EMT-B: Chapter 5 The Human Body Notes
subcutaneous tissue
Causes aging/wrinkling from the decrease in this substance
Arteriovenous shunts close or sphincters close
How do capillaries respond to blockage?
grows 3 years, rests for 1-2
How does follicle growth grow by time?
contracts and relaxes skeletal muscle
How does the body move?
electrical system
How does the heart function without the central nervous system?
30% heart, arteries, capillaries 70% veins and venules
How is blood distributed % wise throughout the body?
by the amount of ligaments and bone structure
How is the motion of bones established?
1-3 hours
How long does it take to transfer food from the stomach to duodenum (small intestine)
206
How many bones are in the human body?
8
How many carpal bones are in the wrist?
6
How many liters of air can be in a guy's lungs?
6
How many liters of blood are in an adult?
2-3
How many liters of blood are in children?
8-10
How many liters of fluid is secreted into the GI tract?
300
How many milliliters are in an infant?
4-6
How many minutes until the brain and heart die without oxygen?
600
How many muscles are in the body?
7
How many tarsal bones are in the foot?
450 ml
How much blood is in the spleen?
6-10 minutes
How much time does it take to clot?
Absorb food and water for stool
Purpose of the Large Intestine?
liver
Renders poison harmless, clotting factors are formed here, .5-1 L Bile assists in fat digestion, is a large mass of blood vessels and cells, all blood in GI tract passes through, 25% of cardio output, and 1.5 L goes through the ----- per minute.
feedback group
Term for when heightened levels of alertness occur after the adrenal glands are activated and deactivated.
Respiratory Compromise
The inability for the body to move gas effectively.
exocrine
This gland secretes 2 Liters of pancreatic enzyme juice to aid in digestion.
endocrine
This pancreatic system produces insulin to regulate glucose in blood.
Beta 2
This receptor is found in the lungs (tells the bronchioles to bronchodilate (relax)
Beta 1
This receptor makes the heart beat harder and faster (nothing but the heart)
Alpha 2
This receptor relaxes (vasodilates) (nothing but smooth muscle of arteries)
Alpha 1
This receptor starts vasoconstriction (nothing but smooth muscle of arteries)
kidney
This structure uses millions of filters called nephrons to retain vital cell components and pass the rest off as urine.
blocked airway, swelling in airway, trauma to mouth and neck, swallowing of blood or vomitus
What are 4 ways that Respiratory compromise can occur?
pulmonary capillaries
What are on the walls of alveoli?
erythrocytes
What are red blood cells called?
Cranium and Facial
What are the 2 groups of bones that make up the skull?
cerebrum, cerebellum, brain-stem
What are the 3 portions of brain?
normal tidal volume, regular rhythm, rise and fall on both sides, abdomen movement
What are the characteristics of normal breathing?
venae cavae, aorta, pulmonary arteries and veins
What are the great vessels?
lobes
What are the lungs divided into?
intercostal, abdominal, pectoral, diaphragm
What are the muscles involved with breathing?
provide shape, protect fragile organs, and allow movement
What are the notable functions of bones?
cecum, colon, rectum
What are the parts of the large intestine?
muscle retractions, nasal flare, seesaw respirations
What are the signs that an infant or child is not breathing?
fontanels
What are the soft spot's on a baby's head without bones?
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
What are the three components of sternum?
protect the body, regulate temperature, and transmit information
What are the three functions of the skin?
control fluid balance, filter wastes, control pH
What are the three purposes of the urinary system?
exocrine and endocrine
What are the two pancreas glands/portions?
leukocytes
What are white blood cells called?
carotid
What arteries supply blood to the bone?
radius, ulna
What bones make up the forearm?
midbrain
What brain piece keeps you awake?
evaporation
What causes the body to cool while sweating?
brain stem
What controls breathing?
nervous system
What controls the size of arteries and veins?
arterioles and venules
What do capillaries connect to?
constrict
What do capillaries do in cold temperature to keep blood from radiating heat?
dilate
What do capillaries to in warm environments to increase the radiation of heat?
CO2
What do the lungs control in order to control the pH level?
spleen
What filters the blood and removes old red blood cells?
heart and arteries
What has high pressure?
veins
What has low pressure?
rings of cartilage
What holds the trachea from collapsing with air moving through?
ovum
What is a specialized egg cell called?
impaired heart function
What is related to cardiogenic or obstruction shock?
Cardiac Output
What is the amount of blood moved in a minute?
flexion
What is the bending of the joint?
larynx
What is the dividing line between the upper and lower airway
decrease CO2 increase O2
What is the function of respiratory system through ventilation and respiration?
autonomic breathing
What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
8-12th ribs
What is the liver protected by?
