anxiety and headaches, respectively.

* The adolescent crowd structure in traditional cultures versus the American culture is different in that crowds tend to be less __________, especially because most youth sleep and spend their leisure time in a separate dwelling from their families, which is called a __________.

age-graded; dormitory

Sarcasm and ridicule were included in what they called "___________ interactions."

antagonistic

* Tricia makes fun of the nerdy kids in her middle school, such as impersonating their social awkwardness to her close group of friends. Even within her group of close friends, Tricia makes direct comments to them about how "books are their best friends" if she sees them reading at school during their free time. Tricia is engaging in ___________ interactions, which promotes _____________ within her clique.

antagonistic; conformity

slang is an example of an...

argot

_______ are more likely to emphasize shared activities as the basis of friendship, such as sports or hobbies

boys

when adolescents explain why a close friendship has ended, they most often mention some form of _________ as the reason

breaking trust

An extreme form of peer rejection in adolescence is _______

bullying

* Craig is one of five trumpet players in his middle-school band. The trumpet section members are good friends who often hang out together. Craig's friendship with the trumpet section members is an example of a(n) __________.

clique

reputation-based groups of adolescents who are not necessarily friends and do not necessarily spend much time together

crowds

Certain ways of shaking hands (e.g., a "high five") have sometimes distinguished youth cultures. This is an example of...

demeanor

One function of antagonistic interactions is that they promote the establishment of a _____________—higher-status members dish out more sarcasm and ridicule than they take.

dominance hierarchy

* Research on adolescents' emotional states has found that youth report their ________ are the source of their most intense negative emotions.

friends

adolescents report that their happiest moments take place with _______

friends

Typically, are adolescents happier with friends or family?

friends (in the West)

* Recent sociologists have emphasized two central values to youth culture. Specifically, these values are a focus on seeking out pleasurable experiences, called __________, and a focus on seeking out eventful experiences, called _________.

hedonism; pursuit of adventure

rings worn in the nose, navel, or eyebrow, which are worn by some young people but rarely by adults are an example of an...

image

Adolescent friends support each other by helping with homework, assisting with household chores, lending money, and so on. These are examples of...

instrumental support

In Sullivan's view, the need for _________ with friends intensifies in early adolescence

intimacy

Probably the most distinctive feature of adolescent friendships, compared with friendships in late childhood, is __________.

intimacy

* During adolescence, girls' friendships tend to be based more on ________, whereas boys' friendships tend to be based more on _________.

intimacy; shared activities

* In general, the friendships of adolescent girls are based more on ______ than the friendships of adolescent boys, whereas the friendships of adolescent boys are based more on ______ than the friendships of adolescent girls.

intimacy; shared activities

* Researchers have found that when describing ideal friendships, adolescents are more likely to identify characteristics that include _______, whereas younger children are more likely to identify characteristics that include _______.

intimacy; shared activities

* Researchers have found that the developmental pattern of bullying indicates it peaks in __________, and that across countries __________ are the least likely to be bullies as well as victims.

middle adolescence; girls

Another way friendships change with age is that emerging adults are more likely than adolescents to have _________ friendships

other-sex

For the 4th graders, ________ were their main sources of support.

parents

* Adolescents mostly depend on ______ for emotional support, whereas emerging adults depend mostly on _________.

parents; romantic partners

* Some sociologists have argued that a condition that is necessary for the development of youth culture is the existence of a _________ society, or a society that tolerates many forms of behavior and belief that depart from the norms as a whole.

pluralistic

* Recent research has found that adolescent boys especially benefit from friendships with adolescent girls because the girls' provision of emotional support is __________related to boys' coping with emotionally challenging situations. Researchers refer to these friendships as __________.

positively; platonic

* Sibyl and Cora are in the eighth grade and have been best friends since the fourth grade. Sibyl and Cora know more about each other's __________, such as their __________, now than they did in the fourth grade.

preferences; favorite school subjects

* Tom and Harry are both boys in the same fifth-grade class. Tom is aggressive, disruptive, and selfish, and almost all of his classmates do not like him. Harry is aggressive, funny, and confident, and about half of his classmates do not like him. According to sociometric ratings, Tom would most likely be categorized as a __________ adolescent and Harry would most likely be categorized as a __________ adolescent.

rejected; controversial

In short, _________ aggression is nonphysical aggression that harms others by damaging relationships.

relational

* Research on friends' influence indicates that pressure to participate in ________ is often the weakest domain of influence compared to pressure to participate in ________, suggesting that friends' influence may be more positive than the general public perceives.

risky behaviors; school activities

For college students, __________ were the main sources of support.

romantic partners

Another way friendships and romantic relationships intersect in emerging adulthood is that the importance of friendships tends to decline as __________ develop

romantic relationships

For the 10th graders, ________ were their main sources of support.

same-gender friends

* Caroline and Kelly are friends in middle school and they both like to sneak beers out of their refrigerators at home to try out drinking. The fact that Caroline and Kelly's friendship may be explained by their shared preference for drinking is called __________.

selective association

the principle that most people (including adolescents) tend to choose friends who are similar to themselves

selective association

the qualities most often associated with popularity and unpopularity can be grouped under the general term _______

social skills

* The qualities most likely to distinguish popular from unpopular adolescents on sociometry measures are ________, and asking an adolescent to identify with whom among their classmates that they'd most likely to be paired on a team is an example of ________ sociometric measurement.

social skills; indirect

* High intelligence is positively related to popularity among adolescents, but the perception that crowds such as "Academics" or "Nerds" lack social skills is what influences these groups' unpopularity.

stable; self-perpetuating

Friends can have a _________ influence on adolescents, but the effects of the entire peer group are ______

substantial ; weak

Intimacy

the degree to which two people share personal knowledge, thoughts, and feelings.

An important difference between Western cultures and traditional cultures is that ____________ cultures are more likely to have substantial gender differences in adolescents' relationships with peers and family.

traditional

Adolescents rate _________ as more important to friendship than younger children do

trust and loyalty

"the emotional high point of the week" for adolescents

weekend nights