EMT Fundamentals Test (CH 1-8)
A 4-year-old boy had an apparent seizure. He is conscious and calm and is sitting on his mother's lap. His father is sitting in a nearby chair. The child's mother suddenly begins crying uncontrollably, which causes the child to start crying. You should: Select one: A. ask the father to hold the child so you can assess him while your partner tries to calm the mother. B. give the child a favorite toy or blanket to hold onto and perform your assessment to the best of your ability. C. reassure the child's mother that seizures in children are very common and that there is nothing to worry about. D. attempt to calm the child's mother, but avoid separating her from her child because this will increase her anxiety.
A
A patient has fractured both femurs. Anatomically, these injuries would be described as being: Select one: A. bilateral. B. medial. C. unilateral. D. proximal.
A
As an EMT, you may be authorized to administer aspirin to a patient with chest pain based on: Select one: A. medical director approval. B. the transport time to the hospital. C. the patient's condition. D. an order from a paramedic.
A
At the scene of an automobile crash, a utility pole has been broken and power lines are lying across the car. The patients inside the car are conscious. You should: Select one: A. mark off a danger zone around the downed lines. B. proceed with normal extrication procedures. C. advise the patients to carefully get out of the car. D. remove the lines with a nonconductive object.
A
Communicating with patients who are deaf or hard-of-hearing can be facilitated by doing all of the following, EXCEPT: Select one: A. elevating the tone of your voice and exaggerating word pronunciation. B. providing pen and paper if the patient prefers to write his or her response. C. shining a light on your face when you are in a darkened environment. D. placing yourself in a position to ensure that the patient can see your lips.
A
EMTs should have a strong working knowledge of medical terminology in order to: Select one: A. communicate effectively with other members of the health care team. B. perform and document more accurate patient assessments. C. determine and document more accurate patient diagnoses. D. more clearly explain to patients the nature of their condition.
A
Ethnocentrism is defined as: Select one: A. considering your own cultural values to be more important when interacting with people of a different culture. B. suspecting that a person has an ulterior motive based on the tone of his or her voice when answering a question. C. subconsciously forcing your cultural values onto a patient because you feel that your own values are more acceptable. D. understanding that people from different cultural backgrounds respond to pain and stress differently.
A
Gloves, a mask, eye protection, and a face shield should be used: Select one: A. when performing endotracheal intubation. B. during routine cleaning of the ambulance. C. while handling needles or other sharps. D. whenever you touch nonintact skin.
A
In which of the following situations does a legal duty to act clearly exist? Select one: A. A call is received 15 minutes prior to shift change. B. The EMT hears of a cardiac arrest after his or her shift ends. C. A bystander encounters a victim who is not breathing. D. The EMT witnesses a vehicle crash while off duty. Feedback
A
Medical control gives you an order that seems inappropriate for the patient's condition. After confirming that you heard the physician correctly, you should: Select one: A. advise the physician that the order is unclear and ask for clarification. B. state that you will not carry out the order because it is inappropriate. C. obtain consent from the patient and then carry out the order as usual. D. carry out the order and then carefully document it on the run form.
A
National guidelines for EMS care are intended to __________. Select one: A. provide more consistent delivery of EMS care across the United States B. reduce expenses at the local and state levels C. facilitate a national EMS labor group D. unify EMS providers under a single medical director
A
Quid pro quo, a type of sexual harassment, occurs when the harasser: Select one: A. requests sexual favors in exchange for something else. B. touches another person without his or her consent. C. makes rude remarks about a person's body parts. D. stares at certain parts of another person's anatomy.
A
The EMT's scope of practice within his or her local response area is defined by the: Select one: A. medical director. B. EMS supervisor. C. local health district. D. state EMS office.
A
The ability to understand others and have them understand you is known as __________. Select one: A. communication B. self-confidence C. scene leadership D. teamwork and diplomacy
A
The suffix "-pathy" means: Select one: A. disease. B. specialist. C. study of. D. enlargement.
A
What is an EMT's primary service area? Select one: A. The main area in which the EMS agency operates B. The area serviced by the EMT's medical director C. The only area the EMT is certified to provide patient care D. The location where the EMT provides essential care during a 9-1-1 call
A
When providing a patient report via radio, you should protect the patient's privacy by: Select one: A. not disclosing his or her name. B. withholding medical history data. C. using coded medical language. D. refraining from objective statements.
