End of Chapter Quizes Biol 105

Components of Darwinian Fitness would include

# of mates obtained, survivorship, age at first reproduction, and fecundity

Suppose I gathered data on body mass and leg length for 10 species of lizards. I have a complete and accurate phylogenetic tree for these 10 species, and it indicates that species A and B are each others closet relatives. These species diverged from each other eyars ago. One bas body mass of 12g and the other 9g. They phylogenetically indepdent contrast is

(12-9)/(square root of (2+2))

In principle adaptation can be perceived at various levels, from gene to population, corresponding to selection that may occur at any of these levels

*Gene selection *individual selection *kin selection *intragenomic selection *group selection

True for point mutations (check all that apply):

*Sickle cell anemia is the result of a point mutation *Can be silent due to the degenerate nature of DNA

A mutation causes two linked genes (one the same chromosome) to become unlinked (on different chromosomes). What type(s) of muation could cause this?

*fission *translocation

What are examples of Markovian process?

*flipping a coin *genes moving to extinction/fixation due to drift *the sex of offspring in a family

In addition to natural selection, the main factors that affect phenotypic evolution are

*immigration and emigration leading to gene flow *sexual selection *random genetic drift

What are some challenges with using phylogenetic evidence to calculate the mutation rate?

*lethal mutations are lost *loss of detection of silent mutations

According to the neutral theory of molecular evolution,

*most mutations are fixed or lost by genetic drift *natural selection cannot maintain large degrees of polymorphism *neutral mutations fix at their rate of formation and are not affected by population size

Limitations of 2-species comparative studies include:

*you have no degrees of freedom to test for a relation between trait and environment *inability to infer the ancestral state of the trait in question *species lineage membership is confounded with the independent variable of intrerest

Which is an example of a population bottleneck?

1) a hurricane kills all but 5% of a population 2) a log raft with 4 rats lands on an island

Phylogenetically based analytical methods can:

1) rescue a comparative study from poor experimental design 2) be used to infer ancestral states of traits 3) avoid statistical problems caused by non-independence of data points 4) allow tests for "outlier" species 5) allow comparisons of evolutionary rates across lineages

Examples of physiological adaptations include

1. Habitation 2. Acclimatization 3. Learning 4. Acclimation 5. Physical conditioning (exercise training)

When computing phylogenetically independent contrats the general sequence of procedures is

1. Identify the independent contrasts 2. Compute the raw contrasts (diff in trait values) 3. Compute the standard deviation 4. Divide the raw contrasts by their SD

Coelurosaurs (extremely bird-like theropod dinosaurs) share with birds the following characteristics that might be considered preadaptation that allow or facilitate flight: (check all that apply)

1. hollow bones 2. fused clavicles 3. strong forelimbs

What is narrow sense heritability?

A component of phenotypic varation caused by additive genetic effects that can be passed on from parents to their offspring

Why does it matter whether a mutation occurs in a germ cell or in a soamtic cell?

A mutation in a germ cell can be passed onto offspring

What condition makes drift more powerful in a population?

A small effective population size

Vd is variance caused by:

Dominance deviations - non-additive interactions between alleles at a given locus

What is/are the main random forces in evolution?

Drift AND Mutation

How can the results of natural selection and drift differ?

Drift can result in non-adaptive evolutionary changes

An equal ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous mutations within a gene implies that the locus is affected by natural section

False

Autopolyploidy results from hybridization between closely related species

False

In terms of phenotypic plasticity, muscle is less plastic than the lung.

False

Most variation in phenotypes is discrete like Mendel's peas

False

A study of horned lizards (genus Phrynosoma) demonstrated ongoing natural selection in action that favored longer tails, caused by predation by loggerhead shrikes.

False, they favored longer horns not tails

Mendels Law of Segregation

Individuals posses pairs of allels for any trait and each parent passes a randomly selected copy of one of them to their offspring

Who developed the method of phylogenetically independent contrasts

Joe Felsenstein

How can evolutionary adaptation be studied

More than one, but not all of the above

Why do so many mutations have no effect on function?

Multiple DNA triplets code for the same amino acid and Mutation may occur in a non-transcribed region

What is meant by the phrase: evolution is NOT lamarckian?

Mutations occur, then selection influences their spread in a population

For a set of N species, you can compute:

N-1 phylogenetically independent contrasts

Why do we want to minimize natural selection in a mutation accumulation experiment?

Natural selection can eliminate non-neural mutations we want to measure

How do we calculate a selection differential?

Subtract the mean value of the phenotype in breeding individuals from the mean value for the whole population before selection occurred.

A structure or behavior might be considered "preadapted" for a new function if it can assume that function without evolutionary modification.

True

Darwinian fitness is the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce; lfieitme reproducitve success

True

Most biologist do not view sexual selection as something that leads to adaptiations

True

Theoretical models based on optimality criteria are sometimes used to study adaptation

True

In Darwin's time what was the prevailing theory of inheritance?

blending inheritance

Non additive interactions between or among alleles at diff loci is defined as

epistasis

"A larger beetle will need to dig a burrow in more stable soil" may lead to an example of:

genotype environment correlation

What is r, the response to selection?

measured phenotypic evolution across one generation

Allele

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene are found at the same place on a chromosome.

A reaction norm describes the range of

phenotypic plasticity

The tendency for related species to resemble each other is termed

phylogenetic signal