EMOTIONS T/F #1 (Ch1-4)
People in collectivistic culture are thought to inhibit the expression of negative emotions as a way of preserving group harmony and prioritizing needs over individual needs.
T
Pride, shame, and guilt are self-conscious emotions.
T
Psychologists find more collectivistic attitudes in Southern China which has a long history of rice farming, which requires a great deal of cooperation, than in Northern China where wheat farming, which requires less cooperation than riced farming, is more common.
T
The chemical structure of DNA and its role in heredity were not understood until the 1950s. The subsequent research on DNA allowed Darwin and Mendel theory to be combined into modern evolutionary theory.
T
The emotion of hasham/among the Bedouin (called lajya in the Orissa language) refers to a combination of embarrassment, shame, admiration, sadness, shyness and gratitude.
T
The emotions of love and embarrassment (e.g., Keltner & Buswell, 1997) have something in common. Both emotions help establish and stabilize emotions.
T
The job of superordinate neural programs is to activate other smaller programs (called subroutines) in particular situation and inhibit any subroutines that would interfere with resolving the situation.
T
The linear epistemology perspective encourages people from Western cultures to think of negative and positive emotions as mutually exclusive opposites.
T
The superordinate program model emphasizes specific adaptive functions of each emotion.
T
The term amae refers to a Japanese word for the pleasurable dependent on another person.
T
Vertical societies emphasize the social hierarchy and status differences among people in society and encourage emotions and behaviors that advertise and reinforces these differences.
T
When people are angry they show greater activation of the left frontal cortex than in the right frontal cortex.
T
When people are in a negative mood they tend to process information more carefully and cautiously than when they are in a positive mood.
T
When subjects were asked to describe experiences from memory North Americans usually described how they felt whereas Asians described how people around them felt.
T
A serious problem in emotion research is that the emotions elicited in a laboratory are rarely as strong as those people experience in their real lives.
TRUE
According to the Circumplex Model a person should NOT be able to experience strong positive emotions and strong negative emotions at the same time.
TRUE
According to the Component Process Model the widening of the eyes signifies that the stimulus is unexpected.
TRUE
According to the Component Process Model, furrowing of the eye brows indicates frustration or an increase in concentration, thereby indicating that the person wants to change the situation.
TRUE
According to the Component Process Model, tightening lips indicates a sense of control.
TRUE
According to the Evaluative Space Model our evaluations of some target's goodness and badness are independent of each other such that something can be experienced as good and bad at the same time.
TRUE
According to the Schachter-Singer theory, the physiological arousal that occurs in response to an eliciting event is essential for determining how strong the emotional feeling will be but it does not distinguish among various emotions.
TRUE
According to the Schachter-Singer theory, you identify the emotion by the information you have about your situation (You identify the emotion of fear when you experience arousal when being threatened by a bear.).
TRUE
Appraisals in the Component Process Model are dimensional, with the same set of dimensions used to evaluate the significance of an event.
TRUE
Both the Evaluative Space Model and the Circumplex Model emphasize the subjective feeling aspect of emotion.)
TRUE
Emotional response coherence is often assessed by examining how well self-reports of emotion predict physiological changes that occur during the response.
TRUE
Emotions depend on an evaluation of external events, whereas a drive such as hunger arises from the body's needs.
TRUE
Fear expressions become distinct from distress expression by 6 months after birth.
TRUE
Amae is a hypo-cognized emotion in Japan.
F
The evolutionary perspective on emotions is hard to test.
T
The basic/discrete emotions model describes emotions primarily in terms of subjective feelings rather than instinctive, adaptive, physiological and behavioral responses to stimuli in the environment
FALSE
The two dimensions that emerge in the Circumplex Model are positive affect and negative affect.
FALSE
Individualistic cultures embrace dialectical epistemology rather than linear epistemology.
F
Intrapersonal functions of emotions do an excellent job of accounting for positive emotions such as love and pride and self-conscious emotions such a shame and embarrassment.
F
Researchers have tested the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and have found substantial evidence to support this hypothesis.
F
The term self is used in collectivistic cultures to distinguish the person from others around him, whereas in individualistic societies the self is more closely related to group membership and relationships with friends and family.
F
When people are in a negative mood they tend to use short cuts such as stereotypes, and event scripts.
F
A number of investigators have found a strong positive relationship between the strength of a person's emotional response and the level of activity in the sympathetic nervous system of that person. The same people who showed the strongest response of the sympathetic nervous system were the ones who reported the strongest emotion.