A
When you are communicating with an older patient, it is important to remember that: Select one: A. most older people think clearly and are capable of answering questions. B. speaking loudly and distinctly will ensure that the patient can hear you. C. your questions should focus exclusively on the patient's obvious problem. D. hostility and confusion should be presumed to be due to the patient's age.
A
Which aspect of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) MOST affects EMS personnel? Select one: A. Protecting patient privacy B. Ensuring access to insurance C. Controlling insurance costs D. Preventing insurance fraud
A
Which of the following courses requires about 150 hours of training? Select one: A. EMT B. EMR C. AEMT D. Paramedic
A
Which of the following is an effective stress management strategy? Select one: A. Developing a social network outside of EMS B. Frequently reflecting on troublesome calls C. Requesting overtime to occupy your mind D. Modestly increasing caffeine consumption Feedback
A
Which of the following statements regarding a "dedicated line" is correct? Select one: A. It is a constantly open line of communication that cannot be accessed by outside users. B. It is a frequency that is used exclusively by EMTs to communicate with one another in the field. C. It is a designated frequency on a portable radio that provides direct access to medical control. D. It is a constantly open line of communication that is under exclusive control of a single user.
A
Which of the following statements regarding a patient refusal is correct? Select one: A. A mentally competent adult has the legal right to refuse EMS care and transport. B. Advice given to a patient who refuses EMS treatment should not be documented. C. A patient who consumed a few beers will likely be able to refuse EMS treatment. D. Documentation of proposed care is unnecessary if the patient refuses treatment.
A
Which of the following statements regarding the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 is correct? A. The ADA prohibits employers from failing to provide full and equal employment to those who are disabled. B. The minimum number of hours required to successfully complete an EMT course is less for candidates who are disabled. C. The ADA applies only to individuals with a diagnosed and well-documented physical disability. D. According to the ADA, EMT candidates with a documented disability are exempt from taking the NREMT exam.
A
Which of the following statements regarding the different stages of the grieving process is correct? Select one: A. The stages of the grieving process may occur simultaneously. B. It is rare that people will jump back and forth between stages. C. The grieving process typically begins with severe depression. D. Bargaining is the most unpleasant stage of the grieving process
A
Which of the following suffixes mean "two"? Select one: A. "dipl-" and "bi-" B. "primi-" and "bi-" C. "bi-" and "null-" D. "primi-" and "dipl-"
A
Which of the following will help improve radio communications? Select one: A. Wait 1 second after pressing the transmit button before speaking B. Hold the radio at least 6 inches from your mouth. C. Answer questions with "yes" or "no." D. Use codes to speed communication.
A
You and your partner arrive at the scene of a major motor vehicle crash. The driver, a young male, is severely entrapped in his car. He has an open head injury and massive facial trauma. He is unresponsive, is not breathing, and does not have a palpable carotid pulse. You should: Select one: A. have your partner check for a pulse to confirm that the patient is deceased. B. ventilate the patient for 5 minutes and then stop if there is no response. C. request the fire department to extricate the patient so you can begin CPR. D. stop any active bleeding and advise dispatch to send a paramedic crew.
A
You are transporting a 67-year-old female patient to the hospital for investigation of abdominal pain. The patient care record indicates that the patient has a history of AAA. Based on this information, the patient care record includes an abbreviation for: Select one: A. abdominal aortic aneurysm. B. against ambulance advice. C. acute abdominal assessment. D. acute abdominal aneurysm
A
You arrive at the scene of a motor vehicle-versus-pedestrian accident. The patient, a 13-year-old male, is unconscious and has multiple injuries. As you are treating the child, a law enforcement officer advises you that the child's parents will be at the scene in approximately 15 minutes. What should you do? Select one: A. Transport the child immediately and have the parents meet you at the hospital. B. Treat the child at the scene and wait for the parents to arrive and give consent. C. Withhold treatment until the parents arrive and give you consent for treatment. D. Begin transport at once and have the parents meet you en route to the hospital.
A
Which of the following statements is NOT appropriate to document in the narrative section of a PCR? Select one: A. "Significant damage was noted to the front end of the vehicle." B. "After oxygen was administered, the patient's breathing improved." C. "General impression revealed that the patient was intoxicated." D. "The patient admits to smoking marijuana earlier in the day."