Pia mater
What is the lowest level of the meninges?
decrease CO2
What is the main reason for breathing?
skeletal muscle
What is the major muscle mass of the body?
meninges
What is the membrane of the central nervous system?
arachnoid
What is the middle layer of the meninges?
left ventricle
What is the most muscular pumping chamber in the heart?
33 vertebrae
What is the number/name of bones in the spinal column
cricoid cartilage
What is the only complete circle cartilage?
throat
What is the oropharynx?
digest fat
What is the purpose of bile?
12 to 20
What is the range for an adult's safe breathing rate?
extension
What is the stretching of the joint?
biliary system
What is the system of bile ducts and the gall bladder? The gall bladder holds 60-90 ml of bile and empties when food is in the duodenum.
vulva
What is the term for external female genitalia?
systole
What is the term for ventricle contraction?
diastole
What is the term for ventricle relaxation?
parietal pleura
What is the tissue lining the chest wall / thorax?
dura mater
What is the top layer of the meninges?
gravity, skeletal muscle contraction, intrathoracic pressure from breathing
What is venous blood flow aided by?
hinge joint
What kind of joint does the knee have?
germinal layer
What layer of the skin helps produce skin color by producing pigment granules?
frontal lobe
What lobe Controls the voluntary motions/muscles?
occipital lobe
What lobe interprets visual impulses from the optic nerve?
ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina
What make up the female reproductive system?
testicles, epididymis, vasa deferentia, prostate gland, seminal vessels, penis
What make up the male reproductive system?
vibration of the vocal cords
What makes sound in the larynx?
midbrain, pons, medulla oblangata
What makes up the brainstem?
brain and spinal cord
What makes up the central nervous system?
pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid
What makes up the meninges?
clavicle, scapula, humerus
What makes up the shoulder girdle?
duodenum, jujenum, ileum
What makes up the small intestine?
muscle contractions
What moves food in esophagus?
insulin
What moves glucose into cells?
parasympathetic
What nervous system controls the heart's rate and beat? (weak or slow)
VRG, DRG, pneumotaxic center, apneustic center
What parts of the brain work to regulate the right amount of air?
20
What percent of the heart's blood goes through the kidneys?
subcutaneous tissue
What serves as an insulator for the body and a reservoir for energy in the skin?
peritoneal sack
What the abdomen is held in
visceral pleura
What tissue covers the lungs?
circular muscle, elastic
What tissue makes up an artery?
blood
What transports O2 and nutrients to various tissues and cells in the body?
92% H20, 7% proteins
What's blood?
brain, aorta's walls, carotid arteries
Where are the other oxygen sensors?
11th rib to 3rd lumbar vertebrae
Where do the kidneys lye?
diffusion
Why does O2 shift from alveoli to blood?
maintain adequate pressure
Why does the body adjust to a loss in blood?
baroreceptors
allow the brain to receive information about blood pressure. Found in the arch of the aorta and the carotid arteries.
tachypnea
fast breathing rate
tachycardia
fast heart rate
cardiac output
heart rate x stroke volume=
hypercarbia
high levels of CO2
14
how many bones make up the skull
2
how many lobes are in the left lung
3
how many lobes are in the right lung
12 pair
how many ribs are there?
1/3
how much of the nose is made up of bone
shock
inadequate flow of blood and oxygen or perfusion
reflex arc
minimum electrical energy necessary to bypass cNS to motor signals in spinal cord.
vision network
optic nerve-> stimulated-> occipital portion
Fowler's
position to help patients breathe easier and control airway
Trendelenburg's
position to keep blood at the core of the body
sensory network
sensory-> CNS-> motor-> muscle
hypovolemic shock
shock from a decrease in blood volume
bradypnea
slow breathing rate
bradycardia
slow heart rate
sinoatrial node
the pacemaker of the heart and is responsible for the initiation of the heart beat.
islets of Langerhans
this is the name for the endocrine glands in the pancreas.
atrioventricular node
this node is the brake pedal (the back up) (vagus nerve) (cranial nerve #10)
arm, forearm, hand, fingers
what 4 things compose the upper extremity?
elbow, wrist, finger joints
what are the joints of the upper extremity?
coronal, transverse, sagittal
what are the three anatomic planes of the body
sympathetic nervous system
what controls the fight or flight response?
iliac bones and sacroiliac joints
what does the sacrum bond to?
atlas
what is the first cervical vertebra called?
vertebral disks
what lies between vertebrae?
autonomic and somatic
what makes up the peripheral nervous center?
patient's
what reference point do health care providers use?
unilateral
what to call one sided structures
physical, emotional stress
when are the pons both used
lactic acid
A replacement for cells' oxygen when it is limited or unavailable.
hypoxia
Body's lack of oxygen.