Emotions True/False Chapter 8
Self-recognition and a sense of self develops in human but not in species such as chimpanzees, monkeys, dolphins, elephants, and magpies
False
The positivity bias is observed in young people but not older people.
False
On the whole, parents who express mostly positive emotions have children who express positive emotions, whereas parents who mostly express negative emotions have children who vigorously express fear and anger
True
Panic disorder, social phobia, and other anxiety disorders are more prevalent in young adults that in older adults
True
Parents tend to discuss emotions with their preschool daughters more than their sons
True
People, blind from birth, smile about as much as sighted people do and in the same situations
True
Physical maturation is important to emotional development in that it introduces new situations that require the development of a specific emotion such as the development of fear when the infant develops the physical ability to stand, crawl, or walk--which creates the threat of falling
True
Research suggest that, at least before 1 year of age, babies have limited ability to express specific emotions particularly negative ones
True
Starting at the age of about 9 months most infants use the visual cues of the mother (such as signs of fright or of being happy) to decide whether to cross the visual cliff
True
The Moro reflex is described as the infant startle response, suggesting that it reflects the emotion of fear, yet its activation only occurs in particular dangerous situations, not in many situations that elicit fear in older children
True
The development of a sense of self is thought to develop around 18-24 months of age
True
The sympathetic nervous system becomes weaker with age and people's heart rate responses to an emotional event declines with age
True
When people view photographs, the brains of older subjects respond more strongly to pleasant photos, whereas younger adults respond more strongly to sad or frightening photos.
True
When talking about an area of conflict in their marriage, older adults are less likely to quarrel and more likely to express affection during the discussion.
True
Women who had displayed stronger and more "felt" smiles (Duchenne smiles) in their college yearbooks described themselves in later years as more competent, more emotionally stable, more agreeable with other people than did women with less intense or genuine smiles in the photographs
True
On average healthy people over 70 years old report the highest level of subjective sense of well-being.
True
Older adults selectively recount positive information from autobiographical memories, to a great extent than younger adults.
True
A survey of 48 cultures found that parents in all locations wanted their children to be happy, not too fearful, and capable of controlling anger
True
A theory of mind is important to the development of other-conscious emotions such as embarrassment, shame, and guilt
True
According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, midlife triggers an increase in adults' motivation to make the most of their remaining time.
True
Across cultures parents work harder to control their sons' anger and reinforce their daughters' expressions of happiness
True
Among infants 18 months or older, reactions to another child's distress are greater among children who have an older brother or sister, suggesting that because of the experience of interacting with an older sibling, infants learn to pay proper attention to the emotional displays of other children
True
An early sign of social referencing occurs at about nine months of age is shown in the findings of the visual cliff studies
True
As is the case for humans, adolescents of other species, including rodents increase exploration and risk taking when they are adolescents
True
As people grow older they feel anger less often and less intensely, and express it less vigorously
True
At the age when children first start to recognize themselves in the mirror, they also begin to show embarrassment, shame, and guilt, described by many investigators as other-conscious emotions
True
Babies display the Moro reflex in situations that suggest danger, such as being dropped, hearing a sudden loud noise, or seeing a large figure moving toward them
True
Brain areas for reward develop and increase activity during the teenage years so may be involved (underlie) in the increased risk taking behaviors in this age group
True
By about the age of 3, children express a wide range of emotions, develop greater understanding of other people's emotions, greater ability to talk about emotions, and greater ability to regulate emotions
True
Compared to young adult, older adults benefit more from the cognitive technique of positive reappraisal than from detached reappraisal.
True
Contagious crying only occurs after listening to another infant cry for 2 to 3 minutes, thereby suggesting that contagious crying just means that hearing a loud prolonged cry is arousing and unpleasant
True
Contagious laughing occurs quickly or not at all
True
Crying in response to fear is about the same as crying in response to anger so we cannot differentiate these two emotions based on the sound of babies' cries
True
Disgust comes last in the development of the ability to label the emotional expressions in pictures of faces
True
Due to interactions with their mothers Japanese infants learn that anger is rare and generally inappropriate, whereas American babies, due to interactions with their mothers, learn that anger is acceptable
True
Even two year olds are aware of how their emotions affect other people in that they may fake an emotion to get what they want
True
Happiness declines from age 18 until about 50, and then starts increasing
True
If a parent shows signs of fear at the sight of a new toy, infants and toddlers, become frightened too, approaching the toy with caution, if at all
True
If their child knocked items off of a shelf in the store or draws with crayons on the wall, mothers in the United States said they would demand that the child stop the behavior or physically stop the behavior, whereas Japanese mothers said they Ould be more likely to explain to the child why the misbehaviors hurt other people
True
In contagious crying, only the crying of another newborn, not the crying of older children or babies of other species, will evoke this emotional reaction
True
In contrast to American mothers Japanese mothers encourage the development of positive social emotions and discourage self-focused appraisals that may lead to anger
True
Increased motor maturation enables the infant to express emotions more clearly
True
Increased risk taking behaviors in adolescents is probably due to increases in the drive for excitement, thrills, and rewards during these years rather than increased impulsivity because the prefrontal cortex does not reach maturity until the late teens
True
Infants become more prototypically angry as they develop the ability to attribute their frustration to a particular cause or assign blame, especially towards another person
True
Observing other people's behavior as a guide to our own reaction is called social referencing or intersubjectivity, and begins in infancy and becomes more and more prominent as children grow older
True
Older adults deliberately control their attention to maintain a positive outlook on life, try to maintain a favorable mood, deliberately shift their attention away from unpleasant events and toward positive ones.
True