C
Which of the following statements regarding HIV is correct? Select one: A. HIV is transmitted exclusively via blood. B. HIV is easily transmittable in the EMS field. C. There is no vaccine against HIV infection. D. HIV is far more contagious than hepatitis B.
C
Which of the following types of questions allow for the most detailed response? Select one: A. Yes or no questions B. Closed-ended questions C. Open-ended questions D. Multiple questions asked at once Feedback
C
You are caring for a 56-year-old male patient complaining of abdominal pain. Your service has recently switched to an electronic PCR system (ePCR). When completing the ePCR, it is important to be aware that: Select one: A. a written patient care record will need to be completed on arrival at the hospital. B. the ePCR does not contain the same level of information as the written version and your verbal report should be expanded. C. the ePCR allows patient information to be transmitted directly to the receiving hospital's computers. D. the ePCR is relatively unsecured and should not contain patient-specific information.
C
You are caring for a driver who struck a light pole. She admits to drinking alcohol but orders you not to tell anyone. You should report the information to __________. Select one: a. the state motor vehicle department b. law enforcement personnel c. the receiving nurse or doctor d. your medical director
C
You are encouraging a patient to go to the hospital by ambulance. You know that a transport will keep you on duty several hours after your regular quitting time. This is an example of __________. Select one: A. abuse of authority B. undue hardship C. patient advocacy D. scope of practice
C
You are providing care to a 61-year-old female complaining of chest pain that is cardiac in origin. Your service utilizes a multiplex communication system. You wish to transmit the patient's electrocardiogram to the hospital. In order to accomplish this, you must: Select one: A. wait until you reach the hospital to transmit the information. B. send the electrocardiogram from the back of the ambulance. C. use the multiplex system to transmit the information . D. be aware that only audio or data transmissions can be sent at any one time.
C
You are transporting a 54-year-old male in respiratory arrest. An EMR is driving the ambulance as you and your partner are caring for the patient. Which of the following is the MOST logical way of notifying the hospital? Select one: A. Call the receiving hospital with your cell phone while providing patient care. B. Request that a police officer respond to the hospital to apprise the staff of your arrival. C. Have the driver contact dispatch and relay the patient information to the hospital. D. Wait until you arrive at the hospital and then quickly apprise the staff of the situation.
C
You are transporting an elderly woman who has possibly experienced a stroke. She is obviously scared but is unable to talk and cannot move the entire right side of her body. In addition to providing the medical care that she needs, you should: Select one: A. reassure her that after proper treatment in the hospital, she will regain her speech in time. B. maintain eye contact at all times and tell her that there is no need for her to be scared. C. acknowledge that she is scared and tell her that you will take good care of her. D. tell her that you understand why she is scared and that everything will likely be okay.
C
"Chondro" in the word chondritis means: Select one: A. joint. B. rib. C. tendon. D. cartilage.
D
Common factors that influence how a patient reacts to the stress of an illness or injury include all of the following, EXCEPT: Select one: A. history of chronic disease. B. fear of medical personnel. C. mental disorders. D. assessment by the EMT.
D
During your monthly internal quality improvement (QI) meeting, you review several patient care reports (PCRs) with the staff of your EMS system. You identify the patient's name, age, and sex, and then discuss the treatment that was provided by the EMTs in the field. By taking this approach to the QI process, you: Select one: A. acted appropriately but must have each EMT sign a waiver stating that he or she will not discuss the cases with others. B. adequately safeguarded the patient's PHI because the cases were discussed internally. C. violated the patient's privacy because you should have discussed the information only with the EMTs involved. D. are in violation of HIPAA because you did not remove the PHI from the PCR beforehand.
D
General adaptation syndrome is characterized by which of the following phases? Select one: A. Reaction and resistance, euphoria, and physical exhaustion B. Delayed reaction, alarm response, and physical recovery C. Immediate reaction, psychological exhaustion, and recovery D. Alarm response, reaction and resistance, and recovery
D
Online medical control requires __________. Select one: A. the presence of an advanced-level provider B. a physician's presence on the scene of the call C. written protocols approved by medical control D. phone or radio contact with the medical director
D
Prehospital patient care decisions should be based on __________. Select one: A. the opinions of physicians B. an EMS agency's fiscal resources C. the experiences of EMTs D. EMS research
D
The MOST serious consequence of drug or alcohol abuse among EMS personnel is: Select one: A. punitive action and the loss of a job. B. tension among coworkers and supervisors. C. low morale and frequently missed shifts. D. substandard or inappropriate patient care.