FALSE
In contrast to the Circumplex Model, the Evaluative Space Model asserts that the feelings associated with being calm are very close to those associated with being sleepy.
FALSE
Studies conducted by Schachter and Singer (1962), by Maslach (1979), and by Marshall and Zimbardo (1979) tested the Schachter and Singer theory by assessing how strongly a person's interpretation of his or her situation influence specific emotional feelings (anger for example). The results of these studies provide convincing evidence that support the Schachter and Singer theory.
FALSE
A culture of honor is believed to emerge in cultures where one's possessions are easily stolen and the system of law enforcement does not provide adequate protection.
T
A display of embarrassment makes people more inclined to like you and trust because you let them know that you have made a mistake and that you know that you have violated a social convention.
T
According to affect infusion theory emotional feelings influence our judgments and decisions
T
According to evolutionary psychologists the brain is packed with many information processing programs such as ones that detect faces, another for noticing that you made a mistake, another for risk evaluation, and one for what other people are thinking.
T
According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis people in a culture cannot experience an emotion for which they have no word.
T
Chinese individuals talk more about friends and families, whereas Americans talk more about themselves.
T
Chinese participants in a study conducted by Stipek (1998) stated that it was more appropriate to feel pride for other people's accomplishments than for one's own.
T
Cultural priming is often used in studies that use bicultural subjects.
T
Dialectical epistemology emphasizes that true knowledge involves understanding that reality is changing rather than constant , that all things are interrelated rather than separate, that the same proposition can be true or false depending on the person's perspective.
T
Doi (1973) asserts that amae is the foundation of Japanese social structure.
T
East Asia and Latin America are considerably more collectivistic than mainstream United States.
T
East Asians (Scollon and collegues, 2004) individuals are more likely than Americans to experience positive and negative emotions at the same time.
T
East Asians place high value on low-arousal positive emotions such as calmness and serenity compared to people in Latin American cultures.
T
Even though Tahitians do not have a word for sadness studies indicate that they do experience sadness.
T
Horizontal societies minimize attention to status differences among individuals.
T
In China people often refer to their reaction to a situation in body terms like "sick" rather than emotion terms.
T
In linear epistemology knowing something means knowing what is constant and unchanging about it, knowing how it differs from other things, and knowing what is true and what is false.
T
In one major study by Levenson and colleagues (1992), the physiological responses associated with particular emotions of an indigenous community of Indonesia were compared to those of young adults in the United States. These investigators observed that the physiological responses of the two samples were similar thereby providing evidence for the universality of emotions
T
In one study (Heine and collegues 2002), Americans reported feeling proud when successful whereas Japanese individuals reported feeling lucky after success. Japanese individuals believe that displaying pride is bragging and bragging is considered to be taboo in Japan.
T
In one study, Asian-American participants, compared to European-American participants were more likely to report love and negative emotions at the same time.
T
Japanese individuals are more likely than Americans to report mixed emotions', especially in positive situations.
T
Japanese individuals define happiness in terms of interpersonal relationships instead of individual accomplishments.
T
Latin American cultures emphasize the importance of harmony and does it through shared expression of high-arousal positive emotions.
T
Like ants and bees humans are ultrasocial, conducting most all of the business of life in cooperative groups. Humans are not equipped to survive alone.
T
Litost is a Czech word that refers to a state of torment caused by a sudden insight into one's own miserable self, and is associated with a desire for revenge.
T
Many American movies emphasize "love at first sight" but in societies in which arranged marriages are the norm and among American couples who have been together for a long time, love is described as slow growing and a steady rather than instantaneous.
T
Many studies provide evidence that when people are in a positive mood state they tend to wear rose-colored glasses in evaluating people and things around them and when in a negative mood people tend to see the world in a more negative light.
T
Most monkey troops have vertical social structures, whereas deer and cattle have a more horizontal structure.
T
One line of support for evolutionary theory is evidence that some aspects of emotion are universal, in that they play out in a similar way throughout the world.
T
People evaluate persuasive messages more carefully and are convinced by strong arguments. but not weak ones when in a sad mood.
T
People from cultures emphasizing dialectical epistemology are less likely to think of emotions in terms of opposites such as sad or happy and loving or angry.")
T
Research (Kuppens and colleagues 2008) provides evidence that infrequency of negative emotions was a more important predictor of life satisfaction for people in highly individualistic cultures than for people in low individualistic cultures.