D
The ___________ of the heart is the inferior portion of the ventricles. Select one: A. dorsum B. base C. septum D. apex
D
The ability to handle multiple tasks based on their priority is called __________. Select one: A. patient advocacy B. patient empathy C. integrity D. time management
D
The ability to take appropriate action with little direction is known as __________. Select one: A. time management B. diplomacy C. self-confidence D. self-motivation
D
The determination that prompt surgical care in the hospital is more important than performing time-consuming procedures in the field on a major trauma patient is based MOSTLY on: Select one: A. regional trauma guidelines. B. local protocols. C. the lead EMT's decision. D. EMS research.
D
The root "melan/o" means: Select one: A. red. B. gray. C. white. D. black.
D
The simplest, yet most effective method of preventing the spread of an infectious disease is to: Select one: A. undergo an annual physical examination. B. ensure that your immunizations are up-to-date. C. undergo annual testing for tuberculosis and hepatitis. D. wash your hands in between patient contacts.
D
The topographic term used to describe the location of body parts that are closer toward the midline of the body is: Select one: A. midclavicular. B. midaxillary. C. lateral. D. medial.
D
To help protect patients, EMS agencies are required to have __________. Select one: A. public forums with their medical director B. online access to patient records C. an anonymous reporting system D. a privacy officer to answer questions
D
Upon arriving at the scene of a motor vehicle crash, you note that two small cars collided head-on; the occupants are still in their vehicles. The fire department is in the process of stabilizing the vehicles and law enforcement personnel are directing traffic. After parking the ambulance at a safe distance, you and your partner should: Select one: A. report to the incident commander. B. quickly begin the triage process. C. assist with vehicle stabilization. D. put on high-visibility safety vests.
D
When decontaminating the back of your ambulance after a call, you should: Select one: A. use a bleach and water solution at a 1:2 dilution ratio to thoroughly wipe all surfaces. B. clean all surfaces and patient contact areas with a mixture of alcohol and water. C. spray the contaminated areas and then immediately wipe them dry with a towel. D. allow surfaces to air dry unless otherwise indicated in the product directions.
D
Which of the following components are needed to prove negligence? Select one: A. Breach of duty, injury/damages, abandonment, and causation B. Abandonment, breach of duty, damages, and causation C. Duty to act, abandonment, breach of duty, and causation D. Duty to act, breach of duty, injury/damages, and causation
D
Which of the following general statements regarding consent is correct? Select one: A. Patients who are intoxicated are generally allowed to refuse treatment. B. All patients older than 18 years can legally refuse treatment or transport. C. Expressed consent is valid only if given in writing by a family member. D. A patient can consent to transport but can legally refuse to be treated.
D
Which of the following interventions is used by all levels of EMS providers? Select one: A. Multilumen airways B. Automatic transport ventilators C. Needle decompression D. Automated external defibrillator
D
Which of the following is a specific example of the Mobile Integrated Healthcare (MIH) model? Select one: A. EMTs respond to a woman who complains of high fever B. Paramedics pick up a patient from an acute care clinic C. EMTs assess a patient whose lung disease is "acting up" D. The paramedic administers a patient's flu vaccination
D
Which of the following statements about the patient care report is correct? Select one: a. EMTs are not liable for any actions that are accurately documented. b. Incomplete reports are common and accepted in EMS. c. Patient care cannot be discredited based on poor documentation. d. It is difficult to prove actions were performed if they are not included on the report.
D
Which of the following would provide the EMT with the BEST cover in a situation involving active gunfire? Select one: A. Stacked empty barrels B. Behind a car door C. A large cluster of shrubs D. A concrete barricade
D
Which type of consent is involved when a 39-year-old mentally competent female with a severe headache asks you to take her to the hospital? Select one: A. Informed B. Formal C. Implied D. Expressed
D
While providing care to a patient, blood got onto the ambulance stretcher. Because the stretcher was not properly cleaned afterward, a virus was transmitted to another emergency medical technician (EMT) several days later. Which route of transmission does this scenario describe? Select one: A. Airborne transmission B. Direct contact C. Vector-borne transmission D. Indirect contact
D
You are called to attend to an elderly patient with an extensive medical history who is now in cardiac arrest. The patient's family tells you that the patient has a DNR order. There is no paperwork available but the patient does have a MedicAlert bracelet indicating Do Not Resuscitate. You should: Select one: A. confirm the patient's identity and honor the DNR order. B. initiate resuscitation in the absence of paperwork. C. transport with minimal care. D. confirm the patient identity and then confirm the DNR by calling the MedicAlert Foundation number on the bracelet.
D
"Gastro" in the word "gastroenteritis" means: Select one: A. tongue. B. stomach. C. intestine. D. bowel.
B
A 5-year-old boy has fallen and has a severe deformity of the forearm near the wrist. He has possibly sustained a fracture of the ____________ forearm. Select one: A. proximal B. distal C. dorsal D. superior
B
After assessing a patient's blood glucose level, you accidentally stick yourself with the contaminated lancet. You should: Select one: A. get immunized against hepatitis as soon as possible. B. report the incident to your supervisor after the call. C. discontinue patient care and seek medical attention. D. immerse your wound in an alcohol-based solution.
B
As you are wheeling your patient through the emergency department doors, you receive another call for a major motor vehicle crash. You should: Select one: A. inform the admissions clerk of the situation and then respond at once. B. respond only after giving a verbal patient report to a nurse or physician. C. leave a copy of the run form with a nurse and then respond to the call. D. place the patient in a high-visibility area and then respond to the call.
B
During your assessment of a 20-year-old man with a severe headache and nausea, you ask him when his headache began, but he does not answer your question immediately. You should: Select one: A. ask him if he frequently experiences severe headaches and nausea. B. allow him time to think about the question and respond to it. C. tell him that you cannot help him unless he answers your questions. D. repeat your question because he probably did not hear you.
B
In which of the following circumstances can the EMT legally release confidential patient information? Select one: A. A police officer requests a copy to place on file B. The patient is competent and signs a release form C. A media representative inquires about the patient D. The family requests a copy for insurance purposes Feedback
B
Putrefaction is defined as: Select one: A. separation of the torso from the rest of the body. B. decomposition of the body's tissues. C. profound cyanosis to the trunk and face. D. blood settling to the lowest point of the body.
B
The EMT is legally obligated to protect a patient's privacy according to _____________. Select one: A. DCAP B. HIPAA C. CQI D. APGAR
B
The EMT's first priority is __________. Select one: A. rapid response B. personal safety C. treatment and transport D. empathy for all patients Feedback
B
The meaning "around" can have which of the following prefixes? Select one: A. "sub-" and "infra-" B. "peri-" and "circum-" C. "infra-" and "peri-" D. "epi-" and "sub-"
B
What should an EMT do to limit errors in the field? Select one: A. Contact medical direction before initiating any treatments. B. Follow the agency's written protocols. C. Carry an EMT text for reference at all times. D. Deviate from established standards when necessary.
B
When is forcible restraint permitted? Select one: A. Only if consent to restrain is given by a family member B. When the patient poses a significant threat to self or others C. Only if law enforcement personnel have witnessed threatening behavior D. Anytime that the EMT feels threatened
B
When performing his or her duties, the EMT is generally expected to: Select one: A. contact medical control on every EMS call. B. exercise reasonable care and act prudently. C. function above his or her scope of practice. D. consistently exceed the standard of care.
B
When relaying patient information via radio, communications should be: Select one: A. coded and scripted. B. brief and easily understood. C. lengthy and complete. D. spoken in a loud voice.
B
Where would you MOST likely find information regarding a patient's wishes to be an organ donor? Select one: A. Voter registration card B. Driver's license C. Insurance card D. Social Security card
B
Which of the following descriptions MOST accurately portrays emergency medical services (EMS)? Select one: A. A system composed exclusively of emergency medical responders (EMRs) and emergency medical technicians (EMTs) who are responsible for providing care to sick and injured patients B. A team of health care professionals who are responsible for providing emergency care and transportation to the sick and injured C. A team of paramedics and emergency physicians who are responsible for providing emergency care to critically injured patients D. A vast network of advanced life support (ALS) providers who provide definitive emergency care in the prehospital setting
B
Which of the following incidents does NOT require a report to be filed with local authorities? Select one: A. Animal bites B. Cardiac arrest C. Spousal abuse D. Gunshot wounds
B
Which of the following statements regarding the NREMT is correct? A. EMS training standards are regulated by the NREMT. B. The NREMT provides a national standard for EMS testing. C. The NREMT is the exclusive certifying body for EMTs. D. The NREMT is a governmental agency that certifies EMTs.