T
Research indicates that that as societies become wealthier they become more individualistic.
T
Research on (Hwang and Matsumoto, 2014) power distance and emotional displays indicates that Olympic competitors from more hierarchical (vertical) cultures showed stronger displays of triumph when they won compared than competitors from less hierarchical societies.
T
Research using the electroencephalography methods has consistently indicated that when people are in a positive mood they show greater activation in the left frontal cortex than in the right frontal cortex, whereas the reverse is true for negative mood.
T
Researchers find that Japanese people are as about individually competitive as Americans.
T
Researchers report that Chinese subjects in the study were three times more likely than Americans to list group membership as a part of their identity, whereas Americans tended to indicate the importance of things that made them different from others.
T
Schadenfreude is a German word that refers to the enjoyment of another person's suffering.
T
Several studies indicate that anger is an approach emotion even though it is linked to negative affect.
T
Societies develop more collectivistic attitudes in the face of danger as would occur during a war or after a disastrous loss.
T
Studies by Krieglmeyer and colleagues provide evidence that the impulse to approach positive things and avoid negative things is automatic, difficult to override, and stronger than the semantic association of positive valence with up.
T
Studies by Tangney and colleagues provide evidence that even though the Oriya have one word lijya that includes embarrassment and shame, other cultures discriminate these emotions by the situations that generate them.
T
Studies conducted by Stipek (1998) support the prediction that people in collectivistic societies compared to individualistic societies, experience pride and shame in response to a friends and relatives' actions, not just their own.
T
Studies of embarrassment indicate that both the Fula people of Africa and the Ifaluks of the South Pacific emphasize the social situations over internal states in their emotion lexicon.
T
The Ilongot word liget, which is like anger, can be a response to insult or injury but can also be evoked by mass celebrations, by a successful hunt, or by the death of a loved one.
T
The Tahitian language has 46 words for anger, yet not a single word for sadness (Levy, 1973) Thus anger is a hyper-cognized emotion in that culture.
T
The Tahitian language has no word for sadness so the Tahitian man whose family was away described himself as ill or fatigued rather than sad (Russell, 1991).
T
The behavioral inhibition system promotes threat detection and avoidance.
T
Investigators (Mauss and colleagues) using a within-subjects experimental design in a study in which emotional responses were assessed while subjects watched a film, observed that self-reports of emotion, facial expressions, and physiological responses "hang together" (significantly correlated) much better in comparison to studies using a between-subject design.
TRUE
It is difficult to test the Evaluative Space Model because researchers do not measure emotion on the same time scale. It is difficult to measure emotional feelings on a moment-to-moment basis so subjects are asked how much positive affect and negative affect they feel overall in their lives, which doesn't test the theory properly.
TRUE
James (1894) modified some of the thinking in his original theory (James-Lange theory) in conceding that the cause of a person running from a bear is not the beai itself but the person's perception and interpretation of the situation (appraisal in modern terminology).
TRUE
Multidimensional scaling allows investigators to see what dimensions emerge statistically from people's ratings of their emotional experiences.
TRUE
Smiling and frowning begin to emerge within 2 or 3 months after birth.
TRUE
The Cannon-Bard theory assumes that cognition/appraisal, feelings, and physiological/behavior changes that are elicited by event are causally independent of each other even though they occur at the same time.
TRUE
The Circumplex Model of emotional feeling is based on data analyzed with the method of multidimensional scaling.
TRUE
The Component Process Model emphasizes the importance of appraisal in the generation of an emotional response.
TRUE
The advantage of experience sampling is that it allows the investigator to study the emotions people experience in their real lives.
TRUE
The key dimensions of the Component Process Model (according to Scherer, 2009) are: novelty, pleasantness, expectedness, certainty, goal conduciveness, need for change, and controllability.
TRUE
The term action tendency refers to a readiness for a particular action when an emotional state is evoked. For example, when anger is experienced there is readiness to attack and when fearful there is a readiness to flee.
TRUE
The three criteria for a basic emotion are: 1. It must be universal among humans, and perhaps in other species too; 2. There must be a distinct built-in way of expressing the emotion, including a facial expression (to communicate the emotions to others); 3. A basic emotion should be evident early in life.
TRUE
The two dimensions of the Evaluative Space model are Positive Affect and Negative Affect so it is possible that positive and negative feelings can coexist,
TRUE