B
Which of the following suffixes mean "pertaining to"? Select one: A. "-ic" and "-ology" B. "-al" and "-ic" C. "-al" and "-ology" D. "-ology" and "-oma"
B
You are transporting to a 66-year-old patient with a history of heart problems. The patient chart indicates that he has hepatomegaly. The root of the term indicates that: Select one: A. the problem is unrelated to the patient's heart condition. B. the problem is with the patient's liver. C. the organ involved is enlarged. D. the problem is a direct consequence of the patient's heart disease.
B
You could be sued for ___________ if your radio report to the hospital describes the patient in a manner that injures his or her reputation. Select one: A. assault B. slander C. libel D. negligence
B
You respond to the home of a 59-year-old man who is unconscious; has slow, shallow breathing; and has a weak pulse. The family states that the patient has terminal brain cancer and does not wish to be resuscitated. They further state that there is a DNR order for this patient, but they are unable to locate it. You should: Select one: A. honor the patient's wishes and withhold all treatment. B. begin treatment and contact medical control as needed. C. transport the patient without providing any treatment. D. decide on further action once the DNR order is produced.
B
"Myo" in the word myocarditis means: Select one: A. vein. B. bone. C. muscle. D. cartilage.
C
A diabetic patient has polydipsia. This means that she: Select one: A. urinates frequently. B. is unable to swallow. C. is excessively thirsty. D. has low blood sugar.
C
After applying a tourniquet, the injury from a patient's leg stops bleeding. This is called: Select one: A. hematemesis. B. hemiplegia. C. hemostasis. D. hemolysis.
C
American Heart Association protocols are based on __________. Select one: A. theories ready for field trial B. trends in the EMS community C. evidence-based research D. opinions from a core group of cardiologists
C
An intoxicated 40-year-old male is found lying face down. How would you document his body's position? Select one: A. Supine B. Recumbent C. Prone D. Dorsal
C
As an EMT, the standards of emergency care are often partially based on: Select one: A. the wishes of the general public. B. a consensus among paramedic supervisors. C. locally accepted protocols. D. the priorities of the medical director.
C
Effective therapeutic communication skills require _________. Select one: A. correct use of complex medical terminology B. English-speaking patients or family members C. verbal and nonverbal communication techniques D. supervision by advanced life support personnel
C
In relation to the chest, the back is: Select one: A. ventral. B. anterior. C. posterior. D. inferior.
C
Maintaining the chain of evidence at the scene of a crime should include: Select one: A. making brief notes at the scene and then completing them later. B. placing the patient in a private area until the police arrive. C. not cutting through holes in clothing that were caused by weapons. D. quickly moving any weapons out of the patient's sight. Feedback
C
The term "pericardiocentesis" means: Select one: A. surgical repair of the sac around the heart. B. a surgical opening made in the heart. C. the removal of fluid from around the heart. D. narrowing of the arteries supplying the heart.
C
Vaccination against the hepatitis A virus is unnecessary if you: Select one: A. received a hepatitis B vaccination. B. have a weak immune system. C. have been infected with hepatitis in the past. D. are older than 35 years of age.
C
Vector-borne transmission of an infectious organism occurs via: Select one: A. smoke or dust. B. inanimate objects. C. animals or insects. D. direct contact.
C
Which of the following scenarios MOST accurately depicts a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) reaction? Select one: A. An EMT with many years of field experience becomes irritable with her coworkers and experiences headaches and insomnia. B. An EMT is emotionally exhausted and depressed after a school bus crash involving critical injuries and the death of several children. C. An EMT becomes distracted at the scene of a motor vehicle crash involving the same type of car in which a child was previously killed. D. A newly certified EMT becomes extremely nauseated and diaphoretic at the scene of an incident involving grotesque injuries.
